Njengoba inani labantu emhlabeni liqhubeka landa, nesidingo sokudla siyakhula. Ngenxa yalokho, ukulima kwasefekthri sekuyindlela ethandwa kakhulu yokukhiqiza ukudla. Ngokwencazelo, amapulazi embonini ayimisebenzi emikhulu yezimboni egcina inqwaba yezilwane endaweni evalekile ngenjongo yokukhiqiza inyama, ubisi, namaqanda. Nakuba ukulima kwasefekthri kukhuphule ukusebenza kahle kanye nokufinyeleleka kokukhiqizwa kokudla, kuphinde kwaqubula inkulumompikiswano eshubile ngomthelela onawo enhlalakahleni yezilwane.
Njengabathengi, sinesibopho sokuqonda ukuthi ukudla kwethu kukhiqizwa kanjani, kanye nomthelela onalo emhlabeni osizungezile. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, sizobhekisisa umthelela wamapulazi embonini enhlalakahleni yezilwane. Sizohlola izimo zokuphila zezilwane emapulazini efektri, kanye nemithelela yesimilo yalezi zimo. Sizophinde sihlole umthelela wamapulazi efekthri kwezemvelo, kanye nezingozi zezempilo ezingaba khona ezihlobene nokudliwa kwemikhiqizo evela emapulazini emboni.
1. Kuchazwe izindlela zokulima ezinabantu abaningi
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izindlela zokulima ezinabantu abaningi ziye zanda kakhulu njengendlela yokwandisa inzuzo embonini yezolimo yezilwane. Lezi zindlela zibandakanya ukuvalela isibalo esikhulu sezilwane ezindaweni ezincane, ngokuvamile ezindaweni ezingaphakathi endlini, ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle nokunciphisa izindleko. Nakuba lezi zinqubo zingase zibonakale ziyikhambi elinengqondo lokuhlangabezana nezidingo zenani labantu elandayo, ziza nenqwaba yezinkinga zenhlalakahle yezilwane. Izilwane ezisezindaweni zokulima ezixinene kakhulu zingase zihlupheke ngenxa yengcindezi, izifo, nokulimala ngenxa yokuminyana, ukuntuleka kwendawo yokuhamba, kanye nokungangeni komoya kahle. Njengoba sijula sijula ngomthelela wamafekthri enhlalakahleni yezilwane, kubalulekile ukuhlola imiphumela yamasu okulima aminyana kakhulu futhi sicabangele ezinye izindlela, izindlela ezinobuntu kakhulu zokulima kwezilwane.
2. Izinkathazo zenhlalakahle yezilwane zibhekiswe ngqo
Okunye okukhathaza kakhulu amapulazi emboni umthelela anawo enhlalakahleni yezilwane. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwakhula ukuqwashisa ngokuphathwa kabi nonya okungenzeka kulezi zikhungo. Kodwa-ke, amanye amapulazi emboni athathe izinyathelo zokubhekana nalokhu kukhathazeka ngokuqondile. Isibonelo, amanye amapulazi asebenzise izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle zezilwane ezigxile ekuthuthukiseni izimo zokuphila, ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka nokuhlinzeka ngokufinyelela ekunakekelweni kwezilwane. Abanye benze izinhlelo zokuqeqesha abasebenzi babo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi izilwane ziphathwa ngokucophelela nangozwela. Nakuba usemningi umsebenzi okufanele wenziwe ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yezilwane emapulazini amafekthri, kuyakhuthaza ukubona ukuthi amanye amapulazi athatha izinyathelo ngendlela efanele.
3. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotics
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotics emapulazini efektri sekuyinto evamile ekukhiqizeni imfuyo. Nakuba ama-antibiotics anganikeza izinzuzo ezinjengokuvimbela nokwelapha izifo ezilwaneni, ukusetshenziswa kwawo ngokweqile kungaholela emithelela emibi enhlalakahleni yezilwane. Imithi elwa namagciwane ivame ukunikezwa izilwane emapulazini amafekthri ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula nokuvimbela ukusabalala kwezifo ezimeni eziminyene nezingahlanzekile. Lokhu kusetshenziswa ngokweqile kungaholela ekwakhiweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, abeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yezilwane neyomuntu. Ukwengeza, izilwane ezinikezwa ama-antibiotic njalo zingase zibe nemiphumela emibi njengokucindezeleka kwamathumbu, ukuncipha kwesifiso sokudla, nokukhubazeka kokuzivikela komzimba . Ukuze kuncishiswe imithelela engemihle yokusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane emapulazini emboni, kubalulekile ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele kwale mithi kanye nokusebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokuphatha ezibeka phambili inhlalakahle yezilwane.
4. Umthelela wemvelo wokulima kwasefemini
Umthelela wemvelo wokulima kwasefekthri awukwazi ukushaywa indiva lapho kuxoxwa ngenhlalakahle yezilwane. Inani elikhulu lezilwane ezifuywe kulezi zikhungo lidala imfucuza engavamile, engaholela ekungcoleni kwamanzi nasenhlabathini. Ukulahlwa okungafanele kwemfucuza yezilwane kungaholela ekugxilweni okuphezulu kwe-nitrogen ne-phosphorus emanzini wendawo, okuholela ekuqhakazeni kwe-algae eyingozi engaminyanisa izinhlanzi, izinyoni, nezinye izilwane zasemanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elikhulu lesikhutha, i-methane, namanye amagesi abamba ukushisa akhishwa amafekthri afaka isandla ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, okuholela esimweni sezulu esibi kakhulu, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lolwandle, nezinhlekelele zemvelo ezivame kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukubhekana nomthelela wemvelo wokulima kwefekthri ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinqubo ezisimeme zokulima kwezilwane ezibeka phambili kokubili inhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nempilo yeplanethi yethu.
5. Inhlalakahle yezinkukhu ibhekisiswa
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukukhathazeka ngenhlalakahle yezilwane ezifuywa emafekthri kuye kwaba seqhulwini enkulumweni yeningi. Phakathi kwezinkinga eziningi zenhlalakahle yezilwane ezikhungethe imboni, ukwelashwa kwezinkukhu kube yisihloko esibhekisiswa ngokukhethekile. Izinkukhu ezifuywe emafekthri zivame ukuba ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlala ezimpintshana, ukungafinyeleli ngokwanele ekukhanyeni kwemvelo kanye nokungena komoya, kanye nemikhuba yokuhlaba engenabuntu. Lezi zimo zingaholela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinkinga zomzimba kanye nezengqondo zezinyoni. Njengoba abathengi baya ngokuya beqaphela umthelela wemikhuba yabo yokuthenga enhlalakahleni yezilwane, kubalulekile ukuthi imboni ithathe izinyathelo zokubhekana nalokhu kukhathazeka futhi isebenzise izindinganiso zobuntu ezengeziwe zenhlalakahle yenkukhu.
6. Umthelela omubi ezingulubeni
Amapulazi emboni anomthelela omubi kakhulu enhlalakahleni yezilwane, ikakhulukazi ezingulubeni. Izimo lapho izingulube zikhuliswa khona kula mapulazi ngokuvamile zigcwele ngokweqile futhi azihlanzekile, okubangela ukucindezeleka ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Izingulube zivalelwe ezindaweni ezincane, ezivimbela ukuba ziveze ukuziphatha kwemvelo okufana nezimpande kanye nokudla. Lokhu kubangela ukukhungatheka, isithukuthezi, nobudlova phakathi kwezingulube. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhreyithi okumitha, okuyizibaya zensimbi ezincane ezigcinwa kuzo izingulube ezikhulelwe, kuvimbela kakhulu ukunyakaza kwazo kanye nokuxhumana komphakathi. Izingulube ziyizilwane zomphakathi futhi zidinga ukuxhumana nabanye ukuze zigcine inhlalakahle yazo engokwengqondo nengokomzwelo. Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhreyithi okukhulelwa kungabangela uchungechunge lwezinkinga zempilo, okuhlanganisa ukuwohloka kwemisipha nobuhlungu bamalunga. Sekukonke, umthelela omubi wokulima kwefekthri enhlalakahleni yezingulube kuwukukhathazeka okubalulekile okudingeka kubhekwane nakho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphathwa kwezilwane ngokuziphatha okuhle nobuntu embonini yokudla.
7. Izikhalo zenkomo yobisi eziphakanyisiwe
Okunye okukhathaza kakhulu umthelela wamapulazi embonini enhlalakahleni yezilwane ukwelapha izinkomo zobisi. Muva nje, kube nezingxoxo ezibalulekile nokukhathazeka mayelana nezimo zokuphila kanye nokwelashwa kwezinkomo zobisi emapulazini emboni. Ukuvalelwa kanye nokuphathwa kabi kwezinkomo zobisi kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nezimiso zokuziphatha embonini yobisi. Abagqugquzeli abaningi bezenhlalakahle yezilwane bathi ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokuvalela ezinjengamakhreyithi enyama yenkonyana kanye nokubophela akunabuntu futhi kubangela ukucindezeleka okungadingekile kanye nokulimala kwezinkomo. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kwama-hormone okukhula kanye nama-antibiotic embonini yobisi kuye kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nempilo yezinkomo kanye nomthelela ongaba khona empilweni yabantu. Njengoba abathengi beqaphela kakhulu izimo lapho ukudla kwabo kukhiqizwa khona, kunesidingo esikhulayo semikhuba yokulima enobuntu neqhubekayo.
8. Izindleko zokulima efekthri
Izindleko zokulima emafekthri yindaba engeke ishaywe indiva uma kudingidwa umthelela wale mikhuba yokulima enhlalakahleni yezilwane. Izinhlelo zokulima zasefekthri zenzelwe ukukhulisa inzuzo kubakhiqizi, ngokuvamile ngokulahlekelwa inhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nemvelo. Izindleko eziphezulu zokunakekela lezi zinhlelo zihlanganisa izici ezifana nokudla, umsebenzi, ukunakekelwa kwezilwane, ukulahlwa kukadoti, nokugcinwa kwemishini. Lezi zindleko zivame ukudluliselwa kubathengi ngendlela yamanani aphansi enyama nemikhiqizo yezilwane, okungase kubonakale kuyisivumelwano esihle ekuqaleni. Nokho, izindleko zangempela zokulima kwasefekthri zibandakanya umthelela omubi enhlalakahleni yezilwane, imvelo, nempilo yomphakathi. Kubalulekile ukubheka izindleko ezigcwele zokulima efekthri lapho sithatha izinqumo mayelana nokudla esikudlayo kanye nemikhuba yokulima esiyisekelayo.
9. Indima yabathengi
Iqhaza labathengi liyingxenye ebalulekile okufanele icatshangelwe lapho kuhlolwa umthelela wamapulazi embonini enhlalakahleni yezilwane. Njengabathengi, sinamandla okuthonya isidingo semikhiqizo yezilwane kanye nendlela ekhiqizwa ngayo. Ngokukhetha ukuthenga imikhiqizo emapulazini abeka phambili inhlalakahle yezilwane, singakha imakethe yezenzo zobuntu. Ukwengeza, ukusabalalisa ukuqwashisa ngezimo zamapulazi efektri kanye nokumela imithetho eqinile nakho kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni inhlalakahle yezilwane. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuziphatha kwabathengi kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni izinqubo zemboni yezolimo yezilwane, futhi ukuthatha izinyathelo zokwenza izinqumo zokuthenga ezinolwazi nezinokuziphatha kungaba nomthelela ekushintsheni okuhle.
10. Ezinye izindlela zokulima emafemini
Imiphumela emibi yokulima kwefekthri enhlalakahleni yezilwane ayinakuphikwa. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ezinye izindlela zokulima zasefekthri ziye zavela njengesixazululo esisebenzayo sokubhekana nemikhuba eyingozi eye yahlotshaniswa nohlelo lwezolimo lwezimboni. Lezi zindlela ezihlukile, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ezolimo ezisimeme, zihlanganisa uchungechunge lwezinqubo ezibeka phambili inhlalakahle yezilwane, ukusimama kwemvelo, kanye nempilo kanye nenhlalakahle yabalimi nabasebenzi basemapulazini. Ezinye zezindlela ezithembisayo zokulima emafekthri zihlanganisa ukulima okusekelwe emadlelweni, ukulima kabusha, kanye ne-agroforestry. Lezi zindlela ezintsha zibeka phambili inhlalakahle yezilwane ngokunikeza izilwane ukufinyelela endaweni yemvelo nokudla, ukunciphisa noma ukuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotics nama-hormone, nokukhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo nempilo yomhlabathi. Ngokusekela lezi zindlela ezisimeme, singathatha izinyathelo ezinhle eziya ohlelweni lokudla olunokuziphatha okuhle nokuqhubekayo oluhlonipha inhlalakahle yezilwane, impilo yemvelo, kanye nempilo yabantu.
Sengiphetha, umthelela wamapulazi embonini enhlalakahleni yezilwane wudaba oluyinkimbinkimbi oludinga ukuhlolisiswa kabanzi. Nakuba ukulima kwasefekthri kukhuphule ukutholakala kanye nokufinyeleleka kwenyama, kuphinde kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuziphatha mayelana nokuphathwa kwezilwane. Imikhuba yamapulazi efektri, okuhlanganisa ukuminyana, ukuvalelwa, nokucwiywa kwezitho zomzimba, kungabangela ukuhlupheka okukhulu ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo ezilwaneni. Kubalulekile ukuthi siqhubeke sihlola futhi sikhuthaze ezinye izindlela zokulima ezibeka eqhulwini inhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nokusimama kwemvelo. Ngokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokudla esikudlayo futhi sisekele izindlela zokulima ezinomthwalo wemfanelo, singaba neqhaza ohlelweni lokudla olunokuziphatha okuhle noluzinzile.
