Ukwembula Ukuhlukumeza Okufihliwe: Ama-antibiotics & Hormones Ekulimeni Kwezilwane

UJordi Casamitjana, umbhali wencwadi ethi "Ethical Vegan", ubheka ukuthi ama-antibiotics nama-hormone asetshenziswa kanjani kwezolimo zezilwane, nokuthi lokhu kubathinta kanjani abantu.

Angazi ukuthi nganginazo kangaki.

Lapho ngikhula ngeminyaka yama-60s kanye nama-70s, ngaso sonke isikhathi uma nginokutheleleka kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo abazali bami babenginika ama-antibiotics (okushiwo odokotela), ngisho nangenxa yezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane amagciwane awakwazi ukuyeka (uma kwenzeka amagciwane angosomathuba ethatha izintambo). Nakuba ngingakhumbuli ukuthi mingaki iminyaka engangiyalelwe yona, ngokuqinisekile nganginayo njengomuntu omdala, ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kokuba ngibe yi-vegan eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-20 edlule. Aba yimithi ebalulekile yokungelapha ngezikhathi lapho amagciwane “amabi” athatha izingxenye zomzimba wami futhi asongela ukuphila kwami, kusukela enyumoniya kuya ekuqaqamba kwezinyo.

Emhlabeni jikelele, njengoba “atholwa” yisayensi yesimanje ngeminyaka yawo-1920s - yize ayevele esetshenziswa izinkulungwane zeminyaka emhlabeni wonke ngaphandle kokuthi abantu bakuqaphele, ukwazi ukuthi babeyini, noma ukuqonda ukuthi basebenza kanjani - ama-antibiotics asephenduke ithuluzi elibalulekile lokulwa nezifo. , esisize izigidigidi zabantu. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokusetshenziswa kakhulu (nokuhlukunyezwa) iminyaka eminingi kangaka, kungenzeka ukuthi maduze nje ngeke sisakwazi ukuwasebenzisa ngoba amagciwane abalwa nawo asuke esejwayela ukumelana nawo, futhi ngaphandle uma sithola amasha, lezo esinazo manje zingase zingasasebenzi. Le nkinga yenziwe yaba yimbi kakhulu imboni yezolimo yezilwane.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, angizange ngithathe noma yimaphi amahomoni njengomuntu omdala - noma okungenani ngokuzithandela - kodwa umzimba wami ubulokhu ukhiqiza ngokwemvelo njengoba lawa angama-molecule e-biochemical adingekayo ekuthuthukisweni kwethu, isimo sengqondo, nokusebenza kwe-physiology yethu. Kodwa-ke, amathuba ukuthi ngadla ama-hormone ngingakathandi ngaphambi kokuba ngibe i-vegan, futhi ngadla imikhiqizo yezilwane eyayinayo, mhlawumbe ethinta umzimba wami ngezindlela engangingahlosiwe. Le nkinga yenziwe yaba yimbi kakhulu nayimboni yezolimo yezilwane.

Iqiniso liwukuthi labo abadla imikhiqizo yezilwane bacabanga ukuthi bayayazi into abayidlayo, kodwa abakwazi. Izilwane ezikhuliswe embonini yezolimo zezilwane, ikakhulukazi lapho zisebenza kanzima, zivame ukunikezwa kokubili amahomoni nama-antibiotics, futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi ezinye zalezi zingase zigcine sezimukelwe abantu abadla lezi zilwane noma uketshezi lwazo. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwalokhu kusheshisa ukuvela kwamabhaktheriya e-pathogenic ekubeni nzima kakhulu ukuyeka ukwanda lapho sitheleleka.

Emazweni amaningi, ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane kanye namahomoni ekulimeni akukho emthethweni futhi akukho emthethweni, kodwa abantu abaningi abazi okuningi ngakho, nokuthi lokho kubathinta kanjani. Lesi sihloko sizongena kancane kulolu daba.

Ayini Ama-antibiotics?

Imithi elwa namagciwane yizinto ezivimbela amagciwane ukuthi angande ngokuphazamisa ukuzala kwawo (okuvame kakhulu) noma ukuwabulala ngokuqondile. Zivame ukutholakala emvelweni njengengxenye yezindlela zokuzivikela eziphilayo ezinazo ngokumelene namagciwane. Ezinye isikhunta, izitshalo, izingxenye zezitshalo (njengama-sabs ezihlahla ezithile), ngisho nezinhlayiya zezilwane (njengamathe esilwane esincelisayo noma uju lwenyosi) zinezindawo ezilwa namagciwane, futhi sekungamakhulu eminyaka abantu bezisebenzisa ukulwa nezifo ezithile ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuthi ziphathwa kanjani. isebenzile. Nokho, ngesinye isikhathi, ososayensi baqonda ukuthi bawavimbela kanjani amagciwane ukuba ande, futhi bakwazi ukuwakhiqiza ezimbonini futhi bakhe imithi ngawo. Ngakho-ke, namuhla abantu bacabanga ngama-antibiotic njengemithi yokulwa nezifo, kodwa ungawathola nasemvelweni.

Ngobuchwepheshe, ama-antibiotics ayizinto ezilwa namagciwane ezikhiqizwa ngokwemvelo (ngegciwane elilodwa elilwa nelinye) esingase sikwazi ukuliguqula libe yimithi ngokuhlakulela izinto eziphilayo eziwakhiqizayo futhi sihlukanise ama-antibiotics kuwo, kanti ama-antibacterial angawona ama-antibiotic (njengama-sulfonamides nama-antiseptics). ) kanye nezibulala-magciwane ziyizinto zokwenziwa ngokuphelele ezidalwe kumalebhu noma ezimbonini. Ama-Antiseptics yizinto ezisetshenziswa esicutshini esiphilayo ukuze kuncishiswe amathuba okuba ne-sepsis, ukutheleleka noma ukubola, kuyilapho izibulala-magciwane zibhubhisa ama-microorganisms ezintweni ezingaphili ngokudala izindawo ezinobuthi kuzo (ezine-acidic kakhulu, ezine-alkaline, ezidakayo kakhulu, njll.).

Imithi elwa namagciwane isebenzela kuphela izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane (ezifana nezifo ezibangela Isifo Sofuba noma i-Salmonellosis), hhayi ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane (njengomkhuhlane noma i-COVID), izifo ze-protozoans (ezifana nomalaleveva noma i-toxoplasmosis) noma izifo zefungal (njenge-Aspergillosis), kodwa ziyasebenza. hhayi ngokuqondile ukumisa ukutheleleka, kodwa ukunciphisa amathuba okuba amagciwane aziphindaphinde ngaphandle kokulawula ngaphezu kwalokho amasosha ethu omzimba akwazi ukumelana nawo. Ngamanye amazwi, izivikeli mzimba zethu zizingela wonke amagciwane asithelelekile ukuze siwaqede, kodwa ama-antibiotics ayasiza ngokuvimbela amagciwane ukuba aphindaphindeke ngaphezu kwezinombolo amasosha ethu omzimba angamelana nazo.

Imithi eminingi elwa namagciwane esetshenziswa emithini yesimanje ivela kusikhunta (njengoba kulula ukuyitshala ezimbonini). Umuntu wokuqala owabhala ngokuqondile ukusetshenziswa kwesikhunta ukwelapha izifo ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo zama-antibiotic kwakunguJohn Parkinson ngekhulu ^le . Usosayensi waseScotland u-Alexander Fleming wathola i-penicillin yanamuhla ngo-1928 -Penicillium , okungenzeka ukuthi iyisibulala-magciwane esaziwayo nesisakazeke kakhulu.

Ama-antibiotics njengemithi angasebenza ezinhlotsheni eziningi ngakho ama-antibiotic afanayo asetshenziswa kubantu nawo asetshenziswa kwezinye izilwane, njengezilwane ezingabangane nezilwane ezifuywayo. Emapulazini amafekthri, okuyizindawo lapho izifo zibhebhetheka khona ngokushesha, zisetshenziswa njalo njengezinyathelo zokuvikela, futhi zengezwe ekudleni kwezilwane.

Inkinga ngokusebenzisa ama-antibiotics ukuthi amanye amagciwane angase aguquke futhi amelane nawo (okusho ukuthi isibulala-magciwane asisawavimbeli ukuba azalane), futhi njengoba amabhaktheriya ezala ngokushesha, lawo magciwane amelana nawo angase agcine ethathe indawo yawo wonke amanye ezinhlobo zawo. leyo antibiotic ethile ayisasebenzi kulelo bhaktheriya. Lolu daba lwaziwa ngokuthi ukumelana ne-antimicrobial (AMR). Ukuthola ama-antibiotic amasha kuzoba yindlela ezungeze i-AMR, kodwa akuwona wonke ama-antibiotic asebenza ngokumelene nezinhlobo ezifanayo zamabhaktheriya, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuphelelwa ama-antibiotic asebenzela izifo ezithile. Njengoba amabhaktheriya eshintsha ngokushesha kunezinga lokuthola imithi ebulalayo emisha, kungase kufinyelele lapho sibuyela ezikhathini zasendulo lapho sasingenawo ukuze alwe nezifo eziningi.

Sesivele sifinyelele ekuqaleni kwalesi simo esiphuthumayo. I -World Health Organization ihlukanise ukumelana nama-antimicrobial “njengosongo olubi olusakazekile [olu]ngasesona isibikezelo sekusasa, luyenzeka manje kuzo zonke izifunda zomhlaba futhi lunamandla okuthinta noma ubani, wanoma iyiphi iminyaka, noma yiliphi izwe”. Lena inkinga ebucayi kakhulu eba yimbi kakhulu. Ucwaningo lwango -2022 lwaphetha ngokuthi ukufa kwabantu emhlabeni wonke okubangelwa ukumelana nama-antimicrobial kwaba ezigidini ezingu-1.27 ngo-2019. Ngokusho kwe-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, unyaka ngamunye e-US okungenani izifo ezimelana nama-antibiotic eziyizigidi ezingu-2.8 zenzeka, futhi abantu abangaphezu kuka-35,000 bayafa. ngenxa yalokho.

Ayini Ama-Hormone?

Amahomoni awuhlobo lwamamolekyuli akhiqizwa yizinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi (izilwane, izitshalo kanye nesikhunta) athunyelwa ezithweni, izicubu, noma amaseli ukuze alawule ukusebenza komzimba nokuziphatha. Amahomoni abalulekile ukuze kuhlanganiswe lokho okwenziwa izingxenye ezihlukene zomzimba nokwenza izinto eziphilayo ziphendule ngokuhambisanayo nangempumelelo njengeyunithi (hhayi nje njengamaseli amaningana ndawonye) ezinseleleni zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Ngenxa yalokho, zibalulekile ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni, kodwa nasekuzaleni, i-dimorphism yocansi, i-metabolism, ukugayeka kokudla, ukuphulukiswa, isimo sengqondo, umcabango, kanye nezinqubo eziningi zomzimba - ukuba ne-hormone eningi noma encane kakhulu, noma ukuyikhipha kusenesikhathi noma sekwephuzile, kungaba nemiphumela eminingi engemihle kukho konke lokhu.

Ngenxa yamahomoni kanye nesimiso sethu sezinzwa (esisebenza eduze nabo), amangqamuzana ethu, izicubu nezitho zomzimba zisebenza ngokuzwana njengoba amahomoni nama-neurone ethwala ulwazi aludingayo, kodwa kuyilapho ama-neurons engathumela lolu lwazi. ngokushesha okukhulu, okuhlosiwe kakhulu, futhi kafushane kakhulu, amahomoni akwenza kancane, angagxili kakhulu, futhi imiphumela yawo ingase ihlale isikhathi eside - ukube ama-neurones abelingana nezingcingo zokudlulisa ulwazi, amahomoni abezolingana nezinhlamvu zesistimu yeposi.

Nakuba ama-hormone olwazi ethwala isikhathi eside kunokwaziswa okungase kuthwale isistimu yezinzwa (nakuba ubuchopho bunezimiso zokukhumbula ukugcina ulwazi oluthile isikhathi eside), akuhlali phakade, ngakho-ke lapho ama-hormone esedlulisele ukwaziswa yonke indawo emzimbeni okudingeka ukuthole. wona, akhishwa ngokuwakhipha emzimbeni, awakhiphe kwezinye izicubu noma emafutheni, noma ngokuwagaya abe ngenye into.

Ama-molecule amaningi angahlukaniswa njengamahomoni, njenge-eicosanoid (isb. i-prostaglandin), ama-steroid (isb. i-oestrogen), okuphuma ku-amino acid (isb. i-epinephrine), amaprotheni noma ama-peptides (isb i-insulin), namagesi (isb. i-nitric oxide). Amahomoni angabuye ahlukaniswe njenge-endocrine (uma esebenza kumaseli okuhlosiwe ngemuva kokukhululwa egazini), i-paracrine (uma isebenza kumaseli aseduze futhi kungadingeki ukuthi ingene ekujikelezeni okuvamile), i-autocrine (ithinta izinhlobo zamangqamuzana ezifihliwe. it futhi ibangele umphumela webhayoloji) noma i-intracrine (isebenze nge-intracellularly kumaseli awakhiqizile). Ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla, izindlala ze-endocrine ziyizitho ezikhethekile ezikhiqiza amahomoni ohlelweni lokusayina lwe-endocrine.

Amahomoni amaningi nama-analogue awo asetshenziswa njengemithi yokuxazulula izinkinga zentuthuko noma zomzimba. Isibonelo, ama-estrogens, nama-progestogens asetshenziswa njengezindlela zokuvimbela inzalo ngama-hormone, i-thyroxine yokulwa ne-hypothyroidism, ama-steroid ezifo ezizimele kanye nezifo eziningana zokuphefumula, kanye ne-insulin yokusiza abanesifo sikashukela. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ama-hormone ethinta ukukhula, nawo awasetshenziselwa izizathu zezokwelapha, kodwa ukuzijabulisa nokuzilibazisa (njengezemidlalo, ukwakha umzimba, njll.) kokubili ngokusemthethweni nangokungekho emthethweni.

Ekulimani, amahomoni asetshenziswa ukuze athinte ukukhula nokuzala kwezilwane. Abalimi bangase bawagcobe ezilwaneni ngama-pads, noma bawanikeze kanye nokudla kwabo, ukuze benze izilwane zisheshe zivuthwe ngokocansi, ukuze zikhiqize ama-ovulation kaningi, ukuphoqelela ukusebenza, ukugqugquzela ukukhiqizwa kobisi, ukuze zikhule ngokushesha, bakhulisa uhlobo oluthile lwezicubu phezu kolunye (njengemisipha phezu kwamafutha), ukushintsha ukuziphatha kwabo, njll. Ngakho-ke, amahomoni asetshenzisiwe kwezolimo hhayi njengengxenye yokwelapha kodwa njengendlela yokuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa.

Ukuhlukumeza Ukusetshenziswa Kwama-Antibiotic Kwezolimo Zezilwane

Ama-antibiotic aqala ukusetshenziswa ekulimeni ngasekupheleni kwe-WWII (yaqala ngemijovo ye-penicillin ye-intra-mammary ukwelapha isifo se-bovine mastitis). Ngawo-1940, kwaqala ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotics ekulimeni kwezinye izinjongo kunokulwa nezifo. Ucwaningo lwezilwane ezifuywayo ezihlukene lukhombise ukukhula okuthuthukile kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuphakelayo uma kufakwa amazinga aphansi (okwelapha kancane) emithi elwa namagciwane ekudleni kwezilwane (mhlawumbe ngokuthinta izitshalo zamathumbu , noma ngenxa yokuthi ngama-antibiotics izilwane akudingekile ukuba zibe nomthamo omkhulu. amasosha omzimba asebenzayo ahlala egcina ama-microorganisms kude, futhi angasebenzisa amandla agcinelwe ukukhula).

Khona-ke, ukulima kwezilwane kwaqhubekela ekulimeni kwasefekthri lapho inani lezilwane ezigcinwe ndawonye lenyuka kakhulu, ngakho ingozi yokusakazeka kwezifo ezithathelwanayo yanda. Njengoba izifo ezinjalo zingabulala izilwane ngaphambi kokuba ziyiswe ekuhlatshweni, noma zenze izilwane ezingenwe yilesi sifo zingakufanelekeli ukudliwa ngabantu, imboni ibisebenzisa ama-antibiotic hhayi nje kuphela njengendlela yokulwa nezifo ebezivele zenzeka. kodwa njengezinyathelo zokuvimbela ukuzinikeza njalo ezilwaneni kungakhathalekile ukuthi zizongenwa yini igciwane. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwe-prophylaxis, kanye nokusetshenziswa ukwandisa ukukhula, kusho inani elikhulu lemithi elwa namagciwane inikezwe izilwane ezifuywayo, okuqhubekisela ukuvela kwamagciwane ukuthi angamelani.

Ngo-2001, umbiko we-Union of Concerned Scientists wathola ukuthi cishe u-90% wengqikithi yokusetshenziswa kwama-antimicrobial e-US kwakungokwezinjongo ezingezona zokwelapha ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo. Umbiko ulinganisela ukuthi abakhiqizi bezilwane ezifuywayo e-US basebenzisa, njalo ngonyaka, amakhilogremu ayizigidi ezingu-24.6 zama-antimicrobial ngaphandle kwesifo ngezinjongo ezingezona zokwelapha, okuhlanganisa cishe amakhilogremu ayizigidi ezingu-10.3 ezingulubeni, amaphawundi ayizigidi ezingu-10.5 ezinyoni, kanye namaphawundi ayizigidi ezingu-3.7 ezinkomeni. Kuphinde kwabonisa ukuthi cishe amaphawundi ayizigidi eziyi-13.5 zamaphilisi alwa namagciwane anqatshelwe e-European Union asetshenziswa kwezolimo zase-US ngezinjongo ezingezona zokwelapha minyaka yonke. Ngo-2011, amathani angu-1,734 ama-antimicrobial agents asetshenziselwa izilwane eJalimane uma kuqhathaniswa namathani angu-800 kubantu.

Ngaphambi kokunwetshwa kokulima kwasefekthri kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1940 kuya phambili, ama-antibiotic amaningi asetshenziswa kungenzeka ukuthi kwakungabantu, futhi kuphela uma abantu belwa nezifo noma ukuqubuka kwezifo. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi, ngisho noma izinhlobonhlobo ezimelana njalo zibonakala, kwakunemithi emisha ebulalayo eyanele etholakele ukuze ibhekane nazo. Kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane ezilwaneni ezifuywayo ngamanani amaningi kakhulu, futhi ukuwasebenzisa njalo ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuvimbela, hhayi kuphela lapho kuqubuka, futhi ukusiza ukukhula, kusho ukuthi amagciwane angadala ukumelana ngokushesha, ngokushesha okukhulu kunalokho okungatholwa yisayensi. ama-antibiotic amasha.

Sekuvele kufakazelwe ngokwesayensi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kwezolimo kwezilwane kukhuphule inani lokungazweli ngama-antibiotic ngoba uma ukusetshenziswa okunjalo kwehliswa kakhulu ukumelana kuncipha. Ucwaningo lwango-2017 mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotics lwathi, “Ukungenelela okuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic ezilwaneni ezikhiqiza ukudla kuhlotshaniswa nokuncipha kokuba khona kwamagciwane amelana namagciwane kulezi zilwane. Ubufakazi obuncane busikisela ukuhlangana okufanayo phakathi kwabantu abahlolisisiwe, ikakhulukazi labo abachayeka ngokuqondile ezilwaneni ezikhiqiza ukudla.”

Inkinga ye-AMR Izoba Yimbi Kakhulu

Ucwaningo lwango-2015 lulinganisela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamagciwane ezolimo emhlabeni wonke kuzokwenyuka ngo-67% kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2030, ikakhulukazi kusukela ekunyukeni kokusetshenziswa e-Brazil, Russia, India, nase-China. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane e-China, njengoba kukalwa ngokwe-mg/PCU, kuphakeme izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezi-5 kunesilinganiso samazwe ngamazwe. Ngakho-ke, i-China isibe ngomunye wabanegalelo elikhulu ku-AMR ngoba inemboni enkulu yezolimo yezilwane esebenzisa inqwaba yemithi elwa namagciwane. Nokho, ezinye izinyathelo zokulungisa seziqalile ukuthathwa. Izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ezisetshenziselwa ukubhekana nalolu daba zihlanganisa izinga eliphezulu lokuqapha nokulawula izinga lensalela, izinhlu ezivunyelwe, ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwesikhathi sokuhoxa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwencwadi kadokotela kuphela.

Umthetho wokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane ezilwaneni ezifuywayo usuyethulwa emazweni amaningana. Isibonelo, i-Veterinary Medicinal Products Regulation ( I-Regulation (EU) 2019/6 ) ibuyekeze imithetho yokugunyazwa nokusetshenziswa kwemithi yezilwane e-European Union lapho iqala ukusebenza zingama-28 ^kuJanuwari 2022. Lo mthetho uthi, " Imikhiqizo yemithi elwa namagciwane angeke isetshenziselwe ukuvikela ngaphandle kwasezindaweni ezingavamile, ekuphathweni kwesilwane ngasinye noma inombolo elinganiselwe yezilwane lapho ingozi yokutheleleka noma yesifo esithathelwanayo iphezulu kakhulu futhi imiphumela ingase ibe mibi kakhulu. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yemithi elwa namagciwane ye-prophylaxis kuzokhawulelwa ekuphathweni kwesilwane ngasinye kuphela. " Ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic ngezinjongo zokukhuthaza ukukhula kwavinjelwa e-European Union ngo-2006 . ISweden yaba yizwe lokuqala ukuvala konke ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane njengabagqugquzeli bokukhula ngo-1986.

Ngo-1991, iNamibia yaba yizwe lokuqala lase-Afrika ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane embonini yayo yezinkomo. Abagqugquzeli bokukhula ngokusekelwe kuma-antibiotics okwelapha abantu bavinjelwe e-Colombia , futhi enqabela ukusetshenziswa kwanoma yimaphi ama-antibiotic okwelapha wezilwane njengabathuthukisi bokukhula kuma-bovids. I-Chile ivimbele ukusetshenziswa kwabagqugquzeli bokukhula ngokusekelwe kuzo zonke izigaba zemithi elwa namagciwane kuzo zonke izinhlobo nezigaba zokukhiqiza. I-Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) iphoqelela izindinganiso ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukudla okukhiqizwayo ngeke kuqukethe ama-antibiotics ezingeni elizodala ukulimala kubathengi.

E-US, i-Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) yakha uhlelo lokusebenza lweminyaka emihlanu ngo-2019 lokweseka ubuphathi be-antimicrobial kuzilungiselelo zezilwane, futhi yayihlose ukukhawulela noma ukubuyisela umva ukuphikiswa kwama-antibiotic okuvela ekusetshenzisweni kwama-antibiotics ezindaweni ezingezona. -izilwane ezingabantu. Ngomhla ka-1 ^Januwari 2017, ukusetshenziswa kwemithamo engaphansi kokwelapha yemithi elwa namagciwane ebalulekile ekudleni kwezilwane nasemanzini ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuphakelayo kwaba emthethweni e-US . Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje inkinga isekhona ngoba, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane, ukulima okukhulu kwezilwane ezweni kuzowa njengoba kungenakwenzeka ukuvimbela ukutheleleka ekusakazeni kwezimo ezicindezelayo zokulima kwefekthri, ngakho-ke noma yikuphi ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa ( esikhundleni sokuvinjelwa okuphelele kokuzisebenzisa) ngeke kuyixazulule inkinga, kodwa vele ibambezele isikhathi lapho iba yinhlekelele.

Ucwaningo lwe-A1999 lwezindleko zezomnotho ze-FDA ezikhawulela konke ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane ezilwaneni ezifuywayo lwaphetha ngokuthi umkhawulo uzobiza cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.2 kuya ku-$2.5 ngonyaka mayelana nokulahlekelwa yimali engenayo, futhi njengoba imboni yezolimo yezilwane inabagqugquzeli abanamandla, osopolitiki mancane amathuba okuba. ukuya ekuvinjelweni okuphelele.

Ngakho-ke, kubonakala sengathi, nakuba inkinga ivunywa, izixazululo ezizanyiwe azilungile ngokwanele njengoba imboni yezolimo yezilwane ivimbela isicelo sabo esigcwele futhi iqhubeka nokwenza inkinga ye-AWR ibe yimbi kakhulu. Lokhu kukodwa kufanele kube isizathu esisekelwe kumuntu sokuba yi-vegan futhi singanikezi noma iyiphi imali embonini enjalo, njengoba ukuyisekela kungase kubuyisele isintu esikhathini sangaphambi kwamagciwane, futhi sibhekane nezifo eziningi ezengeziwe, nokufa okuvela kuzo.

Ukuhlukumeza Ukusetshenziswa Kwe-Hormonal Kwezolimo Zezilwane

Kusukela maphakathi nawo-1950, imboni yezolimo yezilwane ibisebenzisa amahomoni, nezinye izinto zemvelo noma zokwenziwa ezibonisa umsebenzi wamahomoni, ukukhulisa “ukukhiqiza” kwenyama njengoba lapho inikezwa izilwane ezifuywayo ikhulisa izinga lokukhula kanye ne-FCE (ukuguqulwa kokuphakelayo ukusebenza kahle) ephakeme, okuholela ekwenyukeni ngo-10–15% ezinzuzweni zansuku zonke . Eyokuqala esetshenziswa ezinkomeni kwakuyi-DES (diethylstilboestrol) kanye ne-hexoestol e-US nase-UK ngokulandelana, njengezithasiselo zokudla noma njengezifakelo, nezinye izinhlobo zezinto nazo kancane kancane zatholakala.

I-Bovine somatotropin (bST) iyihomoni esetshenziselwa ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kobisi ezinkomeni zobisi. Lesi sidakamizwa sisekelwe ku-somatotropin ekhiqizwa ngokwemvelo ezinkomeni ku-pituitary gland. Ucwaningo lwakuqala ngeminyaka yawo-1930 kanye nawo-1940 eRussia naseNgilandi lwathola ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kobisi ezinkomeni kwanda ngokujova ama-extracts e-pituitary ezinkomo. kwaze kwaba yiminyaka yawo-1980 lapho okwakwazi khona ngokobuchwepheshe ukukhiqiza amanani amakhulu okuhweba e-bST. Ngo-1993, i-US FDA yagunyaza umkhiqizo we-bST onegama lomkhiqizo elithi “Posilac™” ngemuva kokuphetha ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuzophepha futhi kusebenze kahle.

Ezinye izilwane ezifuywayo nazo zazinikezwa ama-hormone ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo, kuhlanganise nezimvu, izingulube nezinkukhu. Ama-hormone ocansi emvelo “akudala” asetshenziswa kwezolimo kwezilwane i-oestradiol-17β, i-testosterone, ne-progesterone. Kuma-estrogens, okuphuma ku-stilbene kwe-diethylstilboestrol (DES) kanye ne-hexoestol kusetshenziswe kabanzi, kokubili ngomlomo nangokufakwa. Kusukela kuma-androgens okwenziwa, asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-trenbolone acetate (TBA) ne-methyl-testosterone. Kuma-gestagens okwenziwa, i-melengestrol acetate, ekhuthaza ukukhula kwezinsikazi kodwa hhayi kuma-steers, isetshenziswa kakhulu futhi. I-Hexoestrol isetshenziswa njenge-implant ye-steers, izimvu, amathole, nezinkukhu, kuyilapho i-DES + Methyl-testosterone isetshenziswa njengesithako sokuphakelayo sezingulube.

Imiphumela yala ma-hormone ezilwaneni iwukuphoqelela ukuthi zikhule ngokushesha kakhulu noma zizalane kaningi, okucindezela imizimba yazo futhi ngenxa yalokho kuzenza zihlupheke, njengoba ziphathwa njengemishini yokukhiqiza hhayi izidalwa ezizwelayo. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwamahomoni kunemiphumela engemihle engafunwa yimboni. Isibonelo, kusukela ngo-1958 ukusetshenziswa kwama-estrogens kuma-steers kwabonwa ukuze kubangele izinguquko ekubunjweni komzimba njengokwenza abesifazane nokuphakamisa amakhanda omsila. Ubunkunzi (ukuziphatha okungavamile kocansi kwabesilisa) kuphinde kwabonakala kwenzeka ngokunyuka kwemvamisa. Ocwaningweni lomphumela wokufakelwa kabusha kwe-oestrogens ku-steers, zonke izilwane zanikezwa ukufakelwa kwe-DES okungu-30 mg ngesisindo esibukhoma sama-260 kg, kwase kutshalwa kabusha ezinsukwini ezingama-91 kamuva, nge-30 mg DES noma i-Synovex S. Kulandela ukufakelwa kwesibili , imvamisa ye-steer-buller syndrome (inqola eyodwa, inkunzi, egitsheliswa futhi eqhutshwa ngokuqhubekayo ezinye izinqola) yayingu-1.65% eqenjini le-DES-DES, kanye no-3.36% eqenjini le-DES-Synovex S.

Ngo-1981, nge- Directive 81/602/EEC , i-EU yenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezinesenzo se-hormonal sokukhuthazwa kokukhula kwezilwane zasemapulazini, njenge-oestradiol 17ß, testosterone, progesterone, zeranol, trenbolone acetate kanye ne-melengestrol acetate (MGA). Lokhu kwenqatshelwa kuyasebenza Kumazwe Angamalungu kanye nokuthekelisa okuvela emazweni esithathu ngokufanayo.

IKomidi Langaphambili Lesayensi Lezinyathelo Zokwelashwa Kwezilwane Ezihlobene Nezempilo Yomphakathi (SCVPH) liphethe ngokuthi i-oestradiol 17ß kufanele ibhekwe njenge-carcinogen ephelele. I-EU Directive 2003/74/EC iqinisekise ukuvinjelwa kwezinto ezinesenzo samahomoni sokuthuthukisa ukukhula kwezilwane zasemapulazini futhi yehlisa kakhulu izimo lapho i-oestradiol 17ß inganikezwa ngaphansi kwazo ngezinye izinjongo ezilwaneni ezikhiqiza ukudla.

I-"Beef" "Impi Yama-hormone

Ukwenza izinkomo zikhule ngokushesha, iminyaka eminingi imboni yezolimo yezilwane yasebenzisa "ama-hormone okukhula kwenkomo yokufakelwa", ikakhulukazi i-estradiol, i-progesterone, i-testosterone, i-zeranol, i-melengestrol acetate ne-trenbolone acetate (okubili kokugcina kwenziwa futhi akwenzeki ngokwemvelo). Abalimi bezinkomo babevunyelwe ngokomthetho ukuphatha izinguqulo zokwenziwa zamahomoni emvelo ukuze kwehliswe izindleko kanye nokuvumelanisa imijikelezo ye-oestrus yezinkomo zobisi.

Ngawo-1980, abathengi baqala ukuzwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha kokusetshenziswa kwe-hormone, futhi e-Italy kwakukhona "ama-hormone scandals" amaningana adalula, bethi izingane ezidla inyama yezinkomo ezithole ama-hormone zibonise izimpawu zokuqala zokuthomba ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Abukho ubufakazi obuphathekayo obuxhumanisa ukuthomba ngaphambi kwesikhathi nama-hormone okukhula atholakala kumbuzo owalandela, ngokwengxenye ngoba awekho amasampula okudla okusolwayo ayetholakala ukuze ahlaziywe. Ngo-1980 ukuba khona kwe-diethylstilbestrol (DES), enye i-hormone yokwenziwa, ekudleni kwezingane okusekelwe ku-veal kwavezwa futhi.

Wonke lawa mahlazo, nakuba engazange eze nokuvumelana kwesayensi okusekelwe ebufakazini obungenakuphikwa bokuthi abantu abadla inyama yezilwane abanikezwa ama-hormone anjalo babhekana nemiphumela engathandeki kakhulu kunabantu abadla inyama yezilwane abanganikezwanga ama-hormone, lokho kwakwanele kosopolitiki be-EU. ukuzama ukulawula isimo. Ngo-1989, i-European Union yavala ukungeniswa kwenyama equkethe ama-hormone okukhula enyama yenkomo avunyelwe ukusetshenziswa futhi aphathwe e-United States, okwadala ukungezwani phakathi kwezindawo zombili nalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "impi ye-hormone yenkomo" (i-EU ivame ukusebenzisa isimiso sokuqapha esiphathelene nokuphepha kokudla, kuyilapho i-US ingenzi kanjalo). Ekuqaleni, ukuvinjelwa kwavalwa okwesikhashana kuphela amahomoni okukhula kwezinkomo ayisithupha kodwa ngo-2003 kwavalwa unomphela i-estradiol-17β. I-Canada ne-United States yaphikisana nalokhu kuvinjelwa, iyisa i-EU ku-WTO Dispute Settlement Body, okwathi ngo-1997 yakhipha isinqumo ngokumelene ne-EU.

Ngo-2002, i-EU Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures Relating to Public Health (SCVPH) yaphetha ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamahomoni okukhula kwenyama yenkomo kubeka engcupheni impilo yabantu, kwathi ngo-2003 i-EU yasungula i-Directive 2003/74/EC yokuchibiyela ukuvinjelwa kwayo, kodwa i-US kanye ne-Canada benqaba ukuthi i-EU yayihlangabezane nezindinganiso ze-WTO zokuhlola ubungozi besayensi. I-EC iphinde yathola amanani aphezulu amahomoni ezindaweni ezizungezile zamapulazi ezinkomo eziqinile, emanzini, athinta imigwaqo yamanzi kanye nezinhlanzi zasendle. Enye yemibono yokuthi kungani ama-hormone okwenziwa engase abangele imiphumela engemihle kubantu abadla inyama ezilwaneni abawatholile, kodwa lokhu kungase kungabi njalo kuma-hormone emvelo, ukuthi ukungasebenzi kwemvelo kwe-metabolic ngumzimba wama-hormone kungase kungasebenzi kahle. ama-hormone okwenziwa njengoba umzimba wesilwane ungenawo ama-enzyme adingekayo ukuze kuqedwe lezi zinto, ngakho-ke aphikelela futhi angase agcine eseketheni lokudla kwabantu.

Kwesinye isikhathi izilwane ziyaxhashazwa ukukhiqiza amahomoni bese zisetshenziswa kwezolimo zezilwane. “Amapulazi Egazi” e-Uruguay nase-Argentina asetshenziselwa ukukhipha i-Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG), emahhashini ukuze idayiswe njengehomoni yenzalo esetshenziswa emapulazini emboni kwamanye amazwe. Kube nezingcingo zokuvala ukuhweba kwangaphandle kwalawa mahomoni eYurophu, kodwa eCanada, sekuvunyelwe kakade ukuthi kusetshenziswe amapulazi efekthri abheke ukukhohlisa imizimba yezingulube zomama ukuze ibe nama-litter amakhulu.

Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa kwamahomoni ekufuyweni kwezilwane kuhlala kusemthethweni emazweni amaningi, kodwa abathengi abaningi bazama ukugwema inyama emapulazini awasebenzisayo. Ngo-2002, ucwaningo lwabonisa ukuthi u-85% wabaphenduli base-US babefuna ukulebula okuyisibopho enyameni yenkomo ekhiqizwe ngama-hormone okukhula, kodwa ngisho noma abaningi bebonisa ukuthanda inyama yemvelo, inyama ekhiqizwa ngezindlela ezijwayelekile yahlala iyiningi edliwayo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotics nama-hormone kwezolimo zezilwane manje sekuyindlela yokuhlukumeza njengoba izinombolo ezithintekayo zenza zonke izinhlobo zezinkinga. Izinkinga zezilwane ezifuywayo ezimpilo yazo eye yaphazamiseka ukuze ziziphoqe ezimweni ezingezona ezemvelo zezokwelapha nezokuphila ezizenza zihlupheke; izinkinga zezindawo zemvelo ezizungezile amapulazi lapho lezi zinto zingagcina zingcolise imvelo futhi zibe nomthelela omubi izilwane zasendle; kanye nezinkinga kubantu njengoba kungagcini nje ngokuthola imizimba yabo ithinteke kabi lapho bedla inyama yezilwane abalimi abanikeza izinto ezinjalo, kodwa maduze bangase bangakwazi ukusebenzisa ama-antibiotics ukulwa nokutheleleka kwamagciwane njengoba imboni yezolimo yezilwane yenza ukumelana ne-antimicrobial. inkinga ifinyelela embundwini obucayi okungenzeka singakwazi ukuwunqoba.

Ukuba i-vegan kanye nokuyeka ukusekela imboni yezolimo yezilwane akuyona nje inketho efanele yezilwane neplanethi, kodwa kuyisinqumo esiphusile kulabo abakhathalela impilo yabantu.

Imboni yezolimo yezilwane inobuthi.