Sawubona lapho, abathandi bezilwane nabangane abanolwazi! Namuhla, sizongena esihlokweni esingahle singabi mnandi kakhulu ukudingida, kepha munye obaluleke kakhulu: amapulazi efekthri. Le misebenzi enkulu ayisho nje ukukhiqiza ukudla ngezinga elikhulu - nabo badlala indima enkulu ekusakazeni izifo kanye nokulimala kwemvelo emvelweni. Ake sihlole uhlangothi olumnyama lokulima efektri nokuthi kungani kubalulekile ukubhekana nalezi zinkinga.
Ukuhanjiswa kwezifo emapulazini efektri
Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu namapulazi efektri yindlela abangaba ngayo izizathu zokuzalela izifo. Bheka lokhu: Izilwane zigcwele ngokuqinile ezikhaleni ezivalekile, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ngezifo ukusakazeka njengomlilo wasendle. Ukusondela kanye nezimo ezicindezelayo zenza buthaka amasosha abo omzimba, kubenza bathambekele kakhulu ekufeni. Lokhu, nakho, kwandisa ubungozi bokudluliselwa kwezifo phakathi kwezilwane epulazini.
Okuthusayo okwethusayo kungukusebenzisa ngokweqile ama-antibiotics emapulazini efektri. Ukuvimbela izifo ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, izilwane zivame ukugcwaliswa zigcwele ama-antibiotics. Kodwa-ke, lo mkhuba uholele ekukhuphukeni kwamagciwane alwa namagciwane, okwenza kube nzima ukwelapha izifo ezilwaneni nakubantu. Kungumjikelezo omubi obeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi.
Futhi masingakhohlwa ngezifo ze-Zoogotic - lezo zimbungulu ezimbi ezingagxuma ezilwaneni ziye kubantu. Ngezilwane eziningi kangaka endaweni eyodwa, amathuba walezi zifo asakazeka ezisebenzi zasemapulazini nasemiphakathini eseduze aphakeme kakhulu. Ibhomu lesikhathi sokuphawula esingeke sikwazi ukungakunaki.
Sifike Kanjani Lapha
Imboni yezolimo yezilwane, lapho amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zezilwane zivalelwe ezindaweni eziminyene, kwakha indawo ekahle yokusabalala kwezifo ezithathelwanayo ngokushesha. Lapho izilwane zigcinwe endaweni eseduze kangako ngaphansi kwezimo ezicindezelayo nezingezona ezemvelo, kuba lula kakhulu ngezifo ukuthi zidlule zisuka komunye ziye komunye. Nakuba izifo eziningi ezithathelwanayo zisakazeka ezilwaneni ngokwazo kuphela, ezinye zinamandla okuwelela kubantu. Lezi zifo, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-zoonoses noma izifo ze-zoonotic, zibeka engcupheni eyingqayizivele futhi engathi sína empilweni yomphakathi.
Ungase ujwayele izifo ezivamile ze-zoonotic ezifana nomkhuhlane wezingulube, i-salmonella, ne-MRSA (i-Staphylococcus aureus engamelana ne-methicillin). Lezi zifo zibonisa ukuthi amagciwane avela ezilwaneni angabathinta kanjani abantu, kwesinye isikhathi abangele ukuqubuka okusabalele noma izifo ezinzima. Ukudluliselwa kwezifo kusuka ezilwaneni kuya kubantu kuyethusa kakhulu ngoba amasosha ethu omzimba womuntu - kanye nemithi esinayo njengamanje - kungenzeka angahlonyiselwe ukubona noma ukulwa nala magciwane amanoveli ngempumelelo.
Umqedazwe we-COVID-19, obangelwa igciwane le-zoonotic, ugcizelele ukuthi umphakathi wethu womhlaba usengozini kangakanani ezifweni ezintsha ezivela emithonjeni yezilwane. Yize i-COVID-19 ibingaxhumene ngokuqondile nokulima kwezilwane ezimbonini, isebenze njengocingo olunamandla lokuvuka mayelana nezingozi ezibangelwa ama-zoonoses kanye nemiphumela engase ibe yingozi uma sihluleka ukulawula ukusabalala kwazo. Lo bhubhane ugcizelele isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuqonda kangcono izifo ze-zoonotic, ukuqinisa izinhlelo zethu zezempilo, nokusebenzisa izinyathelo ezinciphisa ubungozi bokuqubuka kwekusasa.
Empeleni, ukulima kwezilwane ezimbonini kudlala indima enkulu ekudaleni izimo ezivumayo ukuthi izifo ze-zoonotic ziqhamuke futhi zisabalale. Ukuqaphela lokhu kuxhumana kubalulekile uma sifuna ukuvikela impilo yabantu, ukuvimbela izifo eziwubhadane zesikhathi esizayo, futhi sakhe umphakathi oqinile nophephile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Imithelela Yezempilo Nemvelo Yokulima Kwasembonini
Ukulima kwasefekthri, okubuye kwaziwe ngokuthi ukulima kwezilwane ngokujulile, kunemiphumela ejulile empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo. Le ndlela yezimboni yokukhulisa izilwane iklanyelwe ukukhulisa ukukhiqiza nokusebenza kahle kodwa ngokuvamile ngezindleko ezinkulu ezinhlelweni zemvelo kanye nenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Ngezansi, sihlola imiphumela ebalulekile yezempilo nemvelo ehlobene nokulima kwasefekthri.
Imithelela Yezempilo
a. Ukusabalala Kwezifo Zoonotic
Amapulazi ezimboni enza izimo ezikahle zokuvela nokudluliselwa kwezifo ze-zoonotic—izifo ezigxuma zisuka ezilwaneni ziye kubantu. Izilwane ezinomthamo omkhulu zenza kube lula ukusabalala kwamagciwane, amanye angaguquka futhi athole amandla okuthelela abantu. Izibonelo zifaka umkhuhlane wezinyoni, umkhuhlane wezingulube, kanye namagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic afana ne-MRSA. Lezi zifo zingaholela ekuqubukeni kwendawo noma ubhubhane lomhlaba wonke, njengoba kufakazelwa nge-COVID-19.
b. Ukumelana Namagciwane
Ukusetshenziswa njalo kwemithi elwa namagciwane emapulazini emboni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula nokuvimbela izifo ezimweni eziminyene kube nomthelela omkhulu enkingeni yomhlaba wonke yokungazweli ngama-antibiotic. Amagciwane achayeke kulawa ma-antibiotics ayaguquka futhi akhule ukumelana, okwenza izifo kubantu kube nzima ukwelapheka. Lokhu kungezwani kusongela ukusebenza kwemithi esindisa impilo futhi kubangela ingozi enkulu yezempilo yomphakathi emhlabeni wonke.
c. Ukukhathazeka Ngokuphepha Kokudla
Izinqubo zokulima zasefekthri ziphakamisa kakhulu ingozi yezifo ezitholakala ekudleni ngenxa yezinto eziningi ezixhumene ezitholakala ekukhiqizeni izilwane ezimbonini. Enye yezinto eziyinhloko ezikhathazayo ukwanda kwamathuba okungcoliswa yizinambuzane ezincane ze-pathogenic ezifana ne -Salmonella , i-Escherichia coli (E. coli), ne -Campylobacter , konke okuyizimbangela eziphambili zezifo ezitholakala ekudleni emhlabeni wonke.
Emapulazini emboni, izilwane zivame ukugcinwa ezindaweni ezigcwele kakhulu futhi ezivaliwe, okwenza kube lula ukudluliswa kwamagciwane phakathi kwemfuyo. Lokhu kugcwala akugcini nje ngokugcizelela izilwane—okwenza amasosha azo omzimba abe buthakathaka futhi azenze zibe lula ezifweni—kodwa futhi kwandisa ukungcoliswa kwendle ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo. Izimo ezinjalo zakha indawo ekahle yokuba amagciwane ayingozi ande.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungakhucululwa kwendle kanye nenhlanzeko ngesikhathi sokukhuliswa kwezilwane, ukuthuthwa, kanye nezinqubo zokuhlaba kubhebhethekisa kakhulu ingozi yokungcola. Isibonelo, ukuhlanzwa okungafanele kwezindawo, izinto zokusebenza, nezimoto zokuthutha kungavumela amagciwane ukuthi aqhubeke futhi asakazeke. Ngesikhathi sokuhlatshwa nokucutshungulwa, ukungcoliswa okuphambanayo kungenzeka uma izidumbu zihlangana nendawo engcolile noma uma abasebenzi bengalandeli imigomo eqinile yenhlanzeko.
Amagciwane afana ne -Salmonella kanye ne -Campylobacter aphathelene ikakhulukazi ngoba ahlanganisa amapheshana amathumbu ezilwane eziningi zasemapulazini ngendlela engabonakali, okusho ukuthi izilwane zibonakala ziphilile kuyilapho zifukamele amagciwane athathelwanayo. Lapho la magciwane engcolisa inyama, ubisi, noma amaqanda, angabangela ukugula okukhulu kwamathumbu kubantu. -E. coli , ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ze-enterohemorrhagic ezifana ne-O157:H7, zikhiqiza ubuthi obunamandla obungabangela isifo sohudo esinegazi, i-hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), ngisho nokwehluleka kwezinso, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni, abantu abadala, kanye nabantu abangenawo amandla omzimba.
Umthelela wezifo ezitholakala ekudleni okuhlobene nokulima emafekthri mukhulu ngokomthwalo wezempilo womphakathi. Ngokwe-World Health Organization (WHO), izifo ezitholakala ekudleni zihlasela amakhulu ezigidi zabantu minyaka yonke, zibangele ukugula okuphawulekayo nokufa. Ukulaliswa esibhedlela kanye nokufa kuvame ukuvela kubantu abasengozini, njengezingane ezincane, abesifazane abakhulelwe, abantu abadala, nalabo abanamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo ezimelana nama-antibiotic zalawa magciwane ziya ngokuya zibikwa ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwama-antibiotic ekulimeni kwasefekthri. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukulashwa kanye nokululama ezifweni ezitholakala ekudleni, okuholela ekuguleni isikhathi eside, ukukhuphuka kwezindleko zokunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nezingozi eziphakeme zemiphumela emibi.
Imithelela Yemvelo
a. I-Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Ukulima kwezilwane, ikakhulukazi ukulima kwasefemini, kunomthelela omkhulu ekukhishweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa, okuhlanganisa i-methane (CH4), i-nitrous oxide (N2O), kanye ne-carbon dioxide (CO2). I-methane, ekhiqizwa ukugayeka kokudla kanye nokuphathwa komquba, inamandla ikakhulukazi ekubambeni ukushisa emkhathini. Lokhu kukhishwa kwegesi kunomthelela omkhulu ekufudumaleni komhlaba nasekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu.
b. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kanye nokusetshenziswa
Amapulazi emboni akhiqiza inqwaba yemfucuza yezilwane, evame ukuqukatha imisoco efana ne-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, amagciwane kanye nama-antibiotic. Ukulahlwa nokugeleza okungafanele okuvela emachwebeni omquba kungangcolisa amanzi angaphezulu namanzi angaphansi komhlaba, okuholela eutrophication, ukuqhakaza kwe-algal, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo yasemanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulima kwasefekthri kuwumthengi omningi wemithombo yamanzi, okwenza kube nezinkinga zokushoda kwamanzi ezifundeni eziningi.
c. Ukucekelwa phansi komhlaba kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi
Isidingo sezitshalo zokudla ezifana nesoya nommbila ukuze kuthuthukiswe amapulazi efekthri sibangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu nokuguqulwa komhlaba, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo njengamahlathi emvula ase-Amazon. Lokhu kubangela ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwezinqubo zokudliwa kwekhabhoni. Ukwengeza, amadlelo amaningi kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile komhlaba ukuze kukhiqizwe ukudla kunomthelela ekulimaleni kwenhlabathi kanye nogwadule.
Amacala okuqubuka kwezifo emapulazini efektri
Amapulazi amafekthri asehlonzwe kaningi njengezindawo okuqubuka kuzo izifo ngenxa yokuminyana kwezilwane, izimo ezicindezelayo, kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha ezifanele ezinganele. Ukuhlangana kwalezi zici kusiza ukudluliswa nokukhula ngokushesha kwama-ejenti athathelwanayo, okunye kwakho okubangele ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwezempilo kwesifunda kanye nomhlaba wonke.
Amapulazi amafekthri asehlonzwe kaningi njengezindawo okuqubuka kuzo izifo ngenxa yokuminyana kwezilwane, izimo ezicindezelayo, kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha ezifanele ezinganele. Ukuhlangana kwalezi zici kusiza ukudluliswa nokukhula ngokushesha kwama-ejenti athathelwanayo, okunye kwakho okubangele ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwezempilo kwesifunda kanye nomhlaba wonke.
1. I-Avian Influenza (Umkhuhlane Wezinyoni)
Esinye sezibonelo ezimbi kakhulu zokuqubuka kwezifo emapulazini emboni umkhuhlane wezinyoni. Ngokusho kweNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (i-WHO) kanye neNhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo (i-FAO), amagciwane e-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), afana ne-H5N1 kanye ne-H7N9, abangele ukuqubuka okuningi emapulazini ezinkukhu anamandla emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kuqubuka akuholeli nje kuphela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu komnotho ngenxa yokuqothulwa kodwa futhi kubangela usongo oluqondile lwe-zoonotic kubantu. Izimo zezindlu eziminyene emapulazini efektri zivumela ukusabalala kwegciwane ngokushesha, kuyilapho ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo zegciwane kwandisa ingozi yokutheleleka kwabantu. I-WHO isixwayise kaningi mayelana namandla obhubhane amagciwane omkhuhlane wezinyoni aqhamuka ezindaweni zamapulazi ezimboni.
2. I-Swine Influenza kanye ne-Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV)
Ukufuywa kwezingulube ngokujulile kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nokuqubuka kaningi kwamagciwane omkhuhlane wezingulube, angadlulisela kubantu ngezikhathi ezithile, njengoba kubonakala phakathi nobhadane lomkhuhlane we-H1N1 lwango-2009. ICenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ibika ukuthi amapulazi ezingulube, ikakhulukazi lawo anomoya ophansi kanye nokuminyana kwezilwane, enza kube lula ukuvela nokuvuselelwa kabusha kwamagciwane omkhuhlane, okwandisa ubungozi bokuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha. Okunye ukuqubuka okubalulekile okuxhumene namapulazi ezingulube zasefekthri igciwane lesifo sohudo sezingulube (i-PEDV), elicekele phansi inqwaba yezingulube kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Melika nase-Asia, okubangele ukulimala komnotho okusabalele.
3. I-Bovine Tuberculosis kanye ne-Brucellosis
Ukufuywa kwezinkomo emafekthri kube nomthelela ekuqubukeni kwezifo ze-zoonotic ezifana nesifo sofuba sezinkomo (bTB) kanye ne-brucellosis. Inhlangano Yomhlaba Yezempilo Yezilwane (WOAH, ngaphambili eyayiyi-OIE) ihlonza izimo eziminyene nezingahlanzekile njengezinto eziyinhloko ezithuthukisa ukudluliswa kwe- Mycobacterium bovis (i-agent eyimbangela ye-bTB) kanye -Brucella . Lezi zifo azigcini nje ngokusongela impilo yezilwane kodwa zingase zitheleleke kubantu ngokuthintana ngqo noma ngokudla imikhiqizo yobisi engagaywanga.
4. I-Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Izindawo zokulima zezimboni zikhonjwe njengezizinda zamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic afana ne-MRSA. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe kumajenali afana ne -Lancet Infectious Diseases lugqamisa ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ze-MRSA ezihambisana nemfuyo emapulazini ezimboni, ezingasakazekela kubasebenzi bamapulazi kanye nomphakathi wonkana. Ukusetshenziswa kabi kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotics ekulimeni kwasefekthri kuqashelwa kabanzi yi-WHO njengezimbangela ezinkulu zokungazweli ngamagciwane, okwenza kube nzima izinketho zokwelashwa kukho kokubili izifo zezilwane kanye nabantu.
Lezi zimo zikhombisa isidingo esibalulekile sokuguqula izindlela zokulima zasefekthri kanye nokuthuthukisa ukubhekwa kwezifo kanye nezindlela zokuphepha kwemvelo. Izifundo ezitholwe ekuqubukeni kwangaphambilini kumele ziqondise izinqubomgomo zokunciphisa ubungozi bezifo eziwumshayabhuqe ezizayo futhi zivikele impilo yomphakathi kanye nenhlalakahle yezilwane.
Imizamo yokubhekana nezinkinga
Ngokujabulisayo, kunemizamo eqhubekayo yokubhekana nezinkinga ezihambisana namapulazi efektri. Imithetho nezinqubomgomo okuhloswe ngazo ukwenza ngcono inhlala-kahle yezilwane kanye nokunciphisa umthelela wezemvelo kuyasebenza emazweni amaningi. Lezi zinyathelo zibalulekile ekubambeni amapulazi aziphendule futhi athuthukise imikhuba eqhubekayo.
Ezingeni elithile, abathengi bangenza umehluko ngokukhetha ukusekela izindlela ezizinzile zokulima. Ngokukhetha imikhiqizo etholwe ngokufanele nemvelo, singathumela umyalezo onamandla embonini. Kumayelana nokukhumbula lapho ukudla kwethu kuvela khona kanye nomthelela onakho empilweni yethu nakulo mhlaba.
Ekugcineni, uhlangothi olumnyama lokulima efektri alunakwa. Ukusakazeka kwezifo, ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, kanye nemiphumela yezomnotho kucacile izimpawu eziguqukayo zidingeka ngokuphuthumayo. Ngokukhulisa ukuqwashisa, ukusekela ezinye izindlela ezizinzile, kanye nokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi njengabathengi, singasiza ekwakheni uhlelo lokudla okunempilo nemvelo. Ake sisebenzisane sibheke ikusasa elinempilo kuzo zonke izidalwa kulo mhlaba!
Thatha Isinyathelo Ukuqeda Ukulima Kwasembonini
Ubufakazi obandayo bemiphumela elimazayo yempilo, indawo ezungezile, kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha zokulima efekthri bugcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthatha isinyathelo ngokuhlanganyela. Ukubhekana nale nselele kudinga imizamo ehlanganisiwe evela kubakhi bezinqubomgomo, ababambiqhaza bemboni, abathengi, namaqembu akhulumela ukuguqula izinhlelo zethu zokudla ziye kumamodeli aqhubekayo futhi anobuntu. Nawa amasu abalulekile okwenza ushintsho olubalulekile:
1. Ukuguqulwa Kwenqubomgomo kanye Nokulawula
Ohulumeni kumele basebenzise futhi babeke imithetho eqinile mayelana nenhlalakahle yezilwane, ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane, kanye nokungcoliswa kwemvelo okuhlobene nokulima kwasefekthri. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubeka imikhawulo ephoqelelayo ekumineni kwezilwane, ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula, kanye nokugunyaza ukuqapha okusobala kwezinqubo zokulawulwa kukadoti. Ukweseka umthetho okhuthaza ezinye izindlela zokulima ezisimeme nakho kubalulekile.
2. Ukukhuthaza Eminye Imithombo Yamaprotheni
Ukunciphisa isidingo semikhiqizo yezilwane ezifuywa efekthri ngokukhuthaza ukwamukelwa kokudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni kanye nobuchwepheshe obusafufusa njengenyama ekhulisiwe kunganciphisa kakhulu isikali sokulima kwezilwane ezimbonini. Ohulumeni nezinkampani ezizimele bangakhuthaza ucwaningo, ukuthuthukiswa, kanye nokufinyeleleka kwamanye amaprotheni ukuze awenze athengeke futhi akhange kubathengi.
3. Ukuqwashisa Abathengi kanye Nokumela
Abathengi abanolwazi banamandla amakhulu okuthonya amandla emakethe. Imikhankaso yokufundisa umphakathi mayelana nomthelela wokulima kwasefekthri kanye nezinzuzo zokukhetha ukudla okusimeme kungashintsha ukuziphatha kwabathengi. Ukweseka izinhlelo zokulebula njengokuthi "inhlalakahle yezilwane eqinisekisiwe" noma "ayikho imithi elwa namagciwane" kusiza abathengi ukuthi benze izinqumo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo.
4. Ukuqinisa Ukubhekwa Nokucwaninga Komhlaba Wonke
Ukutshala izimali ezinhlelweni zokuqapha ukuze kutholakale izifo ezisafufusa ze-zoonotic kusenesikhathi kanye nokucwaninga ngezimali mayelana nezixhumanisi phakathi kwemikhuba yokulima nempilo yomphakathi kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni. Ukusebenzisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ngezinhlangano ezifana ne-WHO, i-FAO, ne-WOAH kungenza kube lula ukwabelana ngolwazi nezimpendulo eziqondiwe ezinsongweni ze-zoonotic.
