Mu myaka yashize, soya yagiye yibera mu biganiro bijyanye no gutema amashyamba n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Uko uruhare rwayo mu mafunguro ashingiye ku bimera n’ibicuruzwa bitandukanye by’ibiribwa bigenda byiyongera, ni nako hagenzurwa ingaruka z’ibidukikije ndetse n’ingaruka ku buzima. Iyi ngingo ikemura ibibazo bikunze kubazwa kuri soya, igamije gusobanura imyumvire itari yo no guca intege ibirego bikunze gukwirakwizwa ninganda zinyama. Mugutanga amakuru nyayo nibisobanuro, turizera gutanga ibisobanuro birambuye kubyerekeye ingaruka za soya n umwanya wazo muri sisitemu y'ibiryo.
Soya ni iki?
Soya, siyanse izwi nka Glycine max, ni ubwoko bwibinyamisogwe bukomoka muri Aziya y'Uburasirazuba. Ihingwa imyaka ibihumbi n'ibihumbi kandi izwiho byinshi kandi bifite agaciro. Soya nimbuto zibi binyamisogwe kandi ni umusingi wibicuruzwa byinshi bikoreshwa mu biryo bitandukanye ndetse nimirire ku isi.
Soya irashobora gutunganyirizwa mubiribwa bitandukanye nibiyigize, buri kimwe gitanga uburyohe bwihariye hamwe nimiterere. Bimwe mubicuruzwa bya soya bikunze kuboneka harimo:
- Amata ya Soya: Ibimera bizwi cyane bishingiye ku mata y’amata, bikozwe no gushiramo, gusya, no guteka soya, hanyuma ukayungurura imvange.
- Isosi ya Soya: Ikirungo kiryoshye, gisembuye gikoreshwa cyane mu biryo byo muri Aziya, bikozwe muri soya isembuye, ingano, n'umunyu.
- Tofu: Bizwi kandi nka curd curd, tofu ikorwa muguhuza amata ya soya hanyuma ugakanda amata yavuyemo mubice bikomeye. Ihabwa agaciro kubushobozi bwayo bwo gukuramo flavours no kuyikoresha isimbuza inyama.
- Tempeh: Igicuruzwa cya soya gisembuye gifite uburyohe bukomeye hamwe nuburyohe bwintungamubiri, bikozwe no gusembura soya yatetse hamwe nuburyo bwihariye.
- Miso: Ikirungo gakondo cyabayapani gikozwe muri soya isembuye, umunyu, numuco wa koji, wakundaga kongeramo ubujyakuzimu na umami kumasahani.
- Edamame: Soya idakuze yasaruwe mbere yuko yera neza, mubisanzwe yishimiraga guhumeka cyangwa gutekwa nkibiryo cyangwa kurya.
Mu myaka mirongo itanu ishize, umusaruro wa soya wiyongereye cyane. Yiyongereye inshuro zirenga 13, igera kuri toni miliyoni 350 buri mwaka. Kugira ngo tubyerekane neza, inomero ihwanye n'uburemere bungana na miriyoni 2,3 z'ubururu, inyamaswa nini ku isi.
Iri zamuka rikabije ry'umusaruro wa soya ryerekana akamaro kayo mu buhinzi ku isi n'uruhare rwaryo mu kugaburira abaturage baguka vuba. Ubwiyongere buterwa nimpamvu nyinshi, zirimo kwiyongera kw'isoko rya poroteyine zishingiye ku bimera no gukoresha soya mu biryo by'amatungo.
Soya ni mbi kubidukikije?
Burezili, ibamo bimwe mu bidukikije bikomeye kandi byangiza ibidukikije, byahuye n’amashyamba akomeye mu myaka mike ishize. Ishyamba ryimvura rya Amazone, igishanga cya Pantanal, na savannah ya Cerrado byose byagize igihombo kinini cyo gutura aho batuye. By'umwihariko, ibice birenga 20% bya Amazone byarasenyutse, 25% bya Pantanal byarazimiye, naho 50% bya Cerrado birahanagurwa. Iri shyamba rikabije ry’amashyamba rifite ingaruka zikomeye, harimo n’uko kuba Amazone ubu isohora dioxyde de carbone kuruta uko iyikuramo, bikabije imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku isi.
Nubwo umusaruro wa soya ukunze guhuzwa nibidukikije, ni ngombwa kumva uruhare rwayo murwego rwagutse rwo gutema amashyamba. Soya ikunze guhuzwa no kwangiza ibidukikije bitewe no kuyikoresha mu kugaburira amatungo, ariko ntabwo ari yo nyirabayazana yonyine. Umushoferi wambere wamashyamba muri Berezile nukwagura urwuri rwinka zororerwa inyama.
Soya ihingwa ku bwinshi, kandi igice kinini cyiki gihingwa gikoreshwa nkibiryo byamatungo. Iyi mikoreshereze ya soya rwose ifitanye isano no gutema amashyamba mu turere tumwe na tumwe, kubera ko amashyamba yatunganijwe kugira ngo ahinge imirima ya soya. Nyamara, iki nikimwe mubibazo bigoye birimo ibintu byinshi:
- Soya yo kugaburira amatungo: Gukenera soya nkibiryo byamatungo bigira uruhare mu gutema amashyamba mu buryo butaziguye mu gushyigikira inganda z’ubworozi. Mugihe ubutaka bwinshi bwasibwe guhinga soya, kwiyongera kwibiryo bifasha kwagura umusaruro winyama, ari nako bitera amashyamba kurushaho.
- Gukoresha Ubutaka butaziguye: Nubwo guhinga soya bigira uruhare mu gutema amashyamba, ntabwo arimpamvu yonyine cyangwa yambere. Imirima myinshi ya soya yashinzwe kubutaka bwahanaguwe mbere cyangwa kubutaka bwagiye busubizwa mubindi bikorwa byubuhinzi, aho guteza amashyamba mu buryo butaziguye.
Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse muri Science Advances bugaragaza ko umushoferi wambere w’amashyamba muri Berezile ari kwagura urwuri rw’inka. Inganda z’inyama zikenera kurisha ubutaka no kugaburira ibihingwa, harimo na soya, ishinzwe kurenga 80% by’amashyamba mu gihugu. Kurandura amashyamba kurisha inka hamwe nibihingwa bifitanye isano na soya, bitera ingaruka zikomeye kubidukikije.
Umushoferi wibanze w’amashyamba no kwangiza ibidukikije yamenyekanye, kandi ahanini bituruka ku kwagura urwuri rw’inka zororerwa ku nyama. Ubu bushishozi bukomeye buradufasha gusobanukirwa ningaruka nini zo guhitamo ibiryo no gukenera byihutirwa impinduka.
Gufata Igikorwa: Imbaraga zo Guhitamo Abaguzi
Amakuru meza nuko abaguzi bagenda bafata ibintu mubiganza byabo. Mu gihe kumenya ingaruka z’ibidukikije ku nyama, amata, n’amagi bigenda byiyongera, abantu benshi bahindukirira ubundi buryo bushingiye ku bimera. Dore uko iri hinduka ritanga itandukaniro:
