Kwipimisha inyamaswa bimaze igihe kinini bivugwaho rumwe, hamwe n’impungenge nyinshi ku bijyanye n’imyitwarire n’imibabaro yatewe n’inyamaswa. Ibi bizamini bikorerwa mubice bitandukanye nkubuvuzi, kwisiga, numutekano wimiti. Mu gihe bamwe bavuga ko gupima inyamaswa ari ngombwa kugira ngo habeho iterambere mu bumenyi, abandi bemeza ko bitera ingaruka mbi ku biremwa bifite imyumvire. Iyi ngingo igamije kumenya ubwoko bwipimisha inyamaswa, imibabaro irimo, hamwe n’imyitwarire ikikije imyitozo.
Ubwoko bwo Kwipimisha Inyamaswa
Kwipimisha kwisiga: Amasosiyete yo kwisiga yakoresheje amateka yo gupima inyamaswa kugirango amenye umutekano wibicuruzwa byabo. Inkwavu, ingurube, n'imbeba zikoreshwa kenshi mu kurwara uruhu, kurakara amaso, no gupima uburozi. Ibi bizamini byateguwe kugirango bipime uburyo ibicuruzwa nka shampo, amavuta yo kwisiga, hamwe na maquillage bigira ingaruka kumubiri wamaso n'amaso. Nubwo hari intambwe iganisha ku bundi buryo bwo kwipimisha, uturere tumwe na tumwe twemerera kwipimisha inyamaswa zo kwisiga.
Kwipimisha Uburozi: Ibizamini byuburozi bikorwa kugirango hamenyekane umutekano wimiti, ibiyobyabwenge, nibindi bintu. Inyamaswa zihura n’imiti itandukanye kugirango isuzume ingaruka mbi. Ibi birimo ibizamini byuburozi bukabije, aho inyamaswa zihura ninshi mubintu, akenshi bikaviramo urupfu cyangwa ingaruka zikomeye kubuzima. Ibizamini byuburozi byigihe kirekire birimo igihe kirekire cyo kwiga ingaruka ziterwa nibintu mugihe.
Kwipimisha ibya farumasi: Mbere yuko imiti mishya yemererwa gukoreshwa n'abantu, isuzumwa ku nyamaswa kugirango isuzume umutekano n’ingirakamaro. Ibi akenshi bikubiyemo ibizamini bitandukanye, uhereye kubizamini byibanze bya physiologique kugeza kubikorwa bigoye bigana indwara zabantu. Mu gihe iki kizamini kigamije kubungabunga umutekano w’abantu, cyanenzwe ku bushobozi bwacyo bwo gutera ububabare n’imibabaro ku nyamaswa, imiti myinshi ikananirwa mu bigeragezo by’abantu nubwo ifatwa nk’umutekano mu nyamaswa.
Ubushakashatsi ku ndwara no gupima genetike: Ubwoko bw'inyamaswa bukoreshwa cyane mu kwiga indwara nka kanseri, diyabete, n'indwara zifata ubwonko. Abashakashatsi bakoresha inyamaswa kugira ngo basobanukirwe n’uburyo izo ndwara ndetse no gupima uburyo bwo kuvura. Byongeye kandi, kwipimisha genetike, nkinyamaswa zahinduwe genetique, zikoreshwa mukwiga imikorere ya gene ningaruka za genes zihariye kumikurire yindwara. Mugihe ibi bizamini byagize uruhare mu iterambere rya siyansi, inyamaswa akenshi zirwara indwara zatewe cyangwa imiterere ihindagurika.
Kwipimisha Igisirikare n’imyitwarire: Rimwe na rimwe, inyamaswa zikoreshwa mu bushakashatsi bwa gisirikare, harimo no gupima ingaruka z’imiti, ibisasu, n’ibindi bikoresho byangiza. Ubushakashatsi bwimyitwarire, harimo nubwa primates cyangwa imbeba, nabwo bukorwa kugirango basobanukirwe ingaruka ziterwa nihungabana, ihahamuka, nibidukikije ku myitwarire yinyamaswa. Ibi bizamini akenshi birimo ibibazo bikomeye byumubiri na psychologiya kubinyamaswa zirimo.
Kubabazwa kw'inyamaswa
Imibabaro inyamaswa zihanganira muburyo bwo kwipimisha akenshi zirakomeye kandi ndende. Inzira bahura nazo akenshi zitera, zihahamuka, kandi zitera ububabare bukabije kumubiri no mumarangamutima. Inyamaswa nyinshi zikorerwa ibizamini bitangiza gusa ahubwo byangiza ubuzima. Izi nyamaswa zirimo imbeba, inkwavu, primates, nandi moko, zifite ihohoterwa ryinshi, kuva guterwa ibintu byuburozi kugeza kubagwa igihe kirekire, kwigunga igihe kirekire, no guhangayikishwa n’ibidukikije. Imiterere yabitswemo mubisanzwe irakaze, utitaye kumibereho yabo yo mumitekerereze cyangwa kumubiri.
Inzira zibabaza no kwipimisha
Bumwe mu buryo bukunze kubabazwa n’inyamaswa bubaho mugihe cyo gucunga ibintu byangiza. Amatungo akunze guterwa imiti cyangwa ibindi bintu bititaye kububabare butera. Kurugero, mugupima uburozi, inyamaswa zirashobora guhatirwa gufata cyangwa guhumeka ibintu byangiza, biganisha ku kwangirika kwimbere, kunanirwa kwingingo, no gupfa. Inyinshi muri izo nyamaswa zikomeza kubaho igihe kirekire kugirango zandike imibabaro yazo, zishobora kuba zirimo impiswi zikomeye, guhungabana, hamwe nububabare bukabije. Inyamaswa zimwe na zimwe zihatirwa kwihanganira ibizamini byinshi, zikagira ububabare buhoraho kandi akenshi zigahitanwa n’imvune mbere yuko ubushakashatsi burangira.
Mu bindi bizamini, inyamaswa zirashobora gukurwaho ibice byumubiri, nkibihimba, ingingo, cyangwa uruhu rwabo, nta anesteya cyangwa kugabanya ububabare bukwiye. Ibi birashobora gusiga inyamaswa mumubabaro uhoraho mugihe zikiza kubagwa. Kurugero, mugupimisha imiti, inyamaswa zirashobora gukorerwa inzira nko guhumura amaso (gukuramo ijisho) kugirango zipime ingaruka zimiti kumyerekano yabo. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ubushakashatsi bumwe na bumwe burimo kwinjiza ibintu byangiza mu maso, mu matwi, cyangwa ku ruhu rw’inyamaswa, bigatera uburakari bukabije, kwandura, no kwangirika burundu.
Kumenyekanisha Ubuzima
Guhura ninyamaswa mubihe byangiza ubuzima nikintu cyingenzi muburyo bwinshi bwo gupima inyamaswa. Mu bigeragezo bya farumasi, inyamaswa zikunze guhura nibiyobyabwenge cyangwa imiti itapimwe neza kubantu. Ibi bintu birashobora gutera ingaruka mbi zinyamaswa, biganisha ku kunanirwa kwingingo, gufatwa, kuva amaraso imbere, cyangwa no gupfa. Inyamaswa nyinshi zipfa muri ibi bizamini, rimwe na rimwe nyuma yo kubabazwa igihe kirekire. Kurugero, mugihe cyo gupima ibipimo byica, inyamaswa zikorerwa imiti myinshi yimiti kugirango hamenyekane aho ibintu byica. Ibi akenshi bivamo inyamaswa zifite ububabare bukabije mbere yurupfu rwabo.
Ku bijyanye no guhindura imiterere cyangwa ubushakashatsi ku ndwara, inyamaswa zirashobora kurwara nkana kubatera inshinge zitera indwara cyangwa guhindura genes. Izi nyamaswa zirashobora kwandura indwara nka kanseri, diyabete, cyangwa indwara zifata ubwonko mu rwego rw’ubushakashatsi, biganisha ku mibabaro igihe kirekire. Inyamaswa zikunze kwihanganira ububabare bukabije bwumubiri hamwe nihungabana ryimitekerereze kuko irwaye indwara zatewe, zishobora gufata amezi cyangwa imyaka kugirango bigaragare.
Imibabaro yo mu mutwe
Usibye ububabare bw'umubiri, inyamaswa nyinshi muri laboratoire zipimisha zifite ibibazo bikomeye byo mumitekerereze. Inyinshi mu nyamaswa zikoreshwa mubushakashatsi zigarukira mu kato gato cyangwa mu bigo bitemerera kwimuka karemano cyangwa imibanire myiza. Uku kwifungisha kuganisha ku guhangayika, guhangayika, no kwiheba mu nyamaswa, kuko akenshi zitandukanijwe n’izindi nyamaswa zo mu bwoko bwazo. Kurugero, primates, ibiremwa byimibereho cyane, birashobora guhangayikishwa namarangamutima mugihe bigumye wenyine mugihe kirekire, biganisha kumyitwarire yangiza, kwirimbisha bikabije, no kwikomeretsa.
Kubura imbaraga no kwitabwaho neza muri laboratoire birashobora kandi gutera ihungabana ryimitekerereze. Inyamaswa akenshi zamburwa ibikenerwa nkibanze nko gusabana, gukora siporo, no gukungahaza mumutwe. Uku kwigunga kuganisha ku myitwarire idasanzwe, nko kugenda inshuro nyinshi, kwirimbisha bikabije, cyangwa kwibasirwa, ibyo bikaba byerekana umubabaro ukabije. Byongeye kandi, guhora uhura nibitera ubwoba, nko kuba hariho abantu cyangwa gutegereza inzira zibabaza, bishobora kuviramo guhangayika kurambye kwinyamaswa.
Kwipimisha kwisiga: Kurakara kw'amaso, gutwika, no guhuma
Mu kwisiga kwisiga, inyamaswa, cyane cyane inkwavu, zikoreshwa kenshi mugupima umutekano wibicuruzwa nka shampo, maquillage, hamwe na cream yuruhu. Ibi bizamini bikubiyemo gukoresha ibintu byinshi kuruhu rwinyamaswa cyangwa amaso. Inkwavu zikoreshwa muri ubu buryo kuko amaso yazo ari manini, bigatuma byoroha gusuzuma ingaruka zibicuruzwa kuri bo. Ariko, ubu buryo burababaza bidasanzwe. Ibintu birashobora gutera uburakari bukabije, gutwika imiti, kandi rimwe na rimwe, ubuhumyi buhoraho. Ibizamini bikunze gukorwa nta anesteziya cyangwa kugabanya ububabare, bityo inyamaswa zikagira ububabare bukabije kuko imiti irakaza amaso, bigatuma kubyimba, ibisebe, no kwangirika kwinyama. Imibabaro irashobora kumara iminsi, kandi inyamaswa zirashobora gutangwa mugihe ibyangiritse bikabije.
Kwipimisha Uburozi: Guhura nu miti yica
Kwipimisha uburozi ni bumwe muburyo buzwi bwo gupima inyamaswa bitewe nuburyo bukabije bwibizamini birimo. Muri ubu bwoko bwo kwipimisha, inyamaswa zikoreshwa mubintu bya shimi kugirango hamenyekane ingaruka zishobora guterwa nibiyobyabwenge bishya, ibikomoka murugo, cyangwa imiti mvaruganda. Ibizamini bishobora guhatira inyamaswa gufata ibintu byinshi byangiza, guhumeka imyuka yubumara, cyangwa gukoresha imiti iteje akaga kuruhu rwabo. Ibi bizamini bikozwe kugirango hamenyekane igipimo ibintu byica, ariko umubare w’inyamaswa ukunze kwangiza. Inyamaswa nyinshi zipfa muribwo buryo, kandi izarokoka zishobora guhura n’ibibazo byubuzima burambye, nko kunanirwa kwingingo, kwangirika kwimitsi, cyangwa kubabara karande. Ibizamini birababaje cyane kuko akenshi bikubiyemo guhura nuburozi inshuro nyinshi, biganisha ku kwangiza no kubabara igihe kirekire.
Kwipimisha imiti: Kubaga, Kwandura, no Kubangamirwa
Kwipimisha imiti bikubiyemo uburyo butandukanye bubabaza, harimo kubaga, kwandura, no gukoresha imiti igerageza. Kenshi na kenshi, inyamaswa zirakorerwa kubagwa aho ingingo zavanyweho cyangwa zihindurwa muburyo bumwe. Kubaga birashobora gutera ububabare bukomeye, cyane cyane iyo bikozwe nta anesteya ikwiye. Byongeye kandi, ibizamini bimwe na bimwe bya farumasi birimo gutera indwara cyangwa indwara mu nyamaswa kugirango hamenyekane ingaruka zivurwa. Ibi bizamini ntibitera imibabaro yumubiri gusa ahubwo binashyira inyamaswa mu kaga ko gupfa bitewe ningaruka ziterwa nubuzima bwatewe.
Mu bigeragezo bimwe na bimwe bya farumasi, inyamaswa zihabwa imiti yubushakashatsi itarageragezwa kubwumutekano. Iyi miti irashobora gutera ingaruka zikomeye, zirimo kuruka, impiswi, ubunebwe, ndetse no kunanirwa kw'ingingo. Nkuko ibizamini bikunze gukorwa nta kugabanya ububabare buhagije cyangwa kubikurikirana, inyamaswa zirababara cyane, akenshi zikagira ububabare bwigihe kirekire mbere yo gutangwa.
Imyitwarire myiza: Impamvu kwipimisha inyamaswa ari bibi
Kwipimisha inyamaswa bitera impungenge zikomeye zumuco, cyane cyane kubijyanye no gutsindishirizwa kubabaza ububabare nububabare kubantu bafite imyumvire kubwinyungu zabantu. Benshi bavuga ko inyamaswa, kimwe n'abantu, zikwiye kubahwa no kugirirwa impuhwe, kuko zishobora kugira ububabare, ubwoba, n'umubabaro. Kubakorera mubigeragezo byangiza bifatwa nkibibi mu mico, gufata inyamaswa nkibikoresho gusa byintego zabantu.
Ubundi buryo bwo gupima inyamaswa
Imwe mungingo ikomeye yimyitwarire irwanya kwipimisha inyamaswa ni ukuboneka kubindi. Uburyo nko mugupima vitro , kwigana mudasobwa , hamwe na tekinoroji ya organ-chip itanga ubundi buryo bwiza, bwikiremwamuntu bwirinda kwangiza inyamaswa mugihe zitanga ibisubizo byizewe.
Imipaka yubumenyi yo gupima inyamaswa
Igeragezwa ry’inyamaswa naryo riranengwa imikorere idahwitse ya siyanse . Kubera itandukaniro ryibinyabuzima hagati yinyamaswa n’abantu, ibisubizo bivuye mu bushakashatsi bw’inyamaswa akenshi binanirwa guhindura ibisubizo byabantu. Ibi bituma kwipimisha inyamaswa bitizewe, gushidikanya kubikenewe mubushakashatsi bugezweho.
Kwimuka Kurenga Inyamaswa
Imyitwarire iboneye yo kwipimisha inyamaswa isaba ko hahindurwa uburyo bwimpuhwe, zateye imbere zubahiriza uburenganzira bwinyamaswa kandi biganisha ku bumenyi bwiza. Mugukurikiza ubundi buryo, turashobora gukomeza gutera imbere tutarinze kubabaza inyamaswa bidakenewe.
Ubundi buryo bwo gupima inyamaswa
Mu myaka yashize, habaye intambwe igaragara mugutezimbere ubundi buryo bwo gupima inyamaswa. Ubundi buryo burimo:
- Mu Kwipimisha Vitro: Uturemangingo twakuze muri laboratoire hamwe na selile birashobora gukoreshwa mugupima ingaruka zimiti nibiyobyabwenge bidakenewe inyamaswa.
- Kwerekana mudasobwa: Uburyo bwiza bwo kubara burashobora kwigana uko abantu bitabira ibiyobyabwenge, imiti, nindwara, bikagabanya ibizamini byinyamaswa.
- Inzego-kuri-Chip Ikoranabuhanga: Iri koranabuhanga rituma abashakashatsi bakura ingingo ntoya zabantu muri laboratoire, zitanga icyitegererezo cyukuri cyo gupima ibiyobyabwenge.
- Ubushakashatsi bushingiye ku bantu: Ibigeragezo bivura ukoresheje abakorerabushake b'abantu, nubwo bidafite impungenge zishingiye ku myitwarire, birashobora gutanga amakuru y'agaciro ku mutekano n'ingaruka z'ubuvuzi.
