Ama-antibiotic ashintshe kakhulu umkhakha wezokwelapha, anciphisa kakhulu amazinga okugula nokufa ahlobene nokutheleleka ngamagciwane. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kanye nokusetshenziswa kabi kwama-antibiotic kuholele ekuveleni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, okubeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi. Ngenkathi ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kubantu kuyisici esibangela lokhu, ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kwezolimo zezilwane nakho kubonwe njengomthombo omkhulu wokumelana nama-antibiotic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfucuza yezolimo zezilwane, ikakhulukazi evela emisebenzini yokudla izilwane egxile kakhulu (ama-CAFO), inegalelo elikhulu ekungcolisweni kwamanzi nomoya. Le mfucuza ivame ukuqukethe amazinga aphezulu ama-antibiotic, ama-hormone, namanye amakhemikhali, angaba nomthelela omubi empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukuxhumana phakathi kokumelana nama-antibiotic kanye nokungcola okuvela emfucumfucwini yezolimo zezilwane, kanye nemiphumela engaba khona kokubili empilweni yabantu neyezilwane. Sizoxoxa nangemithethonqubo yamanje kanye nemizamo yokubhekana nale nkinga futhi sigcizelele ukubaluleka kwemikhuba eqhubekayo neyokuziphatha kwezolimo zezilwane.
Ukumelana nama-antibiotic: ukukhathazeka okukhula
Ukwanda kokumelana nama-antibiotic sekube yinkinga eyesabisayo kakhulu emkhakheni wezempilo. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kanye nokusebenzisa kabi ama-antibiotic eminyakeni edlule kube nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwamabhaktheriya aqinile angasaphenduli kule mithi esindisa impilo. Lesi simo sibeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi njengoba sinciphisa ikhono lethu lokwelapha ngempumelelo izifo ezivamile futhi sandisa ingozi yezinkinga nokufa. Ukuvela kwamabhaktheriya amelana nama-antibiotic kuye kwabangelwa izici ezifana nemikhuba yokungaqedi kahle yokunikeza imithi, ukunamathela ngokuphelele ezindleleni zokwelapha, kanye nokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwama-antibiotic kwezolimo zezilwane. Kubalulekile kochwepheshe bezempilo, abenzi benqubomgomo, kanye nomphakathi jikelele ukuthi basebenzisane ukuze basebenzise amasu kanye nokungenelela okukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic okunesibopho, ukuqapha, kanye nokuvimbela ukutheleleka ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela walokhu kukhathazeka okukhula.
Imfucuza yezolimo zezilwane: umnikeli
Ukuphathwa kabi kwemfucuza yezolimo zezilwane kuvele njengomthelela omkhulu ekungcolisweni kwemvelo. Imikhuba yokulima eqinile embonini yezolimo zezilwane ikhiqiza imfucuza eningi equkethe izinto ezihlukahlukene ezingcolisayo, okuhlanganisa amagciwane, izakhamzimba eziningi, kanye nezinsalela zamakhemikhali. Uma ingaphathwa kahle, le mikhiqizo yemfucuza ingangena emanzini, ibangele ukungcola futhi ibeke izingozi empilweni yabantu kanye nasezindaweni zemvelo. Ukukhishwa kwemfucuza yezilwane engaphathwanga emithonjeni yamanzi kungaholela ekugcwaleni kwezakhamzimba ngokweqile, kukhuthaze ukukhula kwezimbali ze-algal eziyingozi futhi kunciphise amazinga omoya-mpilo, okuholela ekufeni kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwama-antibiotic kanye neminye imithi yezilwane emfucumfucwini yezilwane kungasiza ekuthuthukisweni kwamagciwane amelana namagciwane, okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukumelana namagciwane.
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic emapulazini
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic kwezolimo zezilwane kudala ukukhathazeka okukhulu maqondana nempilo yomphakathi kanye nemvelo. Ama-antibiotic avame ukunikezwa imfuyo ngobuningi ukuze kukhuthazwe ukukhula nokuvimbela izifo ezimweni zokulima ezinabantu abaningi nezingcolile. Lokhu kusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic kunegalelo ekuveleni nasekusabalaleni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, okungenza le mithi ingasebenzi ekwelapheni izifo kokubili kubantu nasezilwaneni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwezinsalela zama-antibiotic endle yezilwane kungangcolisa inhlabathi, imithombo yamanzi, kanye nezindawo zemvelo ezizungezile. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuphazamisa ikhwalithi yemithombo yethu yemvelo kodwa futhi kwandisa ingozi yokuthi ama-bacteria amelana nama-antibiotic asakazeke endaweni ezungezile.
Imizila yamanzi engcolile, ukudla okungcolile
Ukungcoliswa kwemigwaqo yamanzi kanye nokunikezwa kokudla ngokungcola kungenye inkinga ebalulekile ebangelwa yimikhuba yokulima izilwane. Ukugeleza kwamanzi okuvela emapulazini ezilwane, okuhlanganisa umquba kanye nomanyolo wamakhemikhali, kungangena emithonjeni yamanzi eseduze, kungcolise imifula, amachibi, kanye namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Lokhu kungcola akugcini nje ngokuthinta imvelo yasemanzini kodwa futhi kubeka impilo yabantu engozini uma kudliwa ngamanzi okuphuza angcolile noma ukudla kwasolwandle okungcolile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kokungcola okuyingozi ekudleni kwezilwane, njengezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nezinsimbi ezisindayo, kunganqwabelana ezicutshini zezilwane, ekugcineni kungene ochungechungeni lokudla kwabantu. Lokhu kungcola kungaba nemiphumela emibi empilweni yabantu, okuhlanganisa nengozi eyengeziwe yezifo ezithile kanye nezinkinga.
Imiphumela emibi empilweni yabantu, imiphumela emibi
Ukuphathwa kabi kwemfucuza yezolimo kanye nokungcola okuvela kwezolimo zezilwane kungaba nemiphumela emibi empilweni yabantu. Ukuchayeka emanzini angcolile, kungaba ngokusebenzisa noma ngemisebenzi yokuzijabulisa, kungaholela ezinkingeni ezahlukene zezempilo ezifana nokutheleleka kwesisu, ukucasuka kwesikhumba, ngisho nezifo ezingamahlalakhona zesikhathi eside. Ukuba khona kwamagciwane, ama-antibiotic, nezinye izinto eziyingozi emfucumfucwini yezilwane nakho kungaba nomthelela ekuveleni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, okubeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yezilwane engcoliswe ukungcola noma ama-antibiotic kungenza lezi zingozi zibe zimbi kakhulu.
Ama-antibiotic ekudleni kwemfuyo asakazeke kabanzi
Kuyiqiniso elaziwayo ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic ekudleni kwezilwane kuwumkhuba osakazekile embonini yezolimo zezilwane. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kakhulu ukukhuthaza ukukhula nokuvimbela izifo ezilwaneni, kodwa iphakamise ukukhathazeka mayelana nomthelela wayo empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo. Ukuphathwa njalo kwama-antibiotic ekudleni kwezilwane kungasiza ekuthuthukisweni kwamagciwane angamelani nama-antibiotic, okungenzeka kwenze le mithi ebalulekile ingasebenzi kahle ekwelapheni izifo ezilwaneni nakubantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwama-antibiotic endle yezilwane kungangcolisa inhlabathi kanye nemithombo yamanzi, okuholela ekungcolisweni kwemvelo kanye nokusabalala okuqhubekayo kwamagciwane angamelani nama-antibiotic. Ngenxa yalokho, ukubhekana nenkinga yama-antibiotic ekudleni kwezilwane kuyisici esibalulekile ekubhekaneni nokumelana nama-antibiotic kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola okuvela endle yezolimo zezilwane.
Kudingeka isinyathelo esiphuthumayo ukuze kuxazululwe
Kusobala ukuthi isinyathelo esiphuthumayo siyadingeka ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga eziphuthumayo eziphathelene nokumelana nama-antibiotic kanye nokungcola okuvela emfucumfucwini wezolimo zezilwane. Lezi zinkinga zibeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi, ekusimeni kwemvelo, kanye nenhlalakahle iyonke yemiphakathi yethu. Ngokuthatha isinyathelo esiqinile nesisheshayo, singanciphisa izingozi ezihambisana nokumelana nama-antibiotic kanye nokungcola, silondoloze impilo yabantu kanye nemvelo yezizukulwane ezizayo.
Ekuphetheni, kusobala ukuthi udaba lokumelana nama-antibiotic kanye nokungcola okuvela emfucumfucwini wezolimo zezilwane luyinkinga ekhulayo okudingeka ixazululwe. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic kwezolimo zezilwane kanye nokungcola kwemvelo okubangelwa yilokhu akugcini nje ngokubeka engcupheni impilo yabantu, kodwa futhi nasenhlalakahleni yeplanethi yethu.
Imininingo Evamile
Imfucuza yezolimo zezilwane inegalelo kanjani ekumelaneni nama-antibiotic kumagciwane?
Imfucuza yezolimo zezilwane, njengomanyolo, iqukethe amazinga aphezulu emithi elwa namagciwane asetshenziswa ekulimeni kwezilwane. Uma le mfucuza ingaphathwa kahle, ingangcolisa imithombo yamanzi kanye nenhlabathi, okuholela ekusabalaleni kwamagciwane alwa namagciwane. Lawa magciwane alwa namagciwane angadluliselwa kubantu ngokuthintana ngqo noma ukusetshenziswa kokudla namanzi angcolile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuchayeka ngokuphindaphindiwe kuma-antibiotic emfucumfucwini yezolimo zezilwane kungakhetha futhi kukhuthaze ukukhula kwamagciwane alwa namagciwane, okudala ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwezempilo yomphakathi kanye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwama-antibiotic ekwelapheni izifo zamagciwane.
Yiziphi izinto ezingcolisa kakhulu ezitholakala emfucumfucwini yezolimo zezilwane futhi zithinta kanjani imvelo?
Izinto ezingcolisa kakhulu ezitholakala emfucumfucwini yezolimo zezilwane yi-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, kanye namagciwane. Lezi zinto ezingcolisa zingaba nemiphumela emibi emvelweni. I-nitrogen eningi kanye ne-phosphorus evela emfucumfucwini yezilwane kungaholela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi, kubangele ukuqhakaza kwe-algal okuyingozi futhi kunciphise amazinga omoya-mpilo ezindaweni zemvelo zasemanzini. Lokhu kungalimaza izinhlanzi nezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Amagciwane asemfucumfucwini yezilwane angangcolisa imithombo yamanzi, abeke engcupheni impilo yabantu futhi afake isandla ekusabalaleni kwezifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa, njenge-methane, avela kwezolimo zezilwane kunegalelo ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Sekukonke, imfucumfucwini yezolimo zezilwane ingaba nemiphumela emibi ekhwalithini yamanzi, ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kanye nesimo sezulu.
Ukulahlwa kabi kwemfucuza yezolimo zezilwane kunomthelela kanjani ekungcoleni nasekumelaneni nama-antibiotic?
Ukulahlwa kabi kwemfucuza yezolimo zezilwane kunegalelo ekungcolisweni nasekumelaneni nama-antibiotic ngokukhishwa kwezinto eziyingozi namabhaktheriya endaweni ezungezile. Imfucuza yezilwane iqukethe amazinga aphezulu e-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, okungangcolisa imithombo yamanzi futhi kuholele ekungcolisweni kwezakhamzimba, okubangela ukuqhakaza kwe-algae okuyingozi kanye nokuncipha komoya-mpilo ezindaweni zemvelo zasemanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfucuza yezilwane iqukethe izinsalela zama-antibiotic, ezingakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhaktheriya amelana nama-antibiotic lapho ekhishwa endaweni ezungezile. Lawa mabhaktheriya angasakazekela kubantu ngamanzi angcolile, inhlabathi, noma ukudla, okwenza ama-antibiotic angasebenzi kahle ekwelapheni izifo futhi abe usongo empilweni yomphakathi.
Yimaphi amanye amasu noma ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukiswayo ukunciphisa ukungcola kanye nokumelana nama-antibiotic okubangelwa udoti wezolimo lwezilwane?
Amanye amasu kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukiswayo ukunciphisa ukungcola kanye nokumelana nama-antibiotic okubangelwa imfucuza yezolimo zezilwane kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokugaya imfucuza engasebenzisi i-anaerobic ukuguqula umquba ube yi-biogas kanye nomanyolo, ukusetshenziswa kwamasu okulima anembile ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza, ukuthuthukiswa kwemithombo yamaprotheni ehlukile njengenyama esuselwe ezitshalweni kanye neyase-lab, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-probiotic kanye nokwelashwa kwe-phage njengezindlela ezingasetshenziswa esikhundleni sama-antibiotic ekudleni kwezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho eqinile kanye nemikhuba yokuphathwa kwemfucuza ethuthukisiwe iyasetshenziswa ukunciphisa umthelela wemvelo nokukhuthaza ukusimama embonini yezolimo zezilwane.
Yiziphi izithiyo ezingaba khona empilweni yabantu nezilwane ezihlala eduze kwezindawo ezithintekile ukumelana nama-antibiotic kanye nokungcola okuvela emfucumfucwini wezolimo zezilwane?
Imiphumela engaba khona empilweni yabantu nasezilwaneni ezihlala eduze kwezindawo ezithintekile ukumelana namagciwane kanye nokungcola okuvela emfucumfucwini wezolimo zezilwane ihlanganisa ingozi eyengeziwe yokutheleleka okumelana namagciwane, amasosha omzimba asengozini, izinkinga zokuphefumula, ukungcola kwamanzi kanye nomhlabathi, kanye nokuchayeka ezifweni eziyingozi kanye nobuthi. Ukumelana namagciwane kungaholela ekuthelelekeni okunzima ukukwelapha, kanti ukungcola okuvela emfucumfucwini wezolimo zezilwane kungabangela ukusabalala kwezifo kanye namagciwane ayingozi. Lokhu kubeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yabantu neyezilwane, kanye nasemvelweni iyonke. Izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamagciwane kwezolimo zezilwane kanye nokuphathwa kwemfucuza efanele ziyadingeka ukuze kuncishiswe lezi zingozi zempilo.
