Intangiriro
Mu gushaka inyungu, inganda zinyama zikunze guhuma amaso ububabare bwinyamaswa zorora no kubaga. Inyuma yubukorikori bwuzuye bwo gupakira no kwamamaza ibicuruzwa byihishe inyuma: gukoreshwa buri gihe no gufata nabi miriyari yabantu bafite imyumvire buri mwaka. Iyi nyandiko irasesengura amahame mbwirizamuco yo gushyira imbere inyungu kuruta impuhwe, gucengera ku ngaruka zishingiye ku myitwarire y’ubuhinzi bw’inganda n’inganda n’ububabare bukabije butera inyamaswa.
Inyungu-Yashizweho Icyitegererezo
Intandaro yinganda zinyama zishingiye ku nyungu zishingiye ku nyungu zishyira imbere gukora neza no gukora neza kuruta ibindi byose. Inyamaswa ntizifatwa nkibiremwa bikwiye bikwiye kugirirwa impuhwe, ahubwo nkibicuruzwa byonyine byakoreshwa mu nyungu zubukungu. Kuva mu mirima y'uruganda kugeza kubagiro, buri kintu cyose mubuzima bwabo cyakozwe muburyo bwitondewe kugirango umusaruro wiyongere kandi ugabanye ibiciro, hatitawe ku kiguzi kibatwara.
Mu gushaka inyungu nyinshi, inyamaswa zikorerwa ibintu biteye ubwoba no kuvurwa. Imirima yinganda, irangwa nubucucike bwuzuye kandi butagira isuku, ifunga inyamaswa mumagage cyangwa amakaramu magufi, bikababuza umudendezo wo kwerekana imyitwarire karemano. Imikorere isanzwe nka debeaking, docking dock, and castration ikorwa nta anesteya, itera ububabare nububabare bitari ngombwa.
Inzu zibagamo, aho abantu bagera kuri miriyoni zerekeza ku nyamaswa, nazo ntizigaragaza kimwe n’inganda zita ku kwita ku mibereho y’inyamaswa. Umuvuduko udahwema kubyara usiga umwanya muto wimpuhwe cyangwa impuhwe, kuko inyamaswa zitunganywa nkibintu gusa kumurongo. Nubwo amabwiriza asaba kwica abantu, ukuri kuragabanuka, inyamaswa zikorerwa ibintu bitangaje, bikorerwa nabi, kandi bikababara igihe kirekire mbere yurupfu.
Igiciro cyihishe cyinyama zihenze
Kwangirika kw'ibidukikije
Umusaruro w'inyama zihenze utera ingaruka zikomeye ku bidukikije, bigira uruhare mu bibazo byinshi by’ibidukikije. Imwe mumashanyarazi yibanze yo kwangiza ibidukikije ajyanye no gutanga inyama ni gutema amashyamba. Amashyamba menshi arahanagurwa kugirango habeho inzira zo kurisha no guhinga ibihingwa bikoreshwa mu kugaburira amatungo, biganisha ku kwangiza aho gutura no gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima. Gutema amashyamba ntabwo bihungabanya urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima gusa ahubwo binarekura imyuka myinshi ya dioxyde de carbone mu kirere, byongera imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Byongeye kandi, gukoresha cyane amazi nubundi buryo mukubyara inyama bikomeza kwangiza ibidukikije. Ubworozi busaba amazi menshi yo kunywa, gusukura, no kuhira imyaka y'ibiryo, bigira uruhare mu kubura amazi no kugabanuka kw'amazi. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha ifumbire n’imiti yica udukoko mu guhinga imyaka y’ibiryo byanduza ubutaka n’inzira z’amazi, biganisha ku kwangiza aho gutura no kwangirika kw’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi.
Kuzamuka kw'Ikirere
Inganda z’inyama nizo zigira uruhare runini mu ihindagurika ry’ikirere, zikaba zifite igice kinini cy’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi . Ubworozi bw'amatungo butanga metani, gaze ya parike ikomeye, binyuze muri fermentation ya enteric no kubora ifumbire. Byongeye kandi, gutema amashyamba bijyana no kwagura urwuri no guhinga ibihingwa bigaburira kurekura dioxyde de carbone ibitswe mu biti, bikagira uruhare mu kuzamuka kw’isi.
Byongeye kandi, imiterere-karemano yingufu zumusaruro winyama zinganda, hamwe no gutwara no gutunganya ibikomoka ku nyama, byongera imbaraga za karuboni. Kwishingikiriza ku bicanwa biva mu bicanwa byo gutwara no gukonjesha, hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya biva mu bigo bitunganyirizwamo ndetse n’ibagiro, bigira uruhare runini mu nganda zangiza ibidukikije kandi byongera imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Ingaruka z'ubuzima rusange
Inyama zihenze zakozwe muri sisitemu yinganda nazo zitera ingaruka zikomeye kubuzima rusange. Imiterere yuzuye kandi idafite isuku yiganje mu mirima yinganda itanga uburyo bwiza bwo gukwirakwiza indwara nka Salmonella, E. coli, na Campylobacter. Ibikomoka ku nyama byanduye birashobora gutera indwara ziterwa n’ibiribwa, biganisha ku bimenyetso biva ku bworoherane bwo mu gifu bworoheje kugeza ku ndwara zikomeye ndetse n’urupfu.
Byongeye kandi, gukoresha buri gihe antibiyotike mu bworozi bw'amatungo bigira uruhare mu kuvuka kwa bagiteri zirwanya antibiyotike, bikaba byangiza ubuzima bw'abantu. Gukoresha cyane antibiyotike mu buhinzi bw’inyamaswa byihutisha iterambere ry’imiti ya bagiteri irwanya ibiyobyabwenge, bigatuma indwara zisanzwe zigoye kuvura no kongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara zanduza antibiyotike.
Imyitwarire myiza
Ahari ikintu kibabaje cyane cyinyama zihenze ningaruka zimyitwarire yumusaruro wacyo. Sisitemu yo gutunganya inyama mu nganda ishyira imbere inyungu n’inyungu kuruta imibereho y’inyamaswa, bigatuma inyamaswa ziba mu bihe bigoye kandi byuzuyemo abantu benshi, gutemagura bisanzwe, no kwica abantu. Amatungo yororerwa ku nyama mu mirima y’uruganda akunze kugarukira mu kato gato cyangwa amakaramu yuzuyemo abantu, akanga amahirwe yo kwishora mu myitwarire karemano, kandi akababara ku mubiri no mu mutwe.
Byongeye kandi, gutwara no kubaga inyamaswa mu nganda zuzuyemo ubugome n'ubugome. Amatungo akunze gutwarwa kure mumodoka zuzuye abantu batabonye ibiryo, amazi, cyangwa ikiruhuko, biganisha kumaganya, gukomeretsa, no gupfa. Mu ibagiro, inyamaswa zikorerwa inzira ziteye ubwoba kandi zibabaza, zirimo igitangaza, ingoyi, no gutobora umuhogo, akenshi urebye izindi nyamaswa, bikarushaho kwiyongera ubwoba n’akababaro.
Abakozi bahembwa make n'inkunga y'ubuhinzi
Kwishingikiriza ku mushahara muto mu nganda z’ibiribwa ni ingaruka z’impamvu zitandukanye, zirimo igitutu cy’isoko kugira ngo ibiciro by’ibiribwa bigabanuke, kohereza abakozi mu bihugu bifite umushahara muto, no guhuriza hamwe ingufu mu masosiyete manini ashyira imbere inyungu z’inyungu kuruta imibereho myiza y’abakozi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, abakozi benshi mu nganda z’ibiribwa baharanira kwibeshaho, akenshi bakora imirimo myinshi cyangwa bashingiye ku mfashanyo rusange kugira ngo bongere amafaranga yabo.
Imwe mungero zigaragara cyane zumushahara uhembwa make kandi utoroshye mubikorwa byinganda zibiribwa usanga mubipakira inyama no gutunganya ibihingwa. Ibi bigo, biri mu bikorwa by’akaga gakomeye mu gihugu, bikoresha abakozi biganjemo abimukira n’abakozi bake bakunze kwibasirwa no gukoreshwa nabi. Abakozi bo mu bimera bipakira inyama bakunze kwihanganira amasaha menshi, gukora imirimo ivunanye, no guhura nibibazo bishobora guteza akaga, harimo imashini zikarishye, urusaku rwinshi, no guhura n’imiti na virusi.
