Inkukhu ivame ukukhuthazwa njengenketho evumelana nemvelo uma kuqhathaniswa nenyama yenkomo noma yengulube. Nokho, iqiniso lokufuywa kwezinkukhu zesimanje lisitshela indaba ehlukile. E-UK, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni okusheshayo kokufuywa kwezinkukhu ukuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo senyama ethengekayo kuye kwaholela emiphumeleni enzima yemvelo. Ngokusho kwe-Soil Association, imifula eminingi e-UK isengozini yokuba yizindawo ezifile zemvelo ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwezolimo. Umbiko wakamuva we-River Trust uqokomisa ukuthi ayikho imifula yaseNgilandi enesimo esihle semvelo, uyichaza ngokuthi “i-chemical cocktail.” Lesi sihloko sidingida izizathu zokuwa kwemvelo kwemifula yase-UK futhi sihlola indima ebalulekile edlalwa yinkukhu namaqanda kule nkinga yemvelo.
Sekuyisikhathi eside inkukhu ibhekwa njengenye indlela eco-friendly esikhundleni senkomo noma ingulube, kodwa empeleni, ukufuywa kwezinkukhu zesimanje kunomthelela omubi emvelweni. E-UK, ukufuywa kwezinkukhu kuye kwathuthuka ngokushesha emashumini eminyaka amuva nje ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esikhulayo senyama eshibhile, futhi manje sibona imiphumela emibi yalesi simiso.
Ngokusho kwe-Soil Association, imifula eminingi e-UK isengcupheni yokuba yizindawo ezifile zemvelo, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwezolimo. 1 Umbiko wakamuva we-River Trust uthi awukho umfula waseNgilandi onesimo esihle semvelo futhi ubhekisela kuwo ngokuthi 'i-chemical cocktail.' 2
Kungani imifula eminingi kangaka yase-UK ibheke ekubhidlikeni kwemvelo futhi ukufuywa kwezinkukhu namaqanda kuyidlala kanjani indima ekubhubheni kwayo?
Ukufuya izinkukhu kudala kanjani ukungcola?
Izinkukhu ziyizilwane ezifuywa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke futhi izinkukhu ezingaphezu kwebhiliyoni elilodwa zihlatshelwa inyama minyaka yonke e-UK kuphela. 3 Izikhungo ezinkulu zenza ukuba izinhlobo ezikhula ngokushesha zikhuliswe emashumini ezinkulungwane, uhlelo olusebenza kahle kwezomnotho okusho ukuthi amapulazi angahlangabezana nesidingo esikhulu sezinkukhu ngenani elithengekayo kumthengi.
Kodwa-ke, kunezindleko ezibanzi kakhulu zokulima izilwane ngale ndlela, izindleko ezingabonakali emaphaketheni. Sonke sizwile ngamacilongo ezinkomo abangela ukukhishwa kwe-methane, kodwa indle yenkukhu nayo ilimaza imvelo.
Umquba wezinkukhu uqukethe ama-phosphates, abalulekile ekuvundiseni umhlabathi, kodwa uba ukungcola okuyingozi lapho ungakwazi ukumuncwa umhlabathi futhi ungene emifuleni nemifudlana emazingeni aphezulu kangaka.
Ama-phosphates engeziwe aholela ekukhuleni kwezimbali ezibulalayo ze-algal ezivimba ukukhanya kwelanga futhi zilambe nemifula yomoya-mpilo, ekugcineni zilimaze ezinye izimila nezilwane eziningi njengezinhlanzi, ama-eels, otters nezinyoni.
Ezinye izikhungo ezinakekela abaguli zigcina izinkukhu ezingaba ngu-40,000 eshedeni elilodwa, futhi zinenqwaba yamashede epulazini elilodwa, kanti ukuchithwa kwemfucuza kuzongena emifuleni eseduze, imifudlana namanzi angaphansi komhlaba uma engalahlwanga kahle.
Amaphutha ekuhleleni, izintuba emithethweni kanye nokushoda kokugcinwa komthetho kuvumele lokhu kungcola ukuthi kuqhubeke isikhathi eside kungabhekwa.
Ukungcoliswa koMfula iWye
Ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo okubangelwa amapulazi ezinkukhu namaqanda kungabonakala eMfuleni iWye, ogeleza ngaphezu kwamamayela ayi-150 emngceleni weNgilandi neWales.
Indawo egcina amanzi e-Wye ibizwa ngokuthi 'inhloko-dolobha yenkukhu' yase-UK ngoba izinyoni ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-20 zifuywa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi emapulazini angaba ngu-120 endaweni.4
Izimbali ze-algal zingabonakala kuwo wonke umfula futhi izinhlobo eziyinhloko ezifana ne-salmon yase-Atlantic ziye zehla ngenxa yalokho. Ucwaningo oluvela eNyuvesi yaseLancaster luthole ukuthi cishe u-70% wokungcola kwe-phosphate e-Wye kuvela kwezolimo 5 futhi nakuba ukufuywa kwezinkukhu kungabali kukho konke ukungcola, amazinga e-phosphate aphezulu kakhulu ezindaweni eziseduze nala mapulazi.
Ngo-2023, i-Natural England yehlisela phansi isimo soMfula Wye saba “ngokwehla ngendlela engathandeki” okwadala intukuthelo esabalele evela emiphakathini yasendaweni nakubakhankasi.
I-Avara Foods, engomunye wabahlinzeki abakhulu bezinkukhu e-UK, ibhekele iningi lamapulazi asendaweni egcina amanzi e-River Wye. Manje ibhekene nezinyathelo zomthetho mayelana nokukhula kwamazinga okungcola kanye nendlela abantu emiphakathini eseduze abathinteke ngayo ngenxa yezinga eliphansi lamanzi. 6
Imithethonqubo ithi inani lomquba ofakwe emhlabeni akumele lidlule inani elingakwazi ukumunca, osekuphele iminyaka linganakwa ngaphandle kwemiphumela. Inkampani iAvara Foods ithembise ukuthi izokwehlisa isibalo samapulazi endaweni egcina amanzi eWye futhi inciphise umquba kusukela kumathani ayi-160 000 ngonyaka ukuya kumathani ayi-142,000. 7
Ingabe kungcono ukudla ukudla okukhululekile?
Ukukhetha ukudla inyama yenkukhu namaqanda amahhala akusho ukuthi kungcono endaweni ezungezile. Amapulazi amaqanda e-Free-range ahileleke ngokuqondile ekubhujisweni koMfula i-Wye ngoba izinkukhu ezifuywa amaqanda azo zisafuywa ngobuningi, futhi izinkukhu zikhukhumeza ngqo emasimini, zidala imfucuza enkulu.
Ucwaningo olwenziwa yinhlangano esiza umphakathi i-River Action luthole ukuthi amanzi angcolile avela emapulazini amaningi amaqanda atholakala mahhala endaweni yase-Wye angena ngqo ohlelweni lomfula futhi akukho sinyathelo esithathiwe ukunciphisa lokhu. Amapulazi angeke ajeziswe ngalokhu kwephulwa kwemithetho ecacile, futhi ngenxa yalokho, i-River Action ifune ukubukezwa kwezomthetho ngokumelene ne-Ejensi Yezemvelo. 8
Kulandela ingcindezi ekhulayo evela kubakhankasi, ngo-April 2024 uhulumeni wamemezela uhlelo lwakhe lokusebenza lokuvikela i-River Wye, okuhlanganisa ukudinga amapulazi amakhulu ukuthi athumele umquba kude nomfula, kanye nokusiza amapulazi ngokushisa ubulongwe obusepulazini. 9 Nokho, abakhankasi bakholelwa ukuthi lolu hlelo aluhambeli kude ngokwanele futhi luzomane ludlulisele inkinga kweminye imifula. 10
Ngakho, liyini ikhambi?
Izinhlelo zethu zamanje zokulima ngokujulile zigxile ekukhiqizeni inkukhu eshibhile eyenziwe ngokwenza lokho ngezindleko zemvelo. Ngisho nezindlela zamahhala azihambisani nemvelo njengoba abathengi bekholelwa.
Izinyathelo zesikhashana zibandakanya ukuphoqelelwa okungcono kwemithetho yamanje kanye nokuvimbela amayunithi amasha aqinile ukuthi angavulwa, kodwa uhlelo lokukhiqiza ukudla lulonke ludinga ukubhekwa.
Ukwehlukana nokulima ngokukhula kwezinhlobo ezikhula ngokushesha kuyadingeka ngempela, futhi abanye abakhankasi bacele indlela 'encane kodwa engcono' - ukulima izinhlobo ezikhula kancane ngezinombolo eziphansi ukuze kukhiqizwe inyama yezinga elingcono.
Kodwa-ke, sikholelwa ukuthi kufanele kube nokugudluka komphakathi ekudleni inkukhu, amaqanda neminye imikhiqizo yezilwane ngokuphelele ukuze kwehliswe isidingo salokhu kudla. Ukuze kuliwe nenkinga yesimo sezulu, umnyakazo obheke ezinhlelweni zokudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni kufanele ubekwe eqhulwini, nokwesekwa okwengeziwe kubalimi ukuze baguqukele ezindleleni ezisimeme.
Ngokushiya izilwane ngaphandle kwamapuleti ethu futhi sikhethe ezinye izindlela ezisekelwe ezitshalweni, sonke singaqala ukudlala indima yethu ekwenzeni lezi zinguquko zibe ngokoqobo.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe nokusekelwa ngokusuka ekudleni inkukhu namaqanda, bheka umkhankaso wethu wokuthi Khetha Inkukhu Ngaphandle Kwenkukhu .
Izithenjwa:
1. Inhlangano Yenhlabathi. “Yeka Ukubulala Imifula Yethu.” Mar. 2024, https://soilassociation.org . Ifinyelelwe ngomhla ka-15 Ephreli 2024.
2. I-River Trust. "Umbiko Wesimo Semifula Yethu." therivertrust.org, Feb. 2024, theriverstrust.org . Ifinyelelwe ngomhla ka-15 Ephreli 2024.
3. Bedford, Emma. "Ukuhlatshwa Kwezinkukhu e-UK 2003-2021." Statista, 2 Mar. 2024, statista.com . Ifinyelelwe ngomhla ka-15 Ephreli 2024.
4. Goodwin, Nicola. "Ukungcoliswa komfula i-Wye kuholela ekutheni I-Avara Yezinkukhu Iboshwe." Izindaba ze-BBC, 19 Mar. 2024, bbc.co.uk . Ifinyelelwe ngomhla ka-15 Ephreli 2024.
5. I-Wye & Usk Foundation. “Ukuthatha Isinyathelo sokuqala.” I-Wye and Usk Foundation, 2 Nov. 2023, wyeuskfoundation.org . Ifinyelelwe ngomhla ka-15 Ephreli 2024.
6. Leigh Day. “Isimangalo Sezomthetho Somakhilogremu Ezigidi Ngokungcoliswa Kokungcola Komfula I-Wye Okusolwa Ukuthi Kubangelwa Abakhiqizi Bezinkukhu | Leigh Day.” Leighday.co.uk, 19 Mar. 2024, leighday.co.uk . Ifinyelelwe ngomhla ka-15 Ephreli 2024.
7. Goodwin, Nicola. "Ukungcoliswa komfula i-Wye kuholela ekutheni I-Avara Yezinkukhu Iboshwe." Izindaba ze-BBC, 19 Mar. 2024, bbc.co.uk . Ifinyelelwe ngomhla ka-15 Ephreli 2024.
8. Ungoed-Thomas, Jon. "I-Environment Agency Isolwa "Ngokunganaki Okuyihlazo" phezu Kwendle Yenkukhu Ingena eMfuleni iWye." I-Observer, 13 Jan. 2024, theguardian.com . Ifinyelelwe ngomhla ka-15 Ephreli 2024.
9. I-GOV UK. “Kwethulwe Uhlelo Olusha Lokusebenza Lwezigidi Zezigidi Eziningi Ukuvikela Umfula iWye.” I-GOV.UK, 12 Apr. 2024, gov.uk . Ifinyelelwe ngomhla ka-15 Ephreli 2024.
10. Inhlangano Yenhlabathi. "Uhlelo lukahulumeni lwe-River Wye luzoshintsha Inkinga kwenye indawo." sondassociation.org, 16 Apr. 2024, indasassociation.org . Ifinyelelwe ngomhla ka-17 Ephreli 2024.
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