Isidingo somhlaba wonke semikhiqizo yezilwane senyuke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, okuholele ekwenyukeni okukhulu kwesikali kanye nokuqina kwezolimo lwezilwane. Nakuba le mboni idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nesidingo esikhulayo sokudla, iphinde ibe nomthelela omkhulu endaweni ezungezile, ikakhulukazi emoyeni naseqophelweni lamanzi. Kusukela ekukhuleni kwezitshalo ukondla imfuyo, kuya ekukhishweni kwe-methane namanye amagesi abamba ukushisa emfucumfucwini yezilwane, ukulima kwezilwane kuyimbangela yengxenye enkulu yokukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. Ngaphezu komthelela wayo kwezemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane namanye amakhemikhali kwezolimo kwezilwane kuphinde kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngezingozi zempilo ezingaba khona ezilwaneni nakubantu. Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuhlola umthelela wokulima kwezilwane emoyeni naseqophelweni lamanzi, kanye nempilo yomuntu. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukulima kwezilwane ezithinta ngayo lezi zindawo kanye nemiphumela engaba khona yeplanethi yethu nenhlalakahle. Ngokuthola ukuqonda okujulile kwalolu daba, singasebenzela ekusebenziseni izinqubo ezisimeme nezinesibopho kwezolimo zezilwane ukuze sinciphise imiphumela yako emibi emvelweni nempilo yabantu.
Ukungcoliswa komoya: umkhiqizo wokulima
Enye yezinselelo eziphawulekayo zemvelo ebangelwa ukulima kwezilwane ukungcoliswa komoya. Izindlela zokulima ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kule mboni zikhipha ukungcola okuningi emkhathini. Lezi zinto ezingcolisayo zihlanganisa i-ammonia, i-methane, ne-nitrous oxide, enomthelela ekwakhekeni kwentuthu namagesi abamba ukushisa. Izinhlelo zokuphatha umquba ezisetshenziswa kwezolimo zezilwane nazo zineqhaza elikhulu ekungcoleni komoya. Ukugcinwa, ukwelashwa, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwemfucuza yezilwane kukhishwa i-volatile organic compounds (VOCs) kanye nezinhlayiya, okuqhubeka nokuwohloka kwekhwalithi yomoya. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ekukhiqizeni izitshalo zokudla kwezilwane kungaholela ekukhishweni kwezinto eziyingozi, njengama-nitrogen oxides nezinhlanganisela eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo, okunomthelela ekungcoleni komoya. Umthelela ohlangene wale misebenzi yokulima eqophelweni lomoya ugcizelela isidingo sezinqubo ezisimeme nezingangeni imvelo embonini yezolimo yezilwane.
Udoti wemfuyo ungcolisa imithombo yamanzi
Ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanele kwemfucuza yemfuyo kuyingozi enkulu emithonjeni yamanzi. Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo zezilwane kubangela ukunqwabelana kwenqwaba yemfucuza, equkethe izinto ezingcolisa imvelo ezifana ne-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, amagciwane kanye nama-antibiotic. Uma zingalawulwa ngokuphumelelayo, lezi zinto ezingcolisayo zingangena emhlabathini futhi zingcolise amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, noma agelezele emifuleni eseduze, emachibini, nasemifudlaneni, okuholela ekungcoleni kwamanzi. Lokhu kungcoliswa akuthinti nje kuphela imvelo yasemanzini kodwa futhi kubeka engcupheni empilweni yabantu. Ukusebenzisa amanzi angcoliswe udoti wemfuyo kungangenisa amagciwane namakhemikhali ayingozi emzimbeni womuntu, kwandise amathuba okuba nezifo ezibangelwa amanzi kanye nemiphumela yezempilo ehlala isikhathi eside. Ukunciphisa umthelela wokulahlwa kwemfuyo emithonjeni yamanzi, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezifanele zokulawula imfucuza futhi kugqugquzelwe izindlela ezisimeme zezolimo ezibeka phambili ukuvikelwa kwemvelo nokuvikela impilo yomphakathi.
Ama-antibiotic ezilwaneni alimaza abantu
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotics kwezolimo zezilwane akugcini nje ngokubeka engcupheni impilo yezilwane kodwa futhi kunemiphumela eyingozi empilweni yabantu. Ama-antibiotics asetshenziswa njalo ezilwaneni ezifuywayo ukuvimbela nokwelapha izifo, ukuthuthukisa ukukhula, nokwandisa umkhiqizo. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile nokusetshenziswa kabi kwama-antibiotic kulo mongo kuye kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwamagciwane amelana nemithi elwa namagciwane, aziwa nangokuthi ama-superbugs. Lawa ma-superbugs angasakazeka ngokuthintana ngqo nezilwane, ukusetshenziswa kwenyama engcolile noma imikhiqizo yobisi, noma ukuchayeka emithonjeni yemvelo engcolile. Lapho abantu bengenwa amagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, kuba nzima kakhulu ukwelapha izifo, okuholela ezifweni ezihlala isikhathi eside, izindleko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo ezikhuphukayo, ngisho nokufa. Ukusabalala kwamagciwane amelana nemithi elwa namagciwane asuka ezilwaneni aya kubantu kugcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo semithetho eqinile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic okunesibopho kwezolimo zezilwane ukuze kuvikelwe kokubili impilo yezilwane neyomuntu.
I-methane evela ezinkomeni ingcolisa umoya
Ukukhiqizwa kwemfuyo, ikakhulukazi ezinkomeni, kunomthelela omkhulu ekukhishweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kanye nokungcoliswa komoya. I-Methane, igesi ebamba ukushisa enamandla, ikhishwa phakathi nenqubo yokugaya izinkomo, ngokuyinhloko ngokuvutshelwa kwe-enteric nokulawulwa komquba. I-methane ephuma ezinkomeni ayigcini nje ngokuba nomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kodwa iphinde ibe nomthelela ekulimazeni izinga lomoya. I-Methane inamandla okushisa aphezulu kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa ne-carbon dioxide, okuyenza ibe umshayeli obalulekile wokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Ukwengeza, ukukhishwa kwe-methane ezinkomeni kungaholela ekwakhekeni kwe-ozone esezingeni eliphansi, ukungcola komoya okuyingozi okungaba nemiphumela elimazayo empilweni yabantu, ikakhulukazi kubantu abanezimo zokuphefumula. Ngakho-ke, ukubhekana nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-methane okuvela ezinkomeni kubalulekile ekwehliseni ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokwenza ngcono izinga lomoya.
Ukulima kwezilwane kuqeda imithombo yamanzi
Ukulima kwezilwane nakho kunomthelela omkhulu ekuncipheni kwemithombo yamanzi. Ukukhiqizwa kwenyama, ubisi namaqanda kudinga amanzi amaningi ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene, njengokufuya imfuyo, ukunisela izitshalo ukuze kudliwe izilwane, kanye nezindawo zokuhlanza nokucubungula. Lesi sidingo esikhulu samanzi sibeka ingcindezi enkulu emithonjeni yamanzi yendawo, okuholela ekukhishweni ngokweqile kwamanzi emifuleni, emachibini, nasezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba. Ngenxa yalokho, le mithombo yamanzi ingancipha noma yome ngokuphelele, iphazamise imvelo yendawo futhi ilimaze izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezithembele kuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngokweqile kwezolimo zezilwane nakho kungaholela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi, njengoba imfucuza evela emapulazini efektri aqukethe izinto eziyingozi, njengemithi elwa namagciwane, amahomoni, nama-pathogens, ingangcolisa imizimba yamanzi eseduze. Lokhu kungcoliswa akugcini nje ngokuba yingozi empilweni yasemanzini kodwa nasemiphakathini ethembele kule mithombo yamanzi ukuze uthole amanzi okuphuza nokunisela. Ngakho-ke, ukubhekana nokwehliswa kwezinyathelo zamanzi ezolimo zezilwane kubalulekile ekuphathweni okusimeme kwemithombo yamanzi kanye nokulondolozwa kwezinhlelo zemvelo nempilo yabantu.
Izibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa ezitshalweni zokudla ziyavuza
Izibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa ezitshalweni zokudla kwezilwane zingaba nemiphumela elimazayo emoyeni naseqophelweni lamanzi, kanye nempilo yabantu. Lezi zibulala-zinambuzane zisetshenziswa ezitshalweni ukulawula izinambuzane nokuqinisekisa isivuno esiphezulu. Nokho, zingangena kalula emhlabathini futhi zingcolise amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, imifula eseduze, nemifudlana. Njengoba amanzi ehamba ku-ecosystem, lezi zibulala-zinambuzane zingasakazeka futhi zinqwabelane, zibe yingozi ezintweni eziphila emanzini kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi iyonke. Ukwengeza, lapho le mithombo yamanzi angcolile isetshenziselwa ukuchelela noma amanzi okuphuza, kunethuba lokuchayeka komuntu kulawa makhemikhali ayingozi. Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kuzibulala-zinambuzane kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nezinkinga zezempilo ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izinkinga zokuphefumula, ukuphazamiseka kokuzala, nezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukubhekana nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kwezolimo zezilwane ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wazo emoyeni naseqophelweni lamanzi, kanye nokuvikela impilo yabantu.
Ukukhiqizwa kwenyama kunomthelela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi
Ukwandiswa kokukhiqizwa kwenyama nakho kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nokugawulwa kwamahlathi, okwandisa ukukhathazeka kwemvelo. Njengoba isidingo senyama sikhula, umhlaba omningi uyagezwa ukuze kuvuleke imfuyo kanye nokutshalwa kwezitshalo zokudla. Le nqubo ngokuvamile ihilela ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi, okungaholeli nje kuphela ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kodwa futhi okunomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Amahlathi anendima ebalulekile ekumunceni isikhutha emkhathini, asebenze njengamazika emvelo e-carbon. Lapho amahlathi egawulwa, ikhabhoni egciniwe ikhishelwa emkhathini, ikhulise ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kuphazamisa imvelo futhi kusongela izindawo zokuhlala zezilwane ezingenakubalwa. Ukubhekana nokuxhumana phakathi kokukhiqizwa kwenyama nokugawulwa kwamahlathi kubalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe ukulimala kwemvelo kanye nokukhuthaza izinqubo ezisimeme kwezolimo zezilwane.
Ukulima kwasefekthri kukhipha intuthu eyingozi
Ukulima kwasefekthri, umkhuba ohamba phambili kwezolimo zezilwane zesimanje, kunemithelela mayelana nekhwalithi yomoya kanye namanzi, kanye nempilo yomuntu. Ukuvalelwa kakhulu kwezilwane kulezi zikhungo kuholela ekuqongeleleni imfucuza ngobuningi. Le mfucumfucu, equkethe ukugcwala okuphezulu kwe-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, ivamise ukugcinwa emachwebeni noma ifuthwe emasimini njengomanyolo. Nokho, ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanele kwalezi zinhlelo zikadoti kungaholela ekukhishweni kwesisi esiyingozi. I-Methane, igesi ebamba ukushisa enamandla enamandla amakhulu okufudumala kune-carbon dioxide, ikhishwa ngesikhathi sokugaya kanye nezinqubo zokulawula umquba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhishwa kwe-ammonia okuvela ekuboleni kwemfucuza yezilwane kungaba nomthelela ekungcoleni komoya kanye nemvula ene-asidi. Lokhu kukhishwa akugcini nje ukufaka isandla ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu kodwa futhi kubangela izingozi emiphakathini eseduze, okuthinta impilo yayo yokuphefumula kanye nempilo yonke. Kubalulekile ukubhekana nemithelela engemihle yokulima emafekthri ekukhiqizweni kwegesi ukuze kuvikelwe imvelo yethu futhi kugqugquzelwe izindlela ezisimeme zezolimo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwenyama okuhlobene nezifo
Ucwaningo lwesayensi oluningi selusungule ukuxhumana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwenyama ngokweqile kanye nokusabalala kwezifo ezahlukahlukene. Ukudla kakhulu inyama ebomvu negayiwe kuye kwahlotshaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe yokuthola izifo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, okuhlanganisa nesifo senhliziyo nesifo sohlangothi. Amafutha agcwele kanye ne-cholesterol ekhona kule nyama ingaba nomthelela ekwakhekeni koqweqwe lwemithambo emithanjeni, okuholela ekugelezeni kwegazi okulinganiselwe kanye nokuvimbeka okungenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa njalo kwenyama ebomvu negayiwe kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nengozi ephakeme yezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza, ikakhulukazi umdlavuza wekoloni. Amakhemikhali akhiwe phakathi nenqubo yokupheka, njenge-heterocyclic amines nama-polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons, anezici ze-carcinogenic. Ukuze ulondoloze impilo enhle, kunconywa ukuba udle ukudla okulinganiselayo okuhlanganisa amaprotheni asekelwe esitshalweni futhi unciphise ukudla okubomvu nokucutshungulwa.
Sengiphetha, umthelela wokulima kwezilwane emoyeni naseqophelweni lamanzi, kanye nempilo yomuntu, wudaba oluyinkimbinkimbi futhi oluningi. Kubalulekile ukuthi siqhubeke nokuzifundisa ezindabeni ezahlukahlukene futhi sithathe izinyathelo eziya ezinkambisweni ezisimeme kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha embonini. Ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwethu kwemikhiqizo yezilwane kanye nokusekela izindlela zokulima ezizinzile, singasiza ekwehliseni imiphumela emibi yokulima kwezilwane endaweni yethu nempilo yethu. Masilwele ukuya esikhathini esizayo lapho kokubili iplanethi yethu nemizimba yethu kungachuma.
FAQ
Ukulima kwezilwane kunomthelela kanjani ekungcoleni komoya namanzi?
Ukulima kwezilwane kunomthelela ekungcolisweni komoya namanzi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Mayelana nokungcoliswa komoya, ukukhishwa kwegesi ye-methane emfuyweni, ikakhulukazi ezinqubweni zayo zokugaya ukudla, kunomthelela omkhulu ekukhiqizweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa komquba njengomanyolo kungaholela ekukhipheni i-ammonia namanye amagesi ayingozi emkhathini. Mayelana nokungcoliswa kwamanzi, ukugeleza okuvela emfucumfucwini yezilwane kungangcolisa imithombo yamanzi eseduze, okuholela ekwethulweni kwemisoco eyeqile njenge-nitrogen ne-phosphorus. Lokhu kungase kubangele ukuqhakaza kwe-algal okuyingozi kanye nokuncipha komoyampilo endaweni ehlala emanzini, kubangele ukulimala ezinhlanzini nakwezinye izilwane zasemanzini.
Yiziphi izinto ezingcolisa umoya ezikhishwa ukulima kwezilwane futhi zithinta kanjani izinga lomoya namanzi?
Izinto ezingcolisa kakhulu ezikhishwa ukulima kwezilwane i-ammonia, i-methane, i-nitrous oxide, namakhemikhali ahlukahlukene namagciwane. Lezi zinto ezingcolisayo zingaba nomthelela omkhulu emoyeni naseqophelweni lamanzi. I-ammonia inomthelela ekungcolisweni komoya futhi ingabangela izinkinga zokuphefumula kanye nokulimala kwe-ecosystem. I-Methane iyigesi enamandla ebamba ukushisa enomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. I-nitrous oxide nayo inomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu futhi ingaholela ekungcoleni kwamanzi ngokugeleza. Amakhemikhali avela kumanyolo kanye nomanyolo angangcolisa imithombo yamanzi, okuholela ku-eutrophication kanye nokuqhakaza kwe-algal okuyingozi. Amagciwane aphuma emfucumfucwini yezilwane angaphinde angcolise amanzi, kube yingozi empilweni yabantu. Kudingeka izindlela zokuphatha ezifanele kanye namasu okulima aqhubekayo ukuze kuncishiswe le mithelela.
Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwama-antibiotics kwezolimo kwezilwane kuyithinta kanjani impilo yabantu?
Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwama-antibiotics kwezolimo zezilwane kungaba nomthelela omubi empilweni yomuntu. Lapho izilwane zinikezwa ama-antibiotics, kungaholela ekusungulweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic ezinhlelweni zawo. Lawa magciwane angadluliselwa kubantu ngokudla inyama engcolile noma ngokuthintana ngqo nezilwane. Lokhu kungenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwelapha izifo kubantu futhi kwandise ingozi yezifo ezimelana nama-antibiotic. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic ezilwaneni kungaba nomthelela ekwandeni okuphelele kokumelana nama-antibiotic, okubeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi.
Yiziphi izingozi zezempilo ezingaba khona ezihlobene nokudla imikhiqizo yezilwane engcoliswe ukungcola okuvela kwezolimo?
Ukudla imikhiqizo yezilwane engcoliswe ukungcola okuvela kwezolimo kungaba nobungozi obuhlukahlukene bezempilo. Lokhu kungcola kungabandakanya izibulala-zinambuzane, ama-antibiotics, amahomoni, izinsimbi ezisindayo, namanye amakhemikhali. Ukuchayeka kulokhu kungcola kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nezindaba ezihlukahlukene zezempilo ezifana nengozi eyengeziwe yomdlavuza, ukuphazamiseka kwamahomoni, ukumelana nama-antibiotic, nokulimala kwezitho. Ukwengeza, ukudla imikhiqizo yezilwane evela emapulazini emboni lapho izilwane zigcwele khona futhi ngokuvamile zinikezwa izidakamizwa ezikhuthaza ukukhula nakho kungandisa ingozi yezifo ezitholakala ekudleni. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela izingozi zempilo ezingaba khona futhi senze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nemithombo yemikhiqizo yezilwane esiyisebenzisayo.
Yiziphi ezinye izinqubo ezisimeme ezingase zisetshenziswe kwezolimo zezilwane ukuze kwehliswe umthelela wazo omubi emoyeni naseqophelweni lamanzi, kanye nempilo yabantu?
Ukusebenzisa izinqubo ezisimeme kwezolimo zezilwane kungasiza ekwehliseni umthelela wazo omubi emoyeni naseqophelweni lamanzi, kanye nempilo yabantu. Eminye imikhuba ihlanganisa ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane kanye namahomoni ekudleni kwezilwane, ukwamukela izindlela zokulima eziphilayo, ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezifanele zokulawula imfucuza ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, nokusebenzisa imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. Ukwengeza, ukukhuthaza amadlelo ashintshayo kanye nezinhlelo ezisekelwe emadlelweni kungasiza ukuthuthukisa impilo yomhlabathi futhi kunciphise ukugeleza kwamanzi. Imfundo kanye nokuqwashisa ngezinqubo ezisimeme nakho kungadlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni abalimi ukuthi basebenzise lezi zinqubo futhi banciphise imithelela emibi yokulima kwezilwane.
