Ukushintshwa kwesimo sezulu kuthinta kanjani izilwane zasendle

Njengoba iplanethi iqhubeka nokufudumala, imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu iya iba sobala kakhulu, hhayi nje emiphakathini yabantu kodwa nasezinkulungwaneni zezilwane ezihlala eMhlabeni. Ngo-2023, amazinga okushisa embulunga yonke akhuphuka afinyelela kumazinga angakaze abonwe, cishe ku-1.45ºC (2.61ºF) ngaphezu kwesilinganiso sangaphambi kwemboni, setha amarekhodi ashaqisayo ekushiseni kolwandle, ukugxiliswa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle , ukuhlehla kweqhwa, kanye nokulahlekelwa yiqhwa lolwandle lwase-Antarctic. Lezi zinguquko ziyingozi enkulu ezilwaneni emhlabeni wonke, ezithinta izindawo zazo zokuhlala, ukuziphatha kanye namazinga okuphila.

Lesi sihloko sidingida imithelela ehlukahlukene yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ezilwaneni, igqamisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sesinyathelo sokuvikela lezi zinhlobo ezisengozini. Sizohlola ukuthi amazinga okushisa akhuphukayo kanye nezigigaba zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu ziholela kanjani ekulahlekeni kwendawo yokuhlala, izinguquko zokuziphatha nezinzwa, ukwanda kwezingxabano phakathi kwabantu nezilwane zasendle, ngisho nokushabalala kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizohlola ukuthi izilwane ezithile zivumelana kanjani nalezi zinguquko ezisheshayo kanye neqhaza elibalulekile ezilibambayo ekwehliseni ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ngokuqonda lezi zinguquko, singakubona kangcono ukubaluleka kokuvikela izinhlobo zezilwane nezindawo zazo zokuhlala njengengxenye yemizamo yethu ebanzi yokulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Njengoba ⁤iplanethi‍ iqhubeka nokufudumala, imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu iba sobala ngokwandayo, hhayi nje kuphela emiphakathini yabantu kodwa nasezindaweni eziningi zezilwane ezihlala eMhlabeni. Ngo-2023, amazinga okushisa embulunga yonke akhuphuka afinyelela kumazinga angakaze abonwe, cishe u-1.45ºC (2.61ºF) ngaphezu kwesilinganiso sangaphambi kwemboni, setha amarekhodi ashaqisayo ekushiseni kolwandle, ukugxila kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle, ukuhlehla kweqhwa, kanye nokulahlekelwa yiqhwa lolwandle lwase-Antarctic. Lezi zinguquko zibeka usongo olukhulu ezilwaneni emhlabeni wonke, ezithinta izindawo zazo zokuhlala, ukuziphatha, namazinga okuphila.

Le athikili⁤ icubungula imithelela enezici eziningi yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ezilwaneni, igqamisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sesenzo sokuvikela ⁢lezi zinhlobo ezisengozini. Sizohlola ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa kanye nezehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu kuholela kanjani ekulahlekeni kwendawo, izinguquko zokuziphatha kanye ⁤ nezinzwa, ekwenyukeni kwezingxabano phakathi kwabantu nezilwane zasendle, kanye nokushabalala kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. ⁢Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizohlola ukuthi izilwane ezithile zijwayelana kanjani nalezi zinguquko ezisheshayo kanye neqhaza elibalulekile ⁤ezilidlalayo ekwehliseni ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ngokuqonda ⁤lokhu kuguquguquka, ⁤singakubona kangcono ukubaluleka ⁢kokuvikela izilwane ⁤nezindawo zazo zokuhlala njengengxenye yemizamo yethu ebanzi yokulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Umhlaba wawushisa kakhulu kunangaphambili ngo-2023—cishe u-1.45ºC (2.61ºF) ukufudumala kunesilinganiso sangaphambi kwemboni. Unyaka uphinde wephula amarekhodi okushisa kolwandle, amazinga egesi ebamba ukushisa, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle, ukuhlehla kweqhwa, kanye nokulahlekelwa yiqhwa olwandle lwase-Antarctic. ¹ Lezi zinkomba zokuguquka kwesimo sezulu ezethusayo zisho ukuthini ezimpilweni nempilo yezilwane? Lapha, sizohlola imithelela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ezilwaneni zomhlaba, sicabangela imiphumela engemihle ebhekene nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nesidingo esiphuthumayo sesinyathelo sokuvikela ikusasa lazo.

Ukuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Kuzithinta Kanjani Izilwane

Ngayo yonke ingxenye yeshumi eyengeziwe yedigri (ku ºC) yokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa, ubungozi bokuhlelwa kabusha kwe-ecosystem, ukusweleka kokudla, nokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuyakhula. ² Ukukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa emhlabeni wonke kuphinde kwenyuse izinga lezinto ezishintsha isimo seplanethi njengokuncibilika kweqhwa elincanyana, ukuphakama kolwandle, ukugcwala kwe-asidi yolwandle, kanye nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu. Le miphumela kanye neminye yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ibeka izingozi ezinkulu kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, iningi lazo okuyizilwane zasendle . Ezinye zezinsongo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezilwaneni zasendle zichazwe ngezansi.

Ukulahlekelwa indawo yokuhlala

Ukwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa embulunga yonke kanye nezingcindezi ezihlobene nesimo sezulu njengesomiso, imililo yequbula, namagagasi okushisa olwandle kulimaza uhlaza, kuphazamise amaketanga okudla, futhi kulimaze izinhlobo ezakha indawo yokuhlala ezisekela yonke imvelo, njengamakhorali ne-kelp. ³ Emazingeni okushisa komhlaba angaphezu kuka-1.5ºC, ezinye izimiso zemvelo zizoba nezinguquko ezingenakulungiseka, ezibulala izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane futhi ziphoqelele ezinye ukuthi zifune izindawo zokuhlala ezintsha. Izindawo ezihlala ezindaweni ezibucayi—njengezindawo ezishisayo nezivele zifudumele—zisengozini enkulu esikhathini esiseduze, zibhekene nezinsongo ezifana nokusabalala kwezihlahla, ukwehla kwezinhlobo ezincike eqhweni, kanye nezenzakalo zokufa kwabantu abaningi ezihlobene nokushisa. ⁴

Izinguquko zokuziphatha nezinzwa

Izilwane zincike ezimpawu zemvelo ukuze zenze imisebenzi ebalulekile njengokukhwelana, ukulala ebusika, ukufuduka, nokuthola ukudla kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezifanele. Izinguquko kumazinga okushisa nesimo sezulu zithinta isikhathi namandla alezi zimpawu futhi zingaba nomthelela ekuziphatheni, ekuthuthukisweni, kwamakhono okuqonda, nezindima zemvelo zezinhlobo ezimbalwa. ⁵ Ngokwesibonelo, omiyane bathembele emazingeni okushisa ukuze baqondise indawo ebazungezile. Njengoba amazinga okushisa enyuka, omiyane bafuna abanikazi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene—isimo esiphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngamaphethini okudluliselwa kwezifo. Ngokufanayo, izinguquko zamakhemikhali ezibangelwa ukugcwala kwe-asidi olwandle kuye kwatholakala ukuthi kulimaze ukulandela iphunga ezinhlanzini eziwugwadule ⁶ noshaka, ⁷ zilimaza ikhono lazo lokugwema izilwane ezidla ezinye futhi zithole ukudla.

Ukungqubuzana kwabantu nezilwane zasendle

Njengoba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuqhubeka nokuphazamisa imvelo, ukuncipha kwezindawo zokuhlala, futhi kuqinisa izimo zesimo sezulu esibi njengesomiso nemililo yequbula, izilwane eziningi zizofuna ukudla nendawo yokuhlala emiphakathini yabantu. Ukuhlangana nokungqubuzana ngezinsiza ezikhawulelwe kuzokwanda, okuvamise ukuveza imiphumela enzima ezilwaneni. ⁸ Imisebenzi yabantu efana nokulima, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, nokumbiwa kwezinsiza iqhubezela phambili inkinga ngokungena ezindaweni ezihlala izilwane zasendle kanye nokufaka isandla entuleni yezinsiza. ⁹

Ukushabalala kwezinhlobo zezilwane

Ngokombiko ka-2022 we-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ^-10 zakamuva ezihlobene nesimo sezulu sezibangele ukushabalala kwenani labantu bendawo, njengokunyamalala kwezinhlobo ezimhlophe ze-lemuroid ringtail possum ( Hemibelideus lemuroides ) eQueensland, I-Australia ilandela igagasi lokushisa lika-2005. Emhlabeni jikelele, amaculo e-Bramble Cay, agcina ukubonakala ngo-2009, kwathiwa awasekho ngo-2016, nokukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle kanye nokukhuphuka kweziphepho okuyimbangela okungenzeka kakhulu.

Izilwane Ezithinteka Kakhulu Ngokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu

Alikho izinga eliqondile lokuthi yiziphi izilwane ezizoba nomthelela omkhulu ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, kodwa izilwane ezithile zisengozini enkulu yokuthinteka kabi. Izilwane ezihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezifudumele ngokwemvelo zibhekana nezinsongo ezisheshayo njengoba amazinga okushisa enyuka ngaphezu kwalokho ezikujwayele. ¹¹ Izinhlobo zezilwane ezingongoti, ezavela ukuze zikhule ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zemvelo, nazo zisengozini enkulu yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngenxa yokungakwazi ukuzivumelanisa ngokushesha nokushintsha kwezindawo zokuhlala kanye nemithombo yokudla. ¹² Phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo, lezo ezinesikhathi esifushane sokuphila kanye namazinga aphezulu okuzala kulindeleke ukuthi zehle kakhulu njengoba izimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu ziba njalo. ¹³ Uma amazinga okushisa enyuka aze afike ku-1.5ºC (2.7ºF) noma ngaphezulu kunesilinganiso sangaphambi kwemboni, izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo—ikakhulukazi iziqhingi, izintaba, nolwandle—zibhekene nengozi enkulu yokushabalala. ¹⁴

Ukuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Kuzithinta Kanjani Izilwane Ezifuywayo

Nakuba amazinga okushisa afudumele angase azuze izilwane ezifuywayo ezihlala ezindaweni ezinobusika obunzima, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kulindeleke ukuthi kube nomthelela omubi kakhulu empilweni yezilwane ezifuywayo kanye nenhlalakahle. ¹⁵ Amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye namagagasi okushisa ashubile futhi avamile azokwandisa ingozi yokucindezeleka kokushisa phakathi kwezilwane "zemfuyo" njengezinkomo, izingulube, nezimvu. Ukucindezeleka kokushisa okude isikhathi eside kungaholela ezinkingeni ze-metabolic, ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative, nokucindezelwa komzimba, okuholela ekukhungathekeni, ukungakhululeki, izifo, nokufa. Ukwanda kwezifo ezithwalwa yizilwane, ukwehla kwekhwalithi kanye nenani lokudla ngenxa yokushoda, kanye nezimo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu nakho kusongela inhlalakahle yezilwane ezifuywayo.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezilwane Ekushintsheni Kwesimo Sezulu

Nakuba ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuhamba ngokushesha kunokuba izilwane eziningi zingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, ezinye zithola izindlela zokuzilungisa. Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zishintsha indawo yazo ukuze zithole izimo ezikahle—ezilwaneni ezinjenge-'amakihi ne-i'iwi, zombili izinyoni ezizalelwa eHawaii, lokhu kusho ukuthuthela endaweni ephakeme enamazinga okushisa apholile kanye nezinambuzane ezimbalwa ezithwala izifo (ezivame ukunamathela kuzo. izindawo ezifudumele). ¹⁶ Izilwane zingase zidle ngaphambi kwesikhathi; ngokwesibonelo, izinyoni ezisogwini olusentshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika ziye zasabela emazingeni okushisa ngokuzalela izinsuku ezingaba ngu-12 ngaphambi kwalokho ezazikwenza cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. ¹⁷ Izinhlobo ezikwazi ukumelana nezifo zizozijwayeza ngezindlela eziningi. Amabhubesi asolwandle aseCalifornia ayisibonelo esisodwa: Awalungisanga nje kuphela uhla lwawo lwendawo ukuze afake izindawo ezipholile kodwa futhi aguqule isimo sawo somzimba ukuze athuthukise ukuguquguquka kwentamo yawo namandla okuluma, okuwavumela ukuba adle inyamazane ehlukahlukene. ¹⁸

Iqhaza Lezilwane Ekunciphiseni Ukuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu

Izilwane eziningana zihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ze-ecosystem ezisiza ukulawula isimo sezulu nokugcina abantu abanempilo enempilo. Ngokwesibonelo, imikhomo inesandla empilweni yasolwandle ngokuvundisa i-phytoplankton ngendle yayo. I-Phytoplankton imunca i-carbon dioxide emkhathini futhi iyijikelezise kuwebhu yokudla njengoba isetshenziswa ezinye izilwane, igcina ikhabhoni olwandle kunokufudumeza iplanethi. ¹⁹ Ngokufanayo, izindlovu zakha izimiso zemvelo ngokusakaza imbewu, ngokudala imizila, nokuvula indawo yokukhula kwezitshalo ezintsha, okusiza ekumunceni ikhabhoni. ²⁰ Ama-pangolin aphinde adlale indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lwawo lwendalo ngokulawula izintuthwane nomuhlwa kanye nokumba imihume esetshenziswa ezinye izilwane, ngaleyo ndlela kugcinwe ukulingana kwemvelo. ²¹

Ongakwenza Ukuze Usize

Ukufuywa kwemfuyo kulinganiselwa phakathi kuka-11.1% no-19.6% ebamba ukushisa emhlabeni wonke (GHG) ²² -ngokusebenzisa ukudla okunemifino kanye nokugqugquzela yezilwane ezifuywayo nezasendle , ungasiza ukunqanda imikhuba edala ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu futhi uvikele izilwane. lokho kuyayinciphisa.

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