Ko te mahi ahuwhenua wheketere, he tikanga ahuwhenua kararehe kaha, kua roa e hono ana ki ngā āwangawanga taiao me ngā āwangawanga matatika maha, engari ko tētahi o ngā pānga tino kino, ā, e warewarehia ana ko te parahanga e puta ana i te rangi. Ko ngā mahi ahumahi whānui, e puritia ana ngā kararehe i roto i ngā āhuatanga kuiti, paru, ka puta he nui o ngā parahanga hau e whai wāhi ana ki te whakahekenga taiao, ngā raruraru hauora tūmatanui, me te huringa āhuarangi. E tūhuratia ana e tēnei tuhinga te kawenga tika o te mahi ahuwhenua wheketere mō te parahanga hau me ngā pānga whānui ki tō tātou hauora, ki te taiao, me te oranga o ngā kararehe e whai wāhi ana.
Ngā Parahanga o te Mahi Ahuwhenua o te Wheketere
I roto i ngā pāmu wheketere, arā, ngā Mahi Whāngai Kararehe Kukū (CAFO), ka nohoia e ngā mano tini kararehe i roto i ngā wāhi kuiti, ā, ka puta he nui o ngā para. He pūtake nui ēnei whare mō te parahanga o te hau, e tuku ana i ngā momo hau kino me ngā matūriki ki te āhuarangi. Ko ngā parahanga tino noa ko:
Haukinia (NH3): He hua taha o ngā paru kararehe, inā koa mai i ngā kau me ngā heihei, ka tukuna te haukinia ki te rangi mā te pakaru o te paru kararehe. Ka taea e ia te whakararuraru i ngā pūnaha manawa o ngā kararehe me ngā tāngata, ka whai wāhi ki ngā mate pēnei i te mate huango, te mate pūkahukahu, me ētahi atu mate pūkahukahu. Ina honoa te haukinia ki ētahi atu matū i te rangi, ka taea te hanga i ngā matūriki angiangi ka nui ake te kino o ngā raruraru manawa.
Te Hauhā Warowaihā (H2S): Ko tēnei hau paitini, e kiia ana he kakara rite ki ngā hua pirau, ka puta mai i te pirau o ngā mea rauropi i roto i ngā paru kararehe. He tino mōrearea ki te hauora, inā koa i roto i ngā kukū teitei. Mā te roa o te wā e pāngia ai te hauhā warowaihā ka pāngia ai te upoko, te whakapairuaki, te whanoke, tae noa ki te mate. Mō ngā kaimahi i ngā pāmu wheketere, he mōrearea tonu te pāngia ai tēnei hau.
Methane (CH4): He hau kati kōtuhi kaha te methane e whakaputaina ana e ngā kararehe, inā koa ngā kau, hei wāhanga o tā rātou tukanga nakunaku (whakapūtanga puku). Ko tēnei hau te take o te wāhanga nui o te takoha a te rāngai ahuwhenua ki te huringa āhuarangi. E 25 ngā wā ka nui ake te whai huatanga o te methane ki te hopu i te wera i roto i te āhuarangi i te hauhā waro, ā, he mea nui tōna whakaiti i te wera hei whakatika i te mahana o te ao.
Matūriki (PM2.5): He nui te puehu me ngā matūriki ka puta mai i ngā pāmu wheketere, ka taea te iri i te rangi. Ka taea e ēnei matūriki ririki, he iti iho i te 2.5 maikiromita te whānui, te uru hohonu ki roto i ngā pukahukahu ka tomo ki te toto, ka puta ai ngā mate manawa me ngā mate pūnaha toto. He ranunga ēnei matūriki o te paru maroke, te rauemi moenga, me te puehu kai.
Ngā Matū Waro Pūngāwerewere (VOC): Ko ngā VOC he matū e tukuna ana mai i ngā paru kararehe, ngā kai, me ētahi atu rauemi pāmu. Ka taea e ēnei matū te whai wāhi ki te hanganga o te ozone taumata-whenua, he wāhanga matua o te paowa. Kua honoa te pānga o te ozone ki ngā momo raruraru hauora, tae atu ki te kino o ngā pukahukahu, te ngoikore o te mahi pukahukahu, me te pikinga o te mōrearea o ngā mate manawa.
Te Pānga ki te Hauora Tūmatanui
He pānga nui tō te parahanga o te hau e puta mai ana i ngā pāmu wheketere ki te hauora o te marea. He maha ngā wā ka pāngia ngā hapori e tata ana ki ngā CAFO e ngā mate manawa me ngā mate pūnaha toto nā te roa o te pānga ki ngā parahanga e tukuna ana e ēnei whare. E ai ki te American Lung Association, ko te noho tata ki ngā pāmu wheketere kua honoa ki te pikinga o te mate huango, te mate pūkahukahu, me ētahi atu mate manawa mau tonu.
Heoi anō, ka pāngia hoki ngā taupori ngoikore e te hauwai whanariki, te haukini, me ngā matūriki pēnei i ngā tamariki, ngā kaumātua, me ngā tāngata whai mate hauora o mua. Hei tauira, ko ngā tamariki e manawa ana i te hau poke ka pāngia pea e ngā raruraru whanaketanga me te pikinga ake o te ngawari ki te pāngia e ngā mate manawa. I ētahi wāhi tuawhenua kei reira ngā pāmu wheketere, e ai ki ngā kainoho kei te pāngia rātou e te mumura o ngā kanohi, te maremare, me te ānini o te upoko nā te hau paitini.
Nga Putanga Taiao
Ehara i te mea ko te hauora o te tangata anake te mea e pā kino ana ki te mahi ahuwhenua wheketere—he nui hoki te pānga ki te taiao. Haunga te parahanga o te hau, ko ngā CAFO te take nui o te parahanga o te wai me te oneone. Ko te paru me te paru e rere ana mai i ēnei mahi ka whakapoke i ngā puna wai o te rohe, ka puta te puāwaitanga o te rimurimu, ngā rohe mate, me te horapa o ngā mate kino.
Mō te parahanga o te hau, ko te tukunga o te methane mai i ngā kararehe he āwangawanga nui mō te mahana o te ao. Tata ki te 14.5% o ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi katoa o te ao e ahu mai ana i ngā kararehe, ā, ko te nuinga o ēnei e ahu mai ana i ngā pāmu wheketere. I a te ao e tohe tonu ana ki te hiahia nui ki te whakaiti i ngā tukunga waro hei whakaiti i te huringa āhuarangi, ko te whakaiti i ngā tukunga methane mai i te ahuwhenua he taahiraa matua ki te heke mai pumau.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko te whakangaromanga nui o ngā ngahere i puta mai i ngā mahi ahuwhenua wheketere hei waihanga wāhi mō ngā kararehe me te whāngai i ngā hua ka nui ake te kino o te parahanga o te hau. He mahi nui tā ngā rākau ki te mimiti i te hauhā waro, ā, mā te whakangaromanga o ēnei rākau ka nui ake te nui o ngā hau kati kōtuhi i te āhuarangi, ka tere ake te tukanga o te huringa āhuarangi.
Te Tūranga o te Kāwanatanga me ngā Kaupapa Here: Te Whakapūmau i te Haepapa me te Tautoko i ngā Huringa Tauwhiro
He mahi nui tā ngā kāwanatanga ki te aro atu ki ngā take taiao me ngā take matatika e pā ana ki te mahi ahuwhenua wheketere. Ahakoa he mea nui ngā mahi takitahi pēnei i te tango i ngā kai tipu, mā roto i ngā huringa kaupapa here whānui me ngā tikanga whakahaere ka taea e tātou te aro atu ki ngā pūtake o te parahanga o te hau me te tukino kararehe i runga i te tauine whānui.
Ngā Ture Taiao Kaha Ake: Me whakatinana e ngā kāwanatanga ngā ture kaha ake hei whakawhāiti i te parahanga e puta mai ana i te mahi ahuwhenua wheketere. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakatakoto herenga mō ngā tukunga methane me te haukini, te whakahaere i te rerenga mai i ngā roto para, me te whakaiti i ngā matūriki e rere ana i te rangi. Mā te whakapakari i ngā kaupapa here taiao ka āwhina i te whakaiti i ngā pānga kino o te mahi ahuwhenua wheketere, e kore e pā noa ki te kounga o te hau engari ka whai wāhi atu hoki ki ngā take taiao whānui pēnei i te huringa āhuarangi me te parahanga wai.
Te Māramatanga me te Haepapa: He mea nui te māramatanga i roto i te umanga ahuwhenua kia mōhio ai kei te piri ngā pāmu wheketere ki ngā paerewa matatika me te taiao. Me tono ngā kāwanatanga kia whakaatuhia e ngā pāmu wheketere ō rātou pānga ki te taiao, ngā mahi tiaki kararehe, me ngā taumata parahanga. Mā te tuku i ēnei mōhiohio ki te marea, ka taea e ngā kaihoko te whakatau whai whakaaro mō te wāhi hei whakapau i ā rātou moni, me te pupuri i ngā kamupene kia whai kawenga mō ā rātou mahi. Hei tāpiri, me whakanui ake e ngā kāwanatanga ngā tirotirohanga o ngā pāmu wheketere kia mōhio ai kei te tutuki ngā ture taiao me te tiaki kararehe o nāianei.
Te Whakatairanga i ngā Huarahi Whakakapi-Tito: Ka taea hoki e ngā kāwanatanga te āwhina ki te whakaiti i te pānga o te ahuwhenua wheketere mā te tautoko i te whanaketanga me te urunga atu ki ngā hua rerekē mai i ngā tipu me ngā hua taiwhanga hei whakakapi i ngā hua kararehe. Mā te whakarato pūtea rangahau, tautoko, me ngā hanganga mō ngā kamupene kai tipu, ka taea e ngā kāwanatanga te āwhina ki te whakaiti i te utu me te wātea o ēnei hua rerekē. Mā tēnei ka waihanga he hihiri mō ngā kaihoko ki te neke ki ngā whiringa kai pumau, ka whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā hua ahuwhenua wheketere, ka whakaiti hoki i ngā taumata parahanga.
Ngā Mahi Ngātahi o te Ao: He take ā-ao te parahanga hau i puta mai i te mahi ahuwhenua wheketere, ā, me mahi tahi te ao ki te whakatika i tēnei. Me mahi tahi ngā kāwanatanga ki te whakatakoto i ngā paerewa taiao ā-ao mō te ahuwhenua kararehe, me te whakapuaki i ngā tikanga pai mō te whakaiti i te parahanga me te whakatairanga i te mahi ahuwhenua tauwhiro. Tērā pea kei roto i tēnei ko ngā whakaaetanga hei whakaiti i ngā tukunga mai i ngā mahi kararehe, te waihanga kaupapa here hokohoko e whakatenatena ana i te mahi ahuwhenua hoa taiao, me te whakatinana i ngā pūnaha tiwhikete ā-ao hei whakarite kia tutukihia ngā paerewa matatika puta noa i te ao.
Mā te whakatinana i ēnei kaupapa here, ka taea e ngā kāwanatanga te whakaiti i ngā kino taiao e puta mai ana i te mahi ahuwhenua wheketere, engari ka taea hoki te whakatakoto huarahi mō tētahi pūnaha kai e mau tonu ana, e matatika ana, e hauora ana hoki. Mā te mahi tahi a ngā kāwanatanga, ngā pakihi, me ngā tāngata takitahi ka taea e tātou te whakatutuki i ngā huringa pumau me te hanga i tētahi heke mai e ma ake ana, e aroha ana hoki mō te ao me ōna tāngata noho.
