Ukulima kwezilwane, okuhlanganisa ukufuya inyama, ubisi namaqanda, sekuyisikhathi eside kuyingxenye eyisisekelo yesimiso sethu sokukhiqiza ukudla. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokwanda kwesidingo semikhiqizo yezilwane, imithelela yemvelo yale mboni isiyinkinga ekhulayo. Enye yezinkinga ezicindezela kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwamanzi. Inqubo yokukhulisa nokucubungula izilwane ukuze zidle ihilela amanzi amaningi, futhi lamanzi ngokuvamile angcoliswa izinto ezihlukahlukene ezingcolisayo. Lezi zinto ezingcolisayo zingaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu empilweni yomuntu kanye nasemvelweni. Ukuqonda ukuxhumana phakathi kokulima kwezilwane nokungcoliswa kwamanzi kubalulekile ekusingatheni le nkinga nokuthola izixazululo ezisimeme. Kulesi sihloko, sizocubungula izici ezibalulekile ezinomthelela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi okuvela kwezolimo zezilwane kanye nomthelela onawo emithonjeni yethu yamanzi. Sizophinde sihlole ababambiqhaza abehlukene abathintekayo kanye nezinyathelo ezithathwayo ukunciphisa le nkinga. Ngethoni yobungcweti, sihlose ukunikeza umbono obanzi wale ndaba eyinkimbinkimbi futhi sigqamise isidingo esiphuthumayo sesinyathelo sokuvikela izindlela zethu zamanzi.
Izingozi zokugeleza kwemfucuza yezilwane
Ukugeleza kwemfucuza yezilwane kubangela ingozi enkulu kokubili empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo. Uma imfucumfucu yezilwane, njengomquba, ingalawulwa ngendlela efanele futhi ivunyelwe ukungena emithonjeni yamanzi, ingaholela ekungcoleni kwemifula, amachibi, namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Lokhu kungcola kungabangela ukuba khona kwamagciwane ayingozi, njenge-E. coli ne-salmonella, angabangela izifo ezimbi kubantu uma bewagwinya noma bethinta isikhumba. Ukwengeza, imisoco eyeqile emfucumfucwini yezilwane, njenge-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, ingaba nomthelela ekuqhumeni kwe-algal emizimbeni yamanzi, okuholela ekuncipheni komoyampilo kanye nokufa kwezilwane zasemanzini. Ukudedelwa kwalokhu kungcola emithonjeni yethu yamanzi akugcini nje ngokubeka usongo empilweni yomuntu kodwa futhi kunemiphumela elimazayo kuhlelo lwendalo yonke.
Umthelela ekuphathweni kwekhwalithi yamanzi
Ukuphatha kahle izinga lamanzi kubalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe futhi kulondolozwe imithombo yethu yamanzi. Umthelela wokulima kwezilwane eqophelweni lamanzi awunakushaywa indiva. Ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanele kwemfucuza yezilwane kungaholela ekungcolisweni okukhulu kwemithombo yethu yamanzi, kube yingozi kokubili empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo. Ngokubeka eqhulwini ukulawulwa kwezinga lamanzi kanye nokubhekana nezinselele ezihlobene nokulima kwezilwane, singakwazi ukuvikela imithombo yethu yamanzi futhi sigcine indawo enempilo nesimeme yezizukulwane ezizayo.
Ukungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi okuphuza
Ukungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi okuphuza kuwukukhathazeka okukhulu okuvela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa imisebenzi yezimboni, imikhuba yezolimo, kanye nemisebenzi yabantu. Kuyindaba eyinkimbinkimbi edinga ukuqonda okuphelele kanye nezinyathelo ezisebenzayo ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela yayo emibi. Ukungcola okufana nezibulala-zinambuzane, umanyolo, namagciwane angakwazi ukungena emithonjeni yamanzi okuphuza, okuholela ezingozini zempilo ezingaba khona kubantu abasebenzisa amanzi angcolile. Ukuba khona kwalokhu kungcola kungaholela ezifweni ezibangelwa amanzi kanye nezinkinga zezempilo zesikhathi eside. Ngokubeka eqhulwini ukuvikelwa kwemithombo yamanzi okuphuza, singaqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi aphephile nahlanzekile emiphakathini, sikhuthaze impilo nokuphila kahle isiyonke.
Imithelela kuma-ecosystems asemanzini
Imithelela eyingozi yokungcoliswa kwamanzi idlulela ngalé kokukhathazeka ngempilo yabantu, okuthinta kakhulu imvelo yasemanzini. Ukulima kwezilwane kunomthelela omkhulu ekungcolisweni kwamanzi, njengoba imfucumfucu ekhiqizwa yi-concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) ivame ukungena emanzini aseduze. Lokhu kungcola, okucebile ngemisoco efana ne-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, kungabangela ukuqhakaza kwe-algal okuyingozi kanye nokuncipha kwe-oxygen ezindaweni zasemanzini. Lezi zimo ziphazamisa ukulingana kwemvelo kwemvelo, okuholela ekwehleni kwenani lezinhlanzi, ukulahlekelwa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, nokuwohloka kwezindawo zokuhlala. Ukwengeza, ukugeleza ngokweqile kwezakhi kungafaka isandla ekwakhekeni kwezindawo ezifile, izindawo lapho amazinga komoya-mpilo ephansi kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ziphile. Umthelela ezinhlelweni zemvelo zasemanzini ugqamisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sezinqubo zezolimo ezisimeme kanye namasu asebenzayo okulawula imfucuza ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela eyingozi yokulima kwezilwane emithonjeni yethu yamanzi.
Iqhaza ekungcoleni komsoco
Ukulima kwezilwane kudlala indima enkulu ekungcolisweni kwezakhi zomzimba, okunomthelela emazingeni amaningi e-nitrogen ne-phosphorus emanzini. Udoti ophuma kuma-CAFO uqukethe ukugcwala okuphezulu kwalezi zakhi zomzimba, ezingangena emhlabathini futhi zingcolise imifudlana eseduze, imifula, namachibi. Uma isisemanzini, lezi zakhi zomsoco zibhebhezela ukukhula kwezimbali eziyingozi zama-algal, okuholela entweni eyaziwa ngokuthi i-eutrophication. Le nqubo iqeda amazinga omoya-mpilo emanzini, idale indawo engathandeki yezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Izakhamzimba ezeqile nazo zinomthelela ekwakhekeni kwezindawo ezifile, izindawo lapho izilwane zasolwandle zingakwazi ukuchuma ngenxa yokuncipha komoyampilo.
Isibopho somuntu ngamunye ekuvimbeleni ukungcola
Iqhaza lesibopho somuntu ngamunye ekuvimbeleni ukungcoliswa angeke libukeke phansi uma kukhulunywa ngokuthintana phakathi kokulima kwezilwane nokungcoliswa kwamanzi. Nakuba imithethonqubo kanye namazinga aqinile adlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni imboni yezolimo iphendule, abantu ngabanye nabo baneqhaza elikhulu okufanele balibambe ekwehliseni umthelela wezenzo zabo endaweni ezungezile. Ngokwenza izinqumo ezinengqondo, njengokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwenyama, ukusekela izindlela zokulima ezisimeme, nokulahla imfucuza ngendlela efanele, abantu bangaba neqhaza ekunciphiseni ukungcola okubangelwa ukulima kwezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzifundisa thina kanye nabanye ngemiphumela yemvelo esikukhethayo kungakhuthaza umuzwa wemfanelo ohlangene futhi kukhuthaze ushintsho oluhle. Ekugcineni, izenzo zomuntu ngamunye, kuhlanganiswe nemithethonqubo nezindlela ezisimeme zokulima, zingahlahla indlela yekusasa elinempilo nelisimeme kakhudlwana lemithombo yethu yamanzi.
Sengiphetha, kuyabonakala ukuthi ukulima kwezilwane kunomthelela omkhulu ekungcolisweni kwamanzi. Ngokuqonda ukuxhumana phakathi kwalokhu kokubili, singathatha izinyathelo eziya ekuqaliseni izindlela zokulima ezisimeme futhi sinciphise ukuthembela kwethu ekulimeni kwasefemini. Kubalulekile ukuthi sibeke eqhulwini impilo yezinhlelo zethu zamanzi kanye nenhlalakahle yendawo esizungezile, futhi ukubhekana nendaba yokungcoliswa kwamanzi okubangelwa ukulima kwezilwane kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile kuleso sigaba. Masiqhubeke sizifundise futhi senze izinqumo ezihlakaniphile zokudala ikusasa elisimeme nelinobungani bemvelo lawo wonke umuntu.
FAQ
Ukulima kwezilwane kunomthelela kanjani ekungcolisweni kwamanzi?
Ukulima kwezilwane kunomthelela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene. Enye indlela enkulu iwukugeleza kwemfucuza yezilwane isuka emapulazini efektri iye emithonjeni yamanzi eseduze. Lokhu kungcola kuqukethe amazinga aphezulu e-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, okungaholela ekukhuleni ngokweqile kwe-algae emizimbeni yamanzi, ukunciphisa amazinga omoya-mpilo kanye nokulimaza imvelo yasemanzini. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane ezitshalweni zokudla kwezilwane nakho kungangcolisa imithombo yamanzi ngokugeleza. Okokugcina, ukulahlwa ngendlela engafanele kwezidumbu kanye nokukhishwa kwemithi elwa namagciwane kanye namahomoni avela emapulazini ezilwane kungase kube nomthelela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi.
Yimiphi imithombo eyinhloko yokungcoliswa kwamanzi atholakala ekulima kwezilwane?
Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcoliswa kwamanzi okuvela kwezolimo zezilwane ihlanganisa ukugeleza kwemfucuza yezilwane kanye nobulongwe obuvela emisebenzini yemfuyo, ukukhishwa kwemisoco eyeqile kumanyolo osetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ukudla, kanye nokungcoliswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane namahomoni asetshenziswa ekufuyweni kwezilwane. Lezi zinto ezingcolisayo zingangena emanzini ngokugeleza kwamanzi noma ngokungena emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, okuholela ekuwohlokeni kwezinga lamanzi, ukuqhakaza kwe-algal okuyingozi, nokulahlekelwa imvelo yasemanzini. Izinqubo zokuphatha ezifanele, ezifana nezinhlelo zokulawulwa kwemfucuza ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokulima ezisimeme, ziyadingeka ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okuvela kwezolimo zezilwane.
Yimiphi imithelela yemvelo yokungcoliswa kwamanzi okubangelwa ukulima kwezilwane?
Imithelela yemvelo yokungcoliswa kwamanzi okubangwa ukulima kwezilwane ibalulekile. Ukugeleza okuvela emapulazini ezilwane aqukethe umquba, ama-antibiotics, namahomoni kungangcolisa imizimba yamanzi eseduze, okuholela eutrophication, ukuqhakaza kwe-algal okuyingozi, nokuncipha komoyampilo. Lokhu kungaba nemiphumela elimazayo ezindaweni eziphila emanzini, okuholela ekufeni kwezinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasemanzini. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngokweqile kwezolimo zezilwane kunomthelela ezindabeni zokushoda kwamanzi. Ukungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi nakho kubangela izingozi zempilo kubantu, njengoba ukudla amanzi angcolile noma ukudla kwasolwandle kungaholela ezifweni. Sekukonke, ukubhekana nokungcoliswa kwamanzi okuvela ezolimo zezilwane kubalulekile ekuvikeleni kokubili imvelo nempilo yomphakathi.
Ingabe ikhona imithethonqubo noma izinqubomgomo ezikhona zokulawula ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okuvela kwezolimo zezilwane?
Yebo, kunemithethonqubo nezinqubomgomo ezikhona zokulawula ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okuvela kwezolimo zezilwane. Emazweni amaningi, kuhlanganise ne-United States, kunemithethonqubo yezemvelo elawula ukuphathwa nokulahlwa kwemfucuza yezilwane. Le mithethonqubo ngokuvamile idinga ukuqaliswa kwezindlela zokuphatha ezingcono kakhulu zokuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, njengokugcinwa okufanele kanye nokuphathwa kahle komquba, kanye nokusungulwa kwezindawo ezivikelekile ezizungeze izikhungo zamanzi. Ukwengeza, kunezinhlelo zokuqapha izinga lamanzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthotshelwa kwale mithetho kanye nokubhekana nanoma yiziphi izinkinga zokungcola ezingase ziphakame. Sekukonke, lezi zinyathelo zihlose ukuvikela imithombo yamanzi ekungcolisweni kanye nokunciphisa imithelela yemvelo yokulima kwezilwane.
Singakunciphisa kanjani ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okuvela kwezolimo ngenkathi sisahlangabezana nesidingo semikhiqizo yezilwane?
Enye indlela yokunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okuvela ekulima kwezilwane ngenkathi uhlangabezana nesidingo semikhiqizo yezilwane ukusebenzisa izindlela zokulima ezisimeme. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali nomanyolo, ukuphatha kahle imfucuza yezilwane, nokusebenzisa izindlela zokonga amanzi. Ukwengeza, ukukhuthaza ezinye izindlela zokulima njengezolimo eziphilayo noma ezivuselelayo kungasiza ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwamanzi. Ukufundisa abalimi nabathengi ngokubaluleka kwezinqubo ezisimeme kanye nezinhlelo ezisekelayo ezikhuthaza ukulima kwezilwane ngendlela eqotho nakho kungaba nomthelela ekwehliseni ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ngenkathi kuhlangatshezwana nesidingo semikhiqizo yezilwane.
