Ulwandle luyisimiso semvelo esikhulu futhi esihlukahlukene, ikhaya lezigidi zezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane. Nokho, eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwaba nokukhathazeka okwandayo ngenani elandayo lezindawo ezifile olwandle emhlabeni wonke. Lezi izindawo zasolwandle lapho amazinga omoya-mpilo ephansi kangangokuthi izilwane eziningi zasolwandle azikwazi ukuphila. Nakuba kunezici ezihlukahlukene ezinomthelela ekwakhiweni kwalezi zindawo ezifile, enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ukulima kwezilwane. Ukukhiqizwa kwenyama, ubisi, neminye imikhiqizo yezilwane kunomthelela omkhulu empilweni yezilwandle zethu. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukuxhumana phakathi kokulima kwezilwane kanye nezindawo ezifile olwandle, nokuthi ukukhetha esikwenzayo ekudleni nasekuphileni kwethu kungaba nomthelela omkhulu kanjani enhlalakahleni yezilwandle zethu. Sizocubungula izindlela ezehlukene ukulima kwezilwane okuthinta ngayo ulwandle, kusukela ekungcolisweni kwezakhi zomzimba kuya ekukhiqizweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa, kanye nemiphumela enayo empilweni yasolwandle kanye nempilo yonke yomhlaba wethu. Ngokuqonda lokhu kuxhumana, singathatha izinyathelo zokwenza izinqumo ezisimeme futhi silondoloze impilo yezilwandle zethu ukuze izuze izizukulwane ezizayo.
Izindawo ezifile zolwandle ezibangelwa ezolimo
Ukwanda okushaqisayo kwezindawo ezifile olwandle sekuyinkinga ekhulayo eminyakeni yamuva nje. Lezi zindawo ezifile zemvelo, ezibonakala ngamazinga aphansi komoyampilo kanye nokuntuleka kwezilwane zasolwandle, zibangelwa kakhulu izinqubo zezolimo. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kukamanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye nokugeleza okuvela emisebenzini yemfuyo kuyimbangela enkulu ekungcolisweni kwamanzi asogwini. Izakhamzimba ezifana ne-nitrogen ne-phosphorus ezivela kule mithombo zingena emizimbeni yamanzi ngokugeleza kwamanzi nokugeleza kwamanzi, okuholela eutrophication. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuqhakaza kwe-algae kuphindaphindeka ngokushesha, kuqede amazinga omoya-mpilo futhi kudala indawo enenzondo yezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle. Umthelela walezi zindawo ezifile udlulela ngalé kokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, okuthinta izimboni zokudoba, imiphakathi egudle ugu, kanye nempilo iyonke yesimiso sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle. Kubalulekile ukuthi sibhekane nezimbangela zalolu daba futhi sisebenzise izindlela ezisimeme zezolimo ukuze sinciphise imiphumela elimazayo ezilwandle zethu.
Umthelela wokugeleza kwe-nitrogen ne-phosphorus
Ukugeleza ngokweqile kwe-nitrogen ne-phosphorus okuvela emisebenzini yezolimo kubeka engcupheni enkulu izinga lamanzi nempilo ye-ecosystem. I-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, izakhi ezibalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, zivame ukusetshenziswa embonini yezolimo njengomanyolo. Nokho, lapho lezi zakhi zomsoco zingena emanzini ngokugeleza, zingaholela ochungechungeni lwemiphumela elimazayo. Amazinga aphezulu e-nitrogen ne-phosphorus angabhebhezela ukukhula kwezimbali eziyingozi ze-algal, okuholela ekuncipheni komoyampilo kanye nokudala izindawo ezifile ezindaweni zasemanzini. Lezi zindawo ezifile aziphazamisi nje kuphela ukulingana kwemvelo yasolwandle kodwa futhi zinemiphumela efinyelela kude emisebenzini yabantu, njengokudoba nokuvakasha. Ukwehliswa kokugeleza kwe-nitrogen ne-phosphorus kudinga amasu abanzi, okuhlanganisa izindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokuphatha izakhi, izindawo eziyisivikelo, nokusebenzisa izindlela zokonga ukuze kuvikelwe ikhwalithi yamanzi nokuvikela imithombo yethu ebalulekile yasolwandle.
Imfucuza yezilwane nokugeleza kukamanyolo
Ukuphathwa kwemfucuza yezilwane kanye nokusetshenziswa komanyolo kwezolimo kuxhumene kakhulu nendaba yokugeleza kwezakhi kanye nomthelela wako ezingeni lamanzi. Udoti wezilwane, njengomquba, uqukethe amazinga aphezulu e-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, abalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo. Kodwa-ke, uma zingaphathwa ngendlela efanele, lezi zakhi zomzimba zingakhukhuleka ngokuna kwemvula noma ukuchelela, zingene emanzini aseduze. Ngokufanayo, ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo wamakhemikhali emisebenzini yezolimo kungaba nomthelela ekugelezeni kwezakhi uma kungasetshenziswanga ngendlela efanele noma uma kusetshenziswa inani eliningi. Kokubili imfucuza yezilwane kanye nokugeleza kukamanyolo kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi efanayo: ukunothiswa kwemithombo yamanzi ngemisoco eyeqile, okuholela ekukhuleni kwezimbali eziyingozi zolwelwe kanye nokuncipha kweoksijini okwalandela. Ukuze kubhekwane nalolu daba, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezisebenzayo zokulawula imfucuza, okuhlanganisa ukugcinwa nokulahlwa okufanele kwemfucuza yezilwane, kanye nokusetshenziswa kukamanyolo ngobuhlakani, kucatshangelwa izici ezifana nesikhathi, umthamo, nezimo zenhlabathi. Ngokusebenzisa lezi zinyathelo, singanciphisa imithelela yemfucuza yezilwane kanye nokugeleza kukamanyolo kukhwalithi yamanzi futhi sivikele imvelo yethu eyigugu.
Izilwane zasolwandle ezisongelwa ukungcola
Imvelo yasolwandle emhlabeni wonke ibhekene nosongo olukhulu olubangelwa ukungcola, okuba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu ezintweni eziphila olwandle. Ukuchithwa kokungcola olwandle, kusukela kumakhemikhali anobuthi kuya kumfucumfucu wepulasitiki, kubangela umonakalo omkhulu ezintweni eziphila olwandle nasezindaweni zazo. Lezi zinto ezingcolisayo azigcini nje ngokungcolisa amanzi kodwa futhi zinqwabelana ezicutshini zezilwane zasolwandle, okuholela emiphumeleni eyingozi empilweni nasenhlalakahleni yazo. Ukwengeza, ukuba khona kwezinto ezingcolisa umoya kungaphazamisa ukulingana kwezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle, kuthinte izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokusebenza kwazo zonke lezi zindawo. Kubalulekile ukuthi sithathe izinyathelo ezisheshayo zokunciphisa ukungcoliswa komhlaba futhi sisebenzise izinqubo ezizinzile ukuze sivikele impilo yethu yasolwandle eyigugu ekulimaleni okwengeziwe.
Ukuxhumana phakathi kwemfuyo nokungcola
Ukukhiqizwa kwemfuyo okugxilile kukhonjwe njengengxenye enkulu yokungcoliswa kwemvelo, ikakhulukazi maqondana nemithombo yamanzi. Imisebenzi yemfuyo ikhiqiza inqwaba yemfucuza yezilwane, evame ukulawulwa ngendlela engafanele futhi ilahlwe. Le mfucumfucu iqukethe izinto eziyingozi ezifana ne-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, kanye namagciwane kanye nama-antibiotic asetshenziselwa ukuvimbela izifo ezilwaneni. Uma le mfucumfucu ingalungiswa kahle noma ingaqukwa, ingangena emithonjeni yamanzi eseduze noma ikhukhulwe imvula, okuholela ekungcolisweni kwemifula, amachibi, ngisho nezindawo ezisogwini. Izakhamzimba ezeqisayo eziphuma emfuyweni zingabangela ukuqhakaza kwe-algal, okuholela ekuncipheni komoyampilo futhi kudale izindawo ezifile lapho impilo yasolwandle ilwela ukuphila. Ukungcola okuvela ekukhiqizeni imfuyo kudala inselele enkulu kwezemvelo efuna ukuqaliswa kwezinqubo ezisimeme nezinesibopho embonini.
Umthelela wokukhiqiza ukudla kwemfuyo
Ukukhiqizwa kokuphakela kwemfuyo nakho kunomthelela emthelela wemvelo wokulima kwezilwane. Ukutshalwa kwezitshalo zokudla kudinga ukusetshenziswa kakhulu komhlaba, okuvame ukuholela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane ekukhiqizeni izitshalo kungaholela ekungcoleni kwamanzi nasekucekeleni phansi kwenhlabathi. Ukuthuthwa kwezithako zokudla ngokuhamba amabanga amade kuba nomthelela ekukhishweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthembela ekudleni okusekelwe kokusanhlamvu emfuyweni kungabhebhethekisa izinkinga zokungavikeleki kokudla kanye nokushoda kwezinsiza, njengoba umhlaba obalulekile wezolimo kanye nezinsizakusebenza ziphambukiselwa kude ekusetshenzisweni kwabantu ngokuqondile. Njengoba isidingo semikhiqizo yezilwane siqhubeka nokwenyuka, kubalulekile ukuhlola ezinye izindlela ezisimeme esikhundleni sokukhiqizwa kokuphakelayo okuvamile, njengokusebenzisa izithako zokuphakelayo ezintsha kanye nokunciphisa ukumosheka kokudla, ukuze kwehliswe umthelela wemvelo wezolimo zemfuyo.
Ukubhekana nemiphumela yokugeleza kwezolimo
Ukuze kubhekwane nemiphumela eyingozi yokugeleza kwezolimo, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa amasu nezinqubo ezisebenzayo. Enye indlela ebalulekile ukuqaliswa kwezinyathelo zokongiwa kwemvelo, njengokusungulwa kwezindawo ezivikelekile kanye nezimila eziseceleni kwemithombo yamanzi. Lezi zithiyo zemvelo zingasiza ukuhlunga futhi zimunce imisoco eyeqile kanye nokungcola ngaphambi kokuba zifinyelele emanzini. Ukwengeza, ukusebenzisa izindlela zokulima ezinembayo, njengokuhlola umhlabathi kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe komanyolo, kunganciphisa ukugeleza kwezakhi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi kusetshenziswa inani elidingekayo kuphela. Ukusebenzisa ukulawulwa kokunisela ngendlela efanele, njengokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuchelela ngamaconsi noma ukusebenzisa izindlela zokunciphisa ukugeleza nokumoshakala kwamanzi, nakho kungaba nomthelela ekwehliseni umthelela wokugeleza kwezolimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhuthaza imfundo nokuqwashisa phakathi kwabalimi ngokubaluleka kwemikhuba yokulima esimeme kanye nemiphumela engase ibe khona emvelweni yokugeleza kwamanzi kubalulekile ukuze kube noshintsho lwesikhathi eside. Ngokusebenzisa la masu, ababambiqhaza bangasebenzela ukunciphisa imithelela eyingozi yokugeleza kwezolimo kanye nokukhuthaza imboni yezolimo esimeme futhi enesibopho.
Izixazululo zokunciphisa ukungcoliswa kolwandle
kubalulekile. Ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokulima eziphilayo ezinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo okwenziwa kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane nakho kungaba nomthelela ekwehliseni ukungcola okuhambisana nokulima kwezilwane. Ukwengeza, ukutshala imali kubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokuhlanza amanzi angcolile nengqalasizinda kungasiza ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezinto eziyingozi emanzini. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kohulumeni, abalimi, ososayensi, nezinhlangano zezemvelo kubalulekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe futhi kuphoqelelwe imithetho ekhawulela ukukhishwa okungcolile futhi ikhuthaze izinqubo ezizinzile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhuthaza ucwaningo kanye nokuqanjwa okusha kweminye imithombo yokudla kwemfuyo kanye nokuhlola izindlela zokulima ezinobungani nemvelo, njengokulima kwezilwane zasemanzini kanye nokulima okuqondile, kungasiza ekwehliseni ingcindezi ezindaweni zasolwandle. Ngokusebenzisa lezi zixazululo ezibanzi, singasebenzela ekunciphiseni ukungcoliswa kolwandle futhi sivikele ibhalansi ethambile yezindawo zethu zasolwandle ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo.
Ukuvikela izilwandle nezilwane zethu
Impilo kanye nokulondolozwa kwezilwandle zethu kanye nezilwane ezingenakubalwa ezizibiza ngekhaya kuwumthwalo wemfanelo obalulekile okufanele siwenze ngokuhlanganyela. Ngokusebenzisa amasu aphelele okongiwa kwemvelo, singakha ikusasa elisimeme lezinhlelo zethu zemvelo zasolwandle. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusungula izindawo zasolwandle ezivikelekile, ukuphoqelela imithetho eqinile emelene nokudoba ngokweqile kanye nemikhuba yokudoba ebhubhisayo, kanye nokukhuthaza ezokuvakasha ezinomthwalo wemfanelo ezihlonipha izindawo ezihlala olwandle. Ukufundisa abantu kanye nemiphakathi ngokubaluleka kokongiwa kwasolwandle kanye nokukhuthaza izinguquko zokuziphatha, njengokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki kanye nokusekela ukukhetha okusimeme kwezilwane zasolwandle, nakho kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile zokuvikela izilwandle zethu nezilwane ezithembele kuzo ukuze ziphile. Ngokubambisana, ngenhlanganisela yezinguquko zenqubomgomo, izinqubo ezisimeme, kanye nokuqwashisa umphakathi, singaqinisekisa impilo yesikhathi eside nenhlalakahle yezilwandle zethu, sizilondoloze njengomthombo obalulekile wezizukulwane ezizayo.
Sengiphetha, ubufakazi busobala: ukulima kwezilwane kunomthelela omkhulu ezindaweni ezifile olwandle. Ukungcola kanye nemfucumfucu evela emapulazini efektri, kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kukamanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane, kuholela ekwandeni kwezakhi olwandle, okwenza izindawo ezinkulu lapho izilwane zasolwandle zingakwazi ukuphila khona. Kubalulekile ukuthi silusukumele lolu daba futhi senze izinguquko ezinhlelweni zethu zokukhiqiza ukudla ukuze sivikele izilwandle zethu kanye nokulingana kwemvelo yasolwandle. Ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwethu kwemikhiqizo yezilwane kanye nokusekela izindlela zokulima ezizinzile nezivumelana nemvelo, singasiza ekwehliseni umthelela omubi wokulima kwezilwane olwandle lwethu. Isikhathi sokuthatha isinyathelo manje, futhi kukithi ukwenza ushintsho oluhle empilweni yeplanethi yethu.
FAQ
Ukulima kwezilwane kunomthelela kanjani ekwakhiweni kwezindawo ezifile olwandle?
Ukulima kwezilwane kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kwezindawo ezifile olwandle ngokusetshenziswa ngokweqile komanyolo oqukethe i-nitrogen ne-phosphorus. Lezi zivundisi zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukutshala izitshalo zokudla kwezilwane. Uma lina, la makhemikhali aguguleka emifuleni agcine esengena olwandle. Izakhamzimba ezeqile zibangela ukuqhakaza kwe-algal, okuqeda amazinga omoya-mpilo emanzini lapho zifa futhi zibola. Lokhu kuncipha komoyampilo kuholela ekwakhekeni kwezindawo ezifile, lapho izilwane zasolwandle zingakwazi ukuphila. Ukwengeza, imfucuza yezilwane evela emisebenzini yokuphakela izilwane egxilile ingaba nomthelela ekungcolisweni kwemigudu yamanzi kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezifile.
Yiziphi izinto ezingcolisayo eziyinhloko ezikhishwe ukulima kwezilwane ezinomthelela ekudalweni kwezindawo ezifile olwandle?
Ukungcola okuyinhloko okukhishwe ukulima kwezilwane okunomthelela ekwakhiweni kwezindawo ezifile olwandle yi-nitrogen ne-phosphorus. Lezi zakhi zomsoco zitholakala emfuyweni yezilwane kanye nomanyolo osetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni imfuyo. Lapho lezi zinto ezingcolisayo zingena emanzini, zingabangela ukukhula ngokweqile kolwelwe, okuholela ekuqhumeni kwe-algal. Njengoba ulwelwe lufa futhi lubola, amazinga omoya-mpilo emanzini ayancipha, okudala izimo ze-hypoxic noma i-anoxic eziyingozi empilweni yasolwandle. Lezi zindawo ezifile zingaholela ekubulaweni kwezinhlanzi eziningi kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izindlela zokulima ezisimeme kanye nokunciphisa ukugeleza kwezakhi ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wokulima kwezilwane ezindaweni ezifile olwandle.
Ingabe zikhona izifunda ezithile noma izindawo ezithinteke kakhulu ekuxhumaneni phakathi kokulima kwezilwane nezindawo ezifile olwandle?
Yebo, izifunda ezisogwini ezinenani elikhulu lezilwane ezifuywayo, njenge-United States, China, nezingxenye zeYurophu, zithonywa kakhulu ukuxhumana phakathi kokulima kwezilwane nezindawo ezifile olwandle. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kukamanyolo nomquba kulezi zindawo kuholela ekugelezeni kwezakhi emanzini aseduze, okubangela ukuqhakaza kwe-algal kanye nokuncipha komoyampilo okulandelayo emanzini, okuholela ezindaweni ezifile. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umthelela wokulima kwezilwane ezindaweni ezifile olwandle ungazwakala emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokuhlangana kwemisinga yolwandle kanye nokuhamba kwemisoco.
Iyini imiphumela yesikhathi eside engaba khona yokuxhumana phakathi kokulima kwezilwane kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezifile olwandle?
Ukuxhumana phakathi kokulima kwezilwane kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezifile olwandle kungaba nemiphumela emibi yesikhathi eside. Izindawo ezifile yizindawo ezisolwandle lapho amazinga komoyampilo ephansi kakhulu, okuholela ekufeni kwezilwane zasolwandle. Ukulima kwezilwane kufaka isandla ezindaweni ezifile ngokukhulula imisoco eyeqile, njenge-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, emizimbeni yamanzi. Lezi zakhi zomsoco zingangena emifuleni futhi ekugcineni zifinyelele olwandle, zibhebhezele ukukhula kwezimbali eziyingozi zolwelwe. Lezi zimbali ziqeda umoya-mpilo njengoba zibola, zidale izindawo ezifile. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle kanye nokuphazamiseka kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo ezungezile kungaba nomthelela omkhulu empilweni yasolwandle kanye nokusimama kwenani lezinhlanzi, kugcine kube nomthelela empilweni yabantu kanye nokuvikeleka kokudla.
Ingabe zikhona izindlela ezisimeme zokulima noma ezinye izixazululo ezingasiza ukunciphisa umthelela wokulima kwezilwane ekudaleni izindawo ezifile olwandle?
Yebo, kunezinqubo eziningana zokulima ezisimeme kanye nezinye izixazululo ezingasiza ukunciphisa umthelela wokulima kwezilwane ekudaleni izindawo ezifile olwandle. Enye yalezo zinqubo ukuqaliswa kwamasu okuphatha izakhi, njengokuphakela ngokunemba kanye nokuphathwa okuthuthukisiwe komquba, ukuze kuncishiswe inani lemisoco eyeqile, ikakhulukazi i-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, engena emanzini. Ukwengeza, ukushintshela ezindleleni zezolimo ezizinzile nezivuselelayo ezifana nokulima okuphilayo, i-agroforestry, namadlelo ashintshayo kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni impilo yenhlabathi, kunciphise isidingo sikamanyolo owenziwe, futhi kunciphise ukungcoliswa kwamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhuthaza ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwenyama sekukonke kungasiza ekunciphiseni umthelela wemvelo wokulima kwezilwane ezindaweni ezifile olwandle.
