Ezweni lapho uzwela ngokuvamile lubhekwa njengesisetshenziswa esilinganiselwe, umbuzo wokuthi siludlulisela kanjani ububele bethu ezilwaneni ezingezona abantu uba ngobalulekile. Isihloko esithi “Uzwela Ngezilwane: Indlela Yokuwina Yokuwina” sidingida lolu daba, sihlola izisekelo ezingokwengqondo zokusabela kwethu kozwela ezilwaneni. Ibhalwe nguMona Zahir futhi isekelwe ocwaningweni oluholwa nguCameron, D., Lengieza, ML, et al., lolu cezu, olushicilelwe ku-*The Journal of Social Psychology*, lubekela inselele umbono okhona wokuthi ukuzwelana kufanele kulinganiselwe phakathi kwabantu nezilwane. .
Ucwaningo lugcizelela ukuqondisisa okubalulekile: abantu bathambekele kakhulu ekuboniseni uzwela ezilwaneni uma kungahlelwanga njengokukhethwa kwenani elingenalutho phakathi kwezilwane nabantu. Ngochungechunge lwezilingo, ucwaningo luhlola ukuthi abantu bahlanganyela kanjani ekuzweleni lapho izindleko ezibonwayo nezinzuzo zishintshwa. Okutholwe kuveza ukuthi nakuba abantu ngokuvamile bekhetha ukuzwelana nabantu kunezilwane, lokhu kukhethwa kuyehla lapho uzwela lungavezwa njengento encintisanayo.
Ngokuphenya izindleko zokucatshangelwa kwengqondo ezihlobene nemisebenzi yozwela kanye nezimo lapho abantu bekhetha ukuzwelana nezilwane, ucwaningo lunikeza ukuqonda okucashile kokuzwela njengokuguquguqukayo, kunesici somuntu esingaguquki.
Lesi sihloko asikhanyi nje kuphela ubunkimbinkimbi bozwela lomuntu kodwa futhi sivula umnyango wokukhuthaza ububele obukhulu kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo. Emhlabeni lapho ukuzwela kuvame ukubonwa njengesisetshenziswa esinomkhawulo, umbuzo wokuthi siludlulisa kanjani uzwela lwethu ezilwaneni ezingezona abantu uba ngobaluleke kakhulu. Isihloko esithi “Uzwela Ngezilwane: Akuwona Igeyimu Ye-Zero-Sum” sidingida yona kanye le nkinga, sihlola ukusekela ngokwengqondo kwezimpendulo zethu zozwela ezilwaneni. Ibhalwe ngu-Mona Zahir futhi isekelwe ocwaningweni oluholwa ngu-Cameron, D., Lengieza, ML, et al., lesi siqeshana, eshicilelwe ku-*The Journal of Social Psychology*, ibekela inselele umbono wokuthi ukuzwelana kufanele kulinganiselwe phakathi kwabantu. kanye nezilwane.
Ucwaningo lugqamisa ukuqonda okubalulekile: abantu bathambekele kakhulu ekuboniseni uzwela ezilwaneni lapho kungabhalwanga njengokhetho oluyiqanda phakathi kwezilwane nabantu. Ngochungechunge lwesivivinyo, ucwaningo luhlola ukuthi abantu bazibandakanye ekuzweleni uma izindleko ezibonwayo nezinzuzo zishintshwa. Okutholakele kuveza ukuthi nakuba abantu imvamisa bencamela ukuzwelana nabantu kunezilwane, le ntandokazi iyancipha uma ukuzwela kungathiwa inketho yokuncintisana.
Ngokuphenya izindleko zokucabanga ezihambisana nemisebenzi ezwelayo kanye nezimo lapho abantu bekhetha ukuzwelana nezilwane, ucwaningo lunikeza ukuqonda okuhlukene kokuzwela njengesimo somuntu esiguquguqukayo, kunokuba esigxilile. Lesi sihloko asinikezi nje kuphela ukukhanya ngobunkimbinkimbi bozwela lomuntu kodwa futhi sivula umnyango wokukhuthaza ububele obukhulu kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo.
Isifinyezo Ngu: Mona Zahir | Isifundo Soqobo Ngu: Cameron, D., Lengieza, ML, et al. (2022) | Kushicilelwe: May 24, 2024
Ocwaningweni lwezengqondo, abacwaningi bakhombisa ukuthi abantu bazimisele kakhulu ukukhombisa uzwela ezilwaneni uma kungethulwa njengokukhetha kwe-zero-sum.
Uzwela lungacatshangwa njengesinqumo sokuhlanganyela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwesinye isidalwa, ngokusekelwe ezindlekweni ezicatshangelwayo kanye nezinzuzo. Abantu bakhetha ukugwema ukuba nozwela uma izindleko - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinto ezibonakalayo noma ezengqondo - zibonakala zidlula izinzuzo. Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luthole ukuthi, uma zethulwa ngezimo ezicatshangelwayo, abantu ngokuvamile bakhetha ukuzwelana nokusindisa izimpilo zabantu ngaphezu kwezilwane. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi wobuchopho wabantu abadala kanye nezinkomba zomzimba zozwela zibonisa ukusebenza okufanayo lapho zibona izithombe zezilwane ezisezinhlungwini njengoba zenza lapho zibona izithombe zabantu abasezinhlungwini. Lesi sihloko, esanyatheliswa ku -Journal of Social Psychology , sifuna ukuhlola lapho abantu behlanganyela ohlotsheni lokwabelana ngolwazi lokuzwela izilwane nabantu.
Ababhali babikezela ukuthi ngokungalubiki uzwela njengokuzikhethela phakathi kwezilwane ngokumelene nabantu, okungukuthi ukungakwenzi ukukhetha kwe-zero-sum, abantu bangazimisela kakhulu ukuzwelana nezilwane kunokuba bebejwayele. Baklame izifundo ezimbili ukuhlola i-hypothesis yabo. Zombili izifundo zazihilela izinhlobo ezimbili zemisebenzi elandelayo: Imisebenzi “Yokuzizwa”, lapho ababambiqhaza baboniswa khona isithombe somuntu noma isilwane futhi bacelwa ukuthi bazame ngenkuthalo ukuzwa imizwa yangaphakathi yalowo muntu noma isilwane. Kanye nemisebenzi ethi "Chaza", lapho ababambiqhaza baboniswe khona isithombe somuntu noma sesilwane futhi bacelwa ukuthi baqaphele imininingwane eqondile mayelana nokubukeka kwangaphandle kwalowo muntu noma isilwane. Kuzo zombili izinhlobo zemisebenzi, ababambiqhaza bacelwa ukuthi babhale amagama angukhiye amathathu ukukhombisa ukuzibandakanya nomsebenzi (okungaba amagama amathathu mayelana nemizwa abazama ukuzwelana nayo emisebenzini ethi “Ukuzizwa”, noma amagama amathathu mayelana nemininingwane yenyama abayibonile ngaphakathi "Chaza" imisebenzi). Izithombe zabantu zazihlanganisa ubuso bowesilisa nowesifazane, kanti izithombe zezilwane zonke kwakungezamakoala. Ama-koala akhethwe njengokumelela okungathathi hlangothi kwezilwane ngoba ngokuvamile awabhekwa njengokudla noma izilwane ezifuywayo.
Ocwaningweni lokuqala, ababambiqhaza abangaba ngu-200 ngamunye babhekane nezivivinyo ezingu-20 zomsebenzi othi “Ukuzizwa” kanye nezivivinyo ezingu-20 zomsebenzi othi “Chaza”. Esivivinyweni ngasinye somsebenzi ngamunye, ababambiqhaza bakhetha ukuthi bafuna ukwenza umsebenzi ngesithombe somuntu noma ngesithombe se-koala. Ekupheleni kwezivivinyo, ababambiqhaza baphinde bacelwa ukuthi balinganise "izindleko zokuqonda", okusho izindleko ezicatshangwayo zengqondo, zomsebenzi ngamunye. Ngokwesibonelo, babuzwa ukuthi umsebenzi wawunzima kangakanani noma ukhungathekise kangakanani.
Imiphumela yocwaningo lokuqala ibonise ukuthi ababambiqhaza bavame ukukhetha abantu esikhundleni sezilwane kokubili ngomsebenzi othi "Imizwa" kanye nomsebenzi othi "Chaza". Emisebenzini ethi “Feel”, isilinganiso sesivivinyo lapho ababambiqhaza bakhethe khona ama-koala kunabantu sasingu-33%. Emisebenzini ethi "Chaza", isilinganiso sesivivinyo lapho ababambiqhaza bakhethe khona ama-koala kunabantu sasingu-28%. Kafushane, kuzo zombili izinhlobo zemisebenzi, ababambiqhaza bancamela ukwenza umsebenzi ngezithombe zabantu kunamakoala. Ukwengeza, ababambiqhaza balinganise “izindleko zokuqonda” zazo zombili izinhlobo zemisebenzi njengeziphezulu lapho bekhetha izithombe zama-koala uma kuqhathaniswa nalapho bekhetha izithombe zabantu.
Ocwaningweni lwesibili, esikhundleni sokukhetha phakathi kwabantu nama-koala ohlotsheni ngalunye lomsebenzi, isethi entsha yabahlanganyeli ngamunye yabhekana nezilingo ezingu-18 ngezithombe zabantu nezivivinyo ezingu-18 ngezithombe ze-koala. Esivivinyweni ngasinye, ababambiqhaza kwakufanele bakhethe phakathi kokwenza umsebenzi othi “Imizwa” noma umsebenzi othi “Chaza” ngesithombe abanikezwe sona. Ngokungafani nocwaningo lokuqala, ukukhetha kwakungasekho phakathi komuntu noma isilwane, kodwa kunalokho phakathi kozwela (“Ukuzizwa”) noma incazelo yenhloso (“Chaza”) yesithombe esinqunywe kusengaphambili.
Imiphumela yocwaningo lwesibili ibonise ukuthi ababambiqhaza ngokuvamile babengenakho ukukhetha okubalulekile komsebenzi othi “Imizwa” uma uqhathaniswa nomsebenzi othi “Chaza” uma kufikwa ovivinyweni lwe-koala engu-18, nokukhetha kokungena cishe ngo-50%. Ezivivinyweni zabantu eziyi-18, nokho, ababambiqhaza bakhethe umsebenzi othi "Inzwa" cishe u-42% wesikhathi, bebonisa ukukhetha kwencazelo yenhloso. Ngokufanayo, nakuba abahlanganyeli balinganisela “izindleko zokuqonda” okuhlobene komsebenzi othi “Imizwa” njengeziphakeme kunomsebenzi othi “Chaza” kukho kokubili ukuhlolwa kwabantu nekoala, le zindleko eziphakeme zozwela zagqama nakakhulu esimweni somuntu uma kuqhathaniswa nekoala. icala.
Ukukhohlisa okwengeziwe kokuhlola kwenezelwa ocwaningweni lwesibili: ingxenye yabahlanganyeli yatshelwa ukuthi "izocelwa ukuthi ibike ukuthi yimalini ongathanda ukunikela ukuze usize." Inhloso yalokhu bekuwukuqhathanisa ukuthi ukuguqula izindleko zezezimali zokuzwelana nabantu kanye/noma izilwane kungaba nomthelela. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kukhohlisa akuvezanga izinguquko ezibalulekile ekukhethweni kwabahlanganyeli.
Ihlanganiswe ndawonye, imiphumela yalezi zifundo ezimbili inikeza ukusekela umbono wokuthi abantu bazimisele kakhulu ukuzwelana nezilwane uma ungethulwa njengokukhethekile ngokukhetha ukuzwelana nabantu. Ngokwamazwi ababhali bocwaningo, “ukususa iphrezentheshini engasho lutho kwenza ukuzwelana nezilwane kubonakale kulula futhi abantu bakhetha ukusikhetha kakhulu.” Ababhali basikisela ukuthi ukukhetha izilwane ngaphezu kwabantu ngokukhetha i-zero-sum kungase kuzwakale kubiza kakhulu ngoba kungqubuzana nezinkambiso zomphakathi - ukwethula izinketho ngokwehlukana empeleni kwehlisa izindleko zokuqonda zokuzwelana nezilwane ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokuzwelana nabantu. Abacwaningi bangakhela phezu kwale mibono ngokuphenya ukuthi ukuzwelana nezilwane kuthinteka kanjani ngokuqhubeka kwanda noma ukunciphisa ukuncintisana okucatshangwayo phakathi kwabantu nezilwane, nokuthi ukukhethwa kommeleli wezilwane ohlukile kukuthinta kanjani ukuziphatha.
Imiphumela iphakamisa ukuthi izinhlangano ezimelela izilwane , kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi ezingenzi nzuzo noma ngisho namakilabhu abafundi emakhempasi ekolishi, kufanele zenqabe ukuvezwa kwenani eliyiziro lamalungelo ezilwane njengoba kuqhathaniswa namalungelo abantu. Bangase bakhethe ukwakha imikhankaso ebonisa izindlela eziningi ukuzwelana nezilwane kuhambisana ngayo nokuzwelana nabantu, isib. lapho bexoxa ngezindaba zokulondoloza indawo engokwemvelo yoMhlaba. Bangase futhi bazuze ezingxoxweni zangaphakathi ezengeziwe mayelana nendlela yokucabangela izindleko zokucabanga zozwela lapho beklama imikhankaso yabo, futhi babonisane ngezindlela zokunciphisa lezo zindleko ngokudala amathuba alula, angabizi kakhulu ukuze umphakathi uhlanganyele ekuzweleni izilwane.
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