Ukulima kwasefekthri, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukulima kwezilwane okujulile, bekuyindlela ehamba phambili yokukhiqiza ukudla amashumi eminyaka ambalwa ngenxa yokukhiqiza kwakho okuphezulu kanye nezindleko eziphansi. Nokho, ngenxa yokwanda kwesidingo senyama, ubisi, neminye imikhiqizo yezilwane, lo mkhuba wokulima othuthukisiwe uye waba nemiphumela emikhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nezilwane zasendle. Umthelela omubi wokulima kwefekthri endaweni ezungezile yisihloko esithole ukunakwa komhlaba wonke eminyakeni yamuva. Lesi sihloko sizodingida izindlela ukulima kwefekthri okube nomthelela ngazo ekwehleni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokulahleka kwezindawo zokuhlala zezilwane. Sizohlola izinqubo nezindlela ezehlukene ezisetshenziswa ekulimeni kwasefekthri nokuthi zikuthinte kanjani ukulingana okubucayi kwezimiso zemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizohlola imiphumela yalo mthelela ekusindeni kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane kanye nempilo yonke yeplanethi yethu. Ngokuhlaziywa kochwepheshe kanye nenhloso, lesi sihloko sihlose ukuqwashisa ngemiphumela emibi yokulima kwefekthri ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nezilwane zasendle kanye nesidingo esiphuthumayo sezinqubo ezisimeme nezimiso zokuziphatha embonini yokudla.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ukuze kukhiqizwe ukudla kwezilwane
Okunye okungaziwa kakhulu kodwa ngokulinganayo mayelana nemithelela yokulima kwefekthri ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezilwane zasendle ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ukuze kukhiqizwe ukudla kwezilwane. Njengoba isidingo senyama, ubisi, namaqanda siqhubeka sikhula, siyanda isidingo sokudla kwezilwane. Lokhu kuholele ekuguqulweni kwezindawo eziwudedangendlale zamahlathi nezinye izindawo zemvelo zibe yizinsimu zezitshalo zokutshala izitshalo zokudla njengobhontshisi wesoya nommbila. Ukugawulwa kwala mahlathi kubangela ukulahlekelwa indawo eyigugu yokuhlala yezilwane ezingenakubalwa, kuhlanganise nezisengozini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kukhiphela inani elikhulu lesikhutha emkhathini, okunomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kokudla kwezilwane akugcini nje ngokusongela ukuphila kwezilwane zasendle kodwa futhi kwandisa izinselele zemvelo esibhekana nazo emhlabeni wonke. Kubalulekile ukuthi sithole ezinye izindlela ezisimeme zokunciphisa ukuthembela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi ukuze kudliwe izilwane futhi sibeke phambili imizamo yokongiwa kwemvelo ukuze kuvikelwe izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zeplanethi yethu.
Ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala kuholela ekuqothulweni
Ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala kuwumbangela omkhulu wokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane futhi kubangela usongo olukhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wonke. Lapho izindawo zemvelo zicekelwa phansi noma zihlukaniswa ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu efana nezolimo, ukugawulwa kwemithi, ukufudukela emadolobheni, nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zilahlekelwa amakhaya azo futhi azikwazi ukuphila. Ukuphazamiseka kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo ezungezile kuphazamisa ibhalansi ebucayi yokusebenzisana kwezinhlobo zezilwane, okuholela ekwehleni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokushabalala kwezinhlobo ezisengozini. Ngaphandle kwendawo yazo engokwemvelo, izitshalo nezilwane eziningi ziyazabalaza ukuze zithole ukudla, indawo yokuhlala, nezilingane, okuzenza kube lula ukudlulwa, izifo, nokuncintisana nezilwane ezihlaselayo. Ukulahleka kwezindawo zokuhlala ezibalulekile kuphinde kuthinte ukusebenza kwe-ecosystem ebanzi, okuhlanganisa ukuhamba kwamabhayisikili okuzalanisa izakhi, ukuthuthwa kwempova, nokuthathwa kwekhabhoni, kuphinde kubeke engcupheni impilo nokuzinza kwemvelo. Kudingeka isinyathelo esiphuthumayo ukuze kubhekwane nokucekelwa phansi kwendawo futhi kusetshenziswe izindlela zokongiwa ezisebenzayo ukuze kuvikelwe ikusasa lezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zeplanethi yethu nezimiso zemvelo.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi aphuma emfuleni wezilwane
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi aphuma emfucumfucwini yezilwane kuyindaba ebalulekile yendawo ezungezile eqhamuka ezenzweni zokulima zasefekthri. Njengoba imfuyo ikhula ukuze ihlangabezane nesidingo esikhulayo senyama, ubisi, namaqanda, kanjalo nomthamo wemfucumfucu okhiqizwa yilezi zilwane. Ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanele nokulahlwa kwemfucuza yezilwane kungaholela ekungcolisweni kwemithombo yamanzi eseduze, okuhlanganisa imifula, amachibi, namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Lapho umquba neminye imikhiqizo evela emisebenzini yemfuyo ingena emanzini, ingenisa uchungechunge lwezinto eziyingozi njenge-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, amagciwane, ama-antibiotics, namahomoni. Lezi zinto ezingcolisayo zingaba nemiphumela elimazayo ezindaweni eziphila emanzini, okuholela ekuncipheni komoyampilo, ukuqhakaza kwe-algal, nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo ezihlala emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi ngenxa yemfucumfucu yezilwane kubeka engcupheni impilo yomuntu, njengoba kungangcolisa imithombo yamanzi okuphuza futhi kwandise amathuba okuba nezifo ezibangelwa amanzi. Ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wokungcoliswa kwamanzi emfucumfucu yezilwane, kubalulekile ukuhlanganisa izindlela zokulima ezisimeme, njengezinhlelo zokulawula imfucuza efanele, izinhlelo zokuphatha izakhi, kanye nokugqugquzelwa kwezindlela zokulima eziphilayo nezivuselelayo.
Izibulala-zinambuzane zilimaza impova nezilwane zasendle
Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kwezolimo kukhonjiswe ukuthi kunemiphumela elimazayo kubathuthi bempova kanye nenani lezilwane zasendle. Izibulala-zinambuzane zingamakhemikhali enzelwe ukubulala noma ukulawula izinambuzane ezingalimaza izitshalo. Nokho, la makhemikhali angalimaza nezinambuzane eziwusizo, njengezinyosi, izimvemvane nezinye izinto ezithwala impova, ezibalulekile ekuzaleni kwezitshalo eziningi. Lapho abathwali bempova behlangana noma bedla izitshalo ezilashwa ngezibulala-zinambuzane, bangaphathwa ushevu oyingozi, bangakwazi ukuzala, noma bafe nokufa. Ukwengeza, izibulala-zinambuzane zingaphinde zingcolise inhlabathi nemithombo yamanzi, zibe nomthelela kuyo yonke i-ecosystem futhi ziphazamise ibhalansi yemvelo yezilwane zasendle. Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekulimeni kwasefekthri kwenza lezi zinkinga zibe zimbi nakakhulu, njengoba imisebenzi yezolimo emikhulu ivame ukuncika kakhulu ekufakweni kwamakhemikhali ukuze kwandiswe isivuno. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukwamukela izinqubo zokulima ezizinzile ezinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane futhi zibeke eqhulwini ukuvikelwa kwama-pollinator kanye nezilwane zasendle ukuze kuphile impilo yesikhathi eside ye-ecosystem yethu.
I-Genetic homogenization yezinhlobo zemfuyo
Ngaphezu kwemiphumela emibi yezibulala-zinambuzane, omunye ophathelene nomphumela wokulima kwasefekthri ukuhlanganiswa kofuzo kwezinhlobo zemfuyo. Ngomgomo wokukhulisa umkhiqizo kanye nokumisa izici ezifiselekayo, imisebenzi yokulima ngezinga lezimboni ithembele kakhulu ekuzaleni okukhethiwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo eziguqulwe ngofuzo (GMOs). Lokhu kuholele ekwehleni okukhulu kokuhlukahluka kofuzo phakathi kwemfuyo. Lapho izinhlobo zifuywa ngokukhetha izici ezithile, njengokukhiqiza ubisi oluphezulu noma ukukhula ngokushesha, i-genetic pool iyancipha, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kokuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo ezibalulekile. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kofuzo akugcini nje ngokubeka imfuyo engcupheni yokungenwa kalula yizifo kodwa futhi ibeka engcupheni ukuqina nokuvumelana nezimo zalezi zilwane ekushintsheni izimo zemvelo. Ngakho-ke, ukulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezakhi zofuzo ezifuyweni kubeka engcupheni ukusimama kanye nokusebenza kwezinhlelo zezolimo engozini, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezilwane zasendle ezincike kulezi zinhlelo zemvelo. Ukuze kuncishiswe lolu daba, ezinye izindlela zokulima ezibeka phambili ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo nezinhlelo zokuzalanisa okusimeme kufanele zikhuthazwe futhi zamukelwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulondolozwa kokuhlukahluka kofuzo kanye nokuqina kwenani lemfuyo.
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic kulimaza i-ecosystem
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotics emikhubeni yokulima yasefekthri kubangela usongo olukhulu ezimisweni zemvelo. Ama-antibiotics asetshenziswa njalo emfuyweni ukukhuthaza ukukhula nokuvimbela ukuqubuka kwezifo ezimeni eziminyene nezingahlanzekile. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwama-antibiotics kwezolimo zezilwane kuholela ekwakhiweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, aziwa nangokuthi ama-superbugs. Lawa ma-superbugs angasakazeka ngale kwemvelo yasepulazini ngokusebenzisa amanzi, inhlabathi, ngisho neketango lokudla, okuthinta imvelo yemvelo. Lapho lawa magciwane amelana nemithi elwa namagciwane engena endaweni ezungezile, angalimaza amagciwane azuzisayo, aphazamise ibhalansi yemvelo ebucayi, futhi abe sengozini engaba khona ezilwaneni zasendle nempilo yabantu. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotics kwezolimo kungaholela ekungcolisweni kwemithombo yamanzi, kuthinte izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini kanye nokuwohloka kwempilo ye-ecosystem. Kubalulekile ukubhekana nokulawula ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwemithi elwa namagciwane ekulinyweni kwefekthri ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela yezemvelo futhi kugcinwe izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezilwane zasendle.
Ukulahlekelwa indawo yokuhlala yemvelo kanye nefolishi
Ukwandiswa kwemisebenzi yokulima efekthri kubangele ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwendawo yokuhlala yemvelo kanye nokudla kwezilwane zasendle. Izinqubo ezinkulu zezolimo zidinga umhlabathi omkhulu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esikhulayo senyama, ubisi, nemikhiqizo yezinkukhu. Ngenxa yalokho, amahlathi, izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi nezikhotha kuyagawulwa futhi kuguqulwe kube amasimu okulima nokutshala izitshalo. Lokhu kucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zemvelo akugcini nje ngokususa inqwaba yezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kodwa futhi kuphazamisa nobudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi bendawo ezungezile. Izilwane eziningi zithembele ezindaweni ezithize zemvelo nasezitshalweni zendabuko ukuze zidle nendawo yokuhlala, futhi ukulahlekelwa yilezi zinsiza kungaholela ekwehleni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nempilo iyonke yemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutshalwa kwezitshalo zokulima okukodwa ukuze kudliwe izilwane, njengobhontshisi wesoya nommbila, kunomthelela ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokushintsha indawo yemvelo ehlukahlukene ngokutshala okufanayo. Lokhu kuphinda kukhawulele ukutholakala kwefolishi yemvelo yezilwane zasendle futhi kuphazamisa ukulingana okubucayi kwezimiso zemvelo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela umthelela wokulima kwefekthri ekulahlekeni kwendawo yokuhlala futhi sithathe izinyathelo zokukhuthaza izindlela zokulima ezisimeme nezingangeni imvelo.
Ukulima emafekthri kunomthelela ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu
Ngaphezu komthelela omubi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezilwane zasendle, ukulima kwasefemini nakho kunomthelela omkhulu ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu. Izindlela zokukhiqiza ezinamandla ezisetshenziswa kule misebenzi zikhipha amanani amakhulu amagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini. Imfuyo, ikakhulukazi izinkomo, inesibopho sokukhiqiza i-methane, igesi enamandla ebamba ukushisa enamandla amakhulu kakhulu okufudumala kwembulunga yonke kune-carbon dioxide. Ukwengeza, ukutshalwa kwezitshalo ezifuywayo kwezilwane ezifuywa efekthri kudinga ukusetshenziswa komhlaba okukhulu, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, nokusetshenziswa komanyolo owenziwe, konke okunomthelela ekukhishweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. Ukuthuthwa kanye nokucutshungulwa kwezilwane ezinhlelweni zokulima zasefekthri kuphinde kube nomthelela ekukhishweni kwekhabhoni. Umthelela onqwabelene walezi zinqubo esimweni sezulu awunakuphikwa futhi ugcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo sezinqubo zezolimo ezisimeme futhi ezinobungani nemvelo.
Sengiphetha, kusobala ukuthi ukulima kwasefekthri kunomthelela omkhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane nezilwane zasendle. Izinqubo zezolimo zezimboni, kusukela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ziye zaholela ekwehleni kwenani lezinhlobo zezilwane nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zemvelo. Kubalulekile kithi ukuthi siqaphele imiphumela yokukhetha kwethu ukudla futhi sicabangele izinketho ezisimeme kakhulu nezinokuziphatha okuhle. Ngokusekela izinqubo zokulima zendawo kanye nemvelo, singasiza ukuvikela futhi silondoloze ukuhlukahluka kweplanethi yethu nezilwane zasendle ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo. Sonke masilwele ukuhlalisana okusimeme nokuvumelana nemvelo.
FAQ
Ukulima efekthri kunomthelela kanjani ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nezilwane zasendle?
Ukulima kwasefekthri kunomthelela ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nezilwane zasendle ngezindlela eziningi. Ukwandiswa kwamapulazi efektri kuholela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zemvelo, ukuxosha kanye nokubeka engcupheni izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane. Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu komanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane kulawa mapulazi nakho kubangela ukungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi, kube nomthelela emvelweni yasemanzini kanye nezakhamuzi zakhona. Ukwengeza, amapulazi emboni ngokuvamile adinga inani elikhulu lokudla, okuholela ekudobeni ngokweqile nasekuncipheni kwezinhlobo zasolwandle. Ukuvalelwa kanye nokuminyana kwezilwane kula mapulazi nakho kwandisa ingozi yezifo, ezingasakazekela emiphakathini yasendle. Sekukonke, ukulima kwasefekthri kubangela usongo olukhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nezilwane zasendle.
Yiziphi ezinye izibonelo ezithize zendlela imikhuba yokulima yasefekthri eyithinta kabi imvelo yendawo kanye nenani lezilwane zasendle?
Izinqubo zokulima zasefekthri zithinta kabi imvelo yendawo kanye nenani lezilwane zasendle ngezindlela eziningi. Esinye isibonelo siwukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwemithi elwa namagciwane nezibulala-zinambuzane, ezingase zingcolise umhlabathi, amanzi, nomoya, zilimaze indawo ezungezile nezilwane zasendle. Esinye isibonelo imfucuza eningi ekhiqizwa amapulazi ezimboni, engangcolisa imifula nemifudlana eseduze, okuholela ekungcoleni kwamanzi nasekulahlekeni kwezilwane eziphila emanzini. Ukwengeza, ukugawulwa kwendawo yamapulazi efektri kungabangela ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala nokuhlukana, okusongela ukuphila kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene. Izindlela zokulima kakhulu zingaholela ekungalinganini kwezinhlelo zemvelo zendawo, kube nomthelela omubi ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane nezilwane zasendle.
Ingabe ikhona imizamo noma imizamo ethathwayo ukunciphisa umthelela wokulima kwefekthri ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane nezilwane zasendle?
Yebo, kunemizamo eyahlukene kanye nemizamo eyenziwayo ukunciphisa umthelela wokulima kwefekthri ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane nezilwane zasendle. Ezinye izinhlangano zisebenzela ukukhuthaza izinqubo zezolimo ezizinzile nezivuselelayo, ezibeka kuqala inhlalakahle yezilwane futhi zinciphise ukulimala kwemvelo. Ukwengeza, kunemikhankaso ekhuthaza imithetho eqinile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yenhlalakahle yezilwane emisebenzini yokulima efekthri. Ezinye izifunda ziphinde zasebenzisa izindawo ezivikelekile kanye nezindawo ezivikelekile ezizungeze amapulazi emboni ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela ezindaweni ezizungezile zezilwane zasendle. Sekukonke, kukhona ukuqwashisa okukhulayo kanye nezindlela zokubhekana nomthelela ongemuhle wokulima kwamafekthri ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane nezilwane zasendle.
Iyini imiphumela yesikhathi eside yokwehla kokuhlukahluka kwemvelo okubangelwa ukulima kwamafekthri?
Imiphumela yesikhathi eside yokwehla kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo okubangelwa ukulima kwasefemini ibalulekile. Izindlela zokulima zasefekthri, njengokulima kakhulu okukodwa, ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nama-antibiotics, kunengxenye ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kuphazamisa izimiso zemvelo, kunciphisa ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo, futhi kungaholela ekuqothulweni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ukwengeza, ukuthembela ezitshalweni ezimbalwa ezifanayo zofuzo kwandisa ubungozi bezinhlelo zokudla ezinambuzaneni nasezifweni. Ukwehla kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuphinde kube nomthelela ezinsizakalweni ze-ecosystem, njengokuthunyelwa kwempova nokuvunda kwenhlabathi, okubalulekile kwezolimo kanye nempilo yonke yemvelo. Sekukonke, ukwehla kokuhlukahluka kwemvelo okubangelwa ukulima kwasefekthri kusongela ukuqina nokusimama kwezinhlelo zethu zokudla kanye ne-ecosystem.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nama-antibiotics ekulimeni kwefekthri kuzithinta kanjani izindawo zezilwane zasendle kanye nenani labantu?
Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nama-antibiotics ekulimeni kwasefekthri kunomthelela omubi kakhulu ezindaweni ezihlala izilwane zasendle kanye nenani labantu. Izibulala-zinambuzane zingangcolisa imizimba yamanzi, okuholela ekufeni kwezilwane zasemanzini futhi kuphazamise ukulingana kwemvelo. Zingalimaza nezinambuzane nezinyoni ezizuzisayo, zithinte impova kanye nokulawula izinambuzane zemvelo. Ama-antibiotic asetshenziswa ekufuyweni kwezilwane angangena endaweni ngokugeleza kukadoti, okuholela ekuphikisweni kwamagciwane ezilwaneni zasendle. Lokhu kungaphazamisa ibhalansi yemvelo yemiphakathi yamagciwane futhi kube nemiphumela egelezayo kuyo yonke i-ecosystem. Sekukonke, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nama-antibiotics ekulimeni kwasefekthri kubangela usongo ezindaweni ezihlala izilwane zasendle kanye nenani labantu.
