Emkhakheni wokumela izilwane, izinhlangano zivame ukubhekana nenkinga yamasu kanye neyokuziphatha yokuthi zikhuthaze izinguquko ezikhulayo noma ziphushele uguquko olukhulu. ukunxenxa umphakathi ukuthi uguqule ukuziphatha kwawo?
Ucwaningo lwakamuva ludingida lolu daba ngokuhlola umthelela we-welfarist uqhathaniswa nemiyalezo yokuqeda nya. Izinhlangano ze-Welfarist zimelela ukuthuthukiswa okuncane ekuvikeleni kwezilwane, njengezimo zokuphila ezingcono kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwenyama. Ngokuphambene, amaqembu abhubhisayo anqaba noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane, ephikisana ngokuthi izinguquko ezikhulayo azanele futhi zingase zenze ukuxhashazwa kujwayelekile. Lokhu kushuba kubonakala kwezinye izinhlangano zomphakathi, okuhlanganisa nemizamo yabesifazane kanye nemvelo, lapho abalingani kanye nama-radicals bavame ukungqubuzana ngokuhle kakhulu. indlela eya phambili.
Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngu-Espinosa no-Treich (2021) futhi lwafingqwa ngu-David Rooney, luhlola ukuthi le milayezo ehlukahlukene ithonya kanjani izimo zengqondo nokuziphatha komphakathi. Ababambiqhaza e-France bahlolwa mayelana nemikhuba yabo yokudla, izinkolelo zezepolitiki, kanye nokubukwa kokuziphatha ngokudliwa kwezilwane. Babe sebechayeka emilayezweni ye-welfarist noma yokuqeda nya, noma akukho myalezo nhlobo, futhi izenzo zabo ezalandela zabonwa.
Okutholakele kuveza ukuthi zombili izinhlobo zemilayezo ziholele ekwehleni okuncane ekubukeni kwe-pro- nyama. Nokho, akukho nomthelela omkhulu ekuzimiseleni kwabahlanganyeli ukunikela ezinhlanganweni ezisiza abantulayo ezivikela izilwane, ukusayina izikhalazo, noma ukubhalisela izincwadi zezindaba ezisekelwe ezitshalweni. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi labo abavezwe emilayezweni yokuqothula mancane amathuba okuba bazibandakanye nalokhu kuziphatha okuhambisana nezilwane kunalabo abangawutholanga umlayezo wokumelela.
Ucwaningo lukhomba imiphumela emibili eyinhloko: umthelela wenkolelo, okala izinguquko emibonweni yabahlanganyeli ngokusetshenziswa kwezilwane, kanye nomthelela wokusabela kwemizwelo, okala ukumelana kwabo nezicelo zesenzo. Ngenkathi imilayezo ye-welfarist ibe nomthelela omncane omuhle imiyalezo yokuqeda i-athikili ibangele umphumela omubi obalulekile ngenxa yokusabela okukhulu ngokomzwelo.
Lokhu okutholakele kuphakamisa ukuthi nakuba kokubili imilayezo emaphakathi kanye eqinile ingashintsha izinkolelo mayelana nokudliwa kwenyama, ayikuhumushi ngempela izenzo ezikhulayo ezisekela izilwane. Lokhu kuqonda okucashile kokuphendula komphakathi emilayezweni yokumela kungase kunikeze ulwazi amasu asebenzayo ezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo ezilwane ukuya phambili.
Isifinyezo Ngu: David Rooney | Isifundo Soqobo Ngu: Espinosa, R., & Treich, N. (2021) | Kushicilelwe: Julayi 5, 2024
Izinhlangano ezimele izilwane zivame ukukhetha ngendlela ehlelekile nelungile phakathi kokukhuthaza izinguquko ezincane noma ukukhuthaza izinguquko ezinkulu. Yiziphi eziphumelela kakhulu ekunxenxeni umphakathi ukuthi ushintshe indlela oziphatha ngayo?
Izinhlangano ezimela izilwane zivame ukuchazwa ngokuthi "i-welfarist" noma "i-abolitionist." Izinhlangano ze-Welfarist zifuna ukuthuthukisa ukuvikelwa kwezilwane ngezindlela ezincane, njengokukhuthaza izimo zokuphila ezingcono kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwenyama. Izinhlangano ze-Abolitionist zenqaba konke ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane, zithi ukuthuthukiswa okuncane akuhambi ngokwanele futhi kungase kwenze ukuxhashazwa kwezilwane kubonakale kwamukeleka kakhudlwana. Ekuphenduleni, ama-welfarists aphikisana ngokuthi umphakathi uzokwenqaba izinhlobo zezinguquko ezinkulu ezifunwa ababhubhisi. Lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi "umphumela wokuhlehla" noma ukusabela - okuthi lapho abantu bezwa sengathi bahluliwe noma sengathi ukukhetha kwabo kukhawulelwe, bazibandakanya kakhulu esenzweni esikhawulelwe.
Ukunyakaza kwamalungelo ezilwane , njengeminye imibutho yezenhlalakahle ehlanganisa ukunyakaza kwabesifazane kanye nemvelo, yakhiwe ingxube yabalingani (okungukuthi, ama-welfarists) kanye nama-radicals (okungukuthi, abolitionists). Okungaziwa ukuthi zisebenza kanjani lezi zindlela ukukholisa umphakathi ukuthi uguqule indlela oziphatha ngayo. Lolu cwaningo luhlola umthelela wenhlalakahle noma umlayezo wokuqeda ngokumelene neqembu elilawulayo.
Ababambiqhaza e-France baqale banikezwa inhlolovo ye-inthanethi eyayibuza imibuzo mayelana nokudla kwabo, izinkolelo zezombusazwe, ukuthembela ezikhungweni ezifana namaphoyisa noma osopolitiki, izinga labo lomsebenzi wezepolitiki, kanye nemibono yabo yokuziphatha ngokusetshenziswa kwezilwane. Kuseshini yomuntu mathupha ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, ababambiqhaza badlala igeyimu yabadlali abathathu lapho umdlali ngamunye ethole u-€2 ekuqaleni. Abadlali batshelwa ukuthi kuwo wonke amasenti ayishumi iqembu eliwatshale emsebenzini omuhle womphakathi, wonke umdlali wayezothola amasenti amahlanu. Abadlali bangaphinde bakhethe ukuzigcinela i-Euro engu-2.
Ngemuva komdlalo, abahlanganyeli bahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu. Elinye iqembu lathola incwadi eyayichaza ngokulimala kwezilwane, okwaphetha ngendlela ye- welfarist. Iqembu lesibili lathola idokhumenti efanayo, eyaphetha ngokuphikisana nendlela yokuqeda. Iqembu lesithathu alitholanga dokhumenti. Abahlanganyeli babe sebebuzwa imibuzo efanayo mayelana nokuziphatha kokusetshenziswa kwezilwane ocwaningweni oluku-inthanethi.
Okulandelayo, abahlanganyeli banikezwa izinqumo ezintathu okufanele bazithathe. Okokuqala, bekufanele banqume ukuthi yimalini ama-euro ayi-10 ababezozigcinela yona noma bayinikeze inhlangano esiza abantulayo yokuvikela izilwane. Ngemva kwalokho, kwadingeka banqume ukuthi basayine yini izicelo ezimbili ze-Change.org ezingaba khona - esisodwa esasibiza inketho yesidlo sasemini ezikoleni zaseFrance, nesinye esavimbela ukufuywa kwezinkukhu. Ekugcineni, ababambiqhaza bakhethe ukuthi bayabhalisela noma bangabhaliseli i-newsletter eyabelana ngolwazi nezindlela zokupheka mayelana nokudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni . Sebebonke, ababambiqhaza be-307 bafakwe ocwaningweni, ikakhulukazi abesifazane abaneminyaka engaba ngu-22, ababengama-91% omnivores.
Lolu cwaningo luthole ukuthi ukufunda imilayezo ye-welfarist neyokuqeda kube nomthelela ofanayo emibonweni yabahlanganyeli ngokusetshenziswa kwenyama - ukwehla ngo-5.2% no-3.4%, ngokulandelana - ekubukeni kwe-pro-meat. Naphezu kwalokhu mphumela, ucwaningo luphinde lwathola ukuthi ukufunda idokhumenti ye-welfarist kanye ne-abolitionist akuzange kushintshe isifiso sabahlanganyeli sokunikeza imali kunhlangano yokuvikela izilwane, ukusayina izicelo zokukhethwa kwesidlo sasemini noma ngokumelene nokufuywa kwezinkukhu, noma ukubhalisa esitshalweni. iphephandaba. Ababambiqhaza abafunde idokhumenti yokubhubhisa empeleni babemancane amathuba okuba benze noma yimiphi yaleyo misebenzi kunalabo abangazange bafunde nhlobo noma yimuphi umyalezo wokumela izilwane. Ababhali baphinde bathola ukuthi ababambiqhaza abanikeze ngaphezulu kwama-euro abo angu-2 kugeyimu yobuhle basesidlangalaleni kungenzeka ukuthi (7%) bathi bazonika inhlangano esiza abantulayo yokuvikela izilwane imali, basayine izicelo zokumela izilwane, noma babhalisele esitshalweni. iphephandaba.
Ngamanye amazwi, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ukufunda imilayezo ye-welfarist/abolitionist kwenza abahlanganyeli bangase banqabe izimpikiswano zokusetshenziswa kwenyama, kodwa akuzange kuthinte (noma kulimaze) isifiso sabo sokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni kwezilwane, njengokusayina izicelo. Abacwaningi bachaza lokhu ngokubhala izinhlobo ezimbili zokuphendula: umphumela wokukholelwa kanye wokusabela ngokomzwelo . Umthelela wenkolelo ulinganise ukuthi zingakanani izinkolelo zabahlanganyeli mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezilwane ezithintwe imilayezo. Umthelela wokusabela kwemizwelo ukala ukuthi kungakanani abahlanganyeli abasabela kabi ekubizeni isenzo. Ngokuqhathanisa imiphumela yocwaningo lwe-inthanethi nemiphumela yeseshini yomuntu siqu, abacwaningi baphakamise ukuthi bangayihlukanisa le miphumela emibili. Babonisa ukuthi umlayezo we-welfarist ube nomthelela omuhle ezenzweni zezilwane (2.16%), umthelela omncane wokusabela komzwelo (-1.73%), kanye nomthelela omuhle uwonke (0.433%). Ngokuphambene, babonisa ukuthi umlayezo wokuqothula ube nomthelela omuhle wenkolelo ezenzweni zezilwane (1.38%), umphumela obalulekile wokusabela ngokomzwelo (-7.81%), kanye nomphumela omubi jikelele (-6.43%).
Nakuba lolu cwaningo lunikeza imiphumela engase ibe mnandi, kunemikhawulo eminingana okudingeka inakwe. Okokuqala, kokunye okutholakele okubalulekile njengomphumela wokusabela kwemizwelo, abacwaningi babika ukubaluleka kwezibalo ku-10%, kodwa hhayi ngaphansi. Ngamafuphi, lokhu kusho ukuthi lezo zibikezelo zingamanga ngo-10% wesikhathi - ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi alikho elinye iphutha elingenzeka. Izinga elijwayelekile lokuhlaziywa kwezibalo ngu-5%, nakuba abanye besanda kuphikisa ngokuthi kufanele libe ngaphansi ngisho nangaphezulu ukuze kugwenywe imiphumela engahleliwe. Okwesibili, ucwaningo lwalinganisa ukuziphatha kwezilwane ngokusekelwe ekutheni ababambiqhaza basayine yini izicelo ze-inthanethi, babhalisele incwadi yezindaba, noma banikelelwe inhlangano esiza umphakathi. Lezi akuzona izilinganiso ezifanelekile zokuziphatha okusekela izilwane njengoba abanye abantu kungenzeka ababazi ubuchwepheshe, abangazithandi izincwadi zezindaba eziku-inthanethi, bangafuni ukubhalisa i-imeyili yesikhalazo esiku-inthanethi futhi babhekane nogaxekile abangaba khona, noma bangase bangabi nayo imali yokunikelela inhlangano esiza umphakathi. . Okwesithathu, lolu cwaningo ngokuyinhloko lwaluhlanganisa abafundi abasebasha basenyuvesi eFrance, ikakhulukazi abavela emaphandleni, iningi labo (91%) elidla imikhiqizo yezilwane . Abanye abantu bakwamanye amazwe, izifunda, namasiko bangase babe nokusabela okuhlukile kule milayezo.
Kubameli bezilwane, lolu cwaningo lusebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi imilayezo ethile kufanele ikhethelwe izethameli ezithile, njengoba abantu bangase basabele ngendlela ehlukile. Njengoba ababhali bephawula, abanye ababambiqhaza bagqugquzelwe kakhulu umlayezo wokubhubhisa kunomyalezo we-welfarist, kanti abanye basabela kabi emlayezo wokubhubhisa kodwa kahle kumlayezo we-welfarist. Lolu cwaningo luwusizo ikakhulukazi kubameli abagxile ezenzweni ezingadli ukudla, njengokukhuthaza ukusayinwa kwezikhalazo noma iminikelo ezinhlanganweni ezisiza umphakathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abameli akufanele baphethe ngokuthi yonke imilayezo ye-abolitionist ibeka ingozi yomphumela wokuhlehla, njengoba lolu cwaningo lwalulinganiselwe ekuziphatheni okuqondile kakhulu.
Qaphela: Lokhu okuqukethwe bekushicilelwe ekuqaleni ngoFaunalyTics.org futhi kungahle kungabonisi imibono ye Humane Foundation.
