Ukulima efektri, indlela ethuthukile nenqwaba yokukhulisa izilwane ukukhiqizwa kokudla, sekuyinto ebalulekile yemvelo. Inqubo yezilwane ezikhiqiza ngobuningi zokudla ayikhuphuki kuphela imibuzo yokuziphatha ngenhlalonhle yezilwane kodwa futhi inomthelela omubi emhlabeni. Nawa amaqiniso ayi-11 abalulekile mayelana namapulazi efektri kanye nemiphumela yawo yezemvelo:
Ukukhishwa kwegesi okungu-1- enkulu
Amapulazi efektri angomunye wabanikeli abaholayo ekukhuphukeni kwegesi Greenhouse Greenhouse, ekhulula amanani amakhulu we-methane ne-nitrous oxide emkhathini. Lawa magesi anamandla amakhulu kune-carbon dioxide endimeni yawo ekushiseni komhlaba, nge-methane eneminyaka engaba ngu-28 ephumelela kakhudlwana ekushiseni ukushisa kweminyaka engu-100, futhi i-nitrous oxide cishe ama-298 amahlandla angama-298. Umthombo oyinhloko wokuphuma kwe-methane ezokulima efektri uqhamuka ezilwaneni ezivuselelayo, njengezinkomo, izimvu nezimbuzi, ezikhiqiza inqwaba ye-methane ngesikhathi sokugaya ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Entermentation. Le methane yabe isidedelwa emkhathini ngokuyinhloko ngokusebenzisa i-Belching's.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-nitrous oxide ukugcwala kokusetshenziswa komanyolo wokwenziwa, oqashwe kakhulu ukukhulisa ukondla kwezilwane okudliwa yilezi zilwane ezifuywayo ezifuywayo. I-nitrogen kula manyolo ixhumana nenhlabathi nama-microorganisms, ikhiqiza i-nitrous oxide, eyayikhishwe emoyeni. Isilinganiso sezimboni sokulima ifektri, ehlanganiswe nenani elikhulu lokuphakelayo okudingekayo ukuze kuxhaswe le misebenzi, kwenza umkhakha wezolimo ungenye yemithombo emikhulu ye-nitrous oxide ukuphuma.
Umthelela wale minyaka yonke emvelweni awunakweqiwa. Njengoba amapulazi efektri anda futhi akhuphuke, ngakho-ke nawo iqhaza lakhe ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Ngenkathi imizamo yomuntu ngamunye yokunciphisa ama-carbon footprints ingagxila emandleni nasekuthuthweni kwezolimo - ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezolimo - ikakhulukazi ezolimo - kuboniswe ukuthi zingenye yezingcindezi ezibaluleke kakhulu zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, iqiniso elivame ukunganakwa ezingxoxweni ezibanzi zezemvelo. Isilinganiso esinamandla sokukhiqizwa kwemfuyo, amanani amakhulu okuphakelayo adingekayo, futhi imfucumfucu ekhishwe amapulazi efekthri yenza lo mkhakha waba umdlali omkhulu kwizinkinga zokufudumala zomhlaba wonke.
2- Ukuhlukaniswa kwamahlathi kokudla kwezilwane
Isidingo semikhiqizo yezilwane, efana nenyama, ubisi namaqanda, kungumshayeli omkhulu wokuqothulwa kwamahlathi emhlabeni wonke. Njengoba inani lomhlaba wonke likhula namaphethini okudla, isidingo sokuphakelwa kwezilwane - ngokuyinhloko i-soy, ummbila, nezinye izinto ezisanhlamvu - sekwenziwe ngenhla. Ukuhlangabezana nalesi sidingo, izindawo ezinkulu zamahlathi zisulwa ukwenza indawo yokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezilinganiswe yizimboni. Ikakhulu, izifunda ezinjengehlathi lemvula lase-Amazon ziye zashaywa kanzima ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi ukukhulisa i-soya, okuningi kwale kusetshenziswa njengokudla kwezilwane ngemfuyo.
Imiphumela yezemvelo yalokhu kugawulwa kwamahlathi kuyinto enkulu futhi ifinyelela kude. Amahlathi, ikakhulukazi amahlathi emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo, agrication ukuze alondoloze izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni jikelele. Banikeza ikhaya ngezinhlobo ezingenakubalwa, eziningi zazo ezikhona futhi zatholakala kwenye indawo emhlabeni. Lapho la mahlathi esulwa ukwenza indlela yezilimo, izinhlobo eziningi zilahlekelwa izindawo zazo, okuholela ekwehleni kokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo akugcini nje ngokusongela izinhlobo zomuntu ngazinye kodwa futhi kuphazamisa ukulinganisela okubucayi kwawo wonke ama-ecosystems, okuthinta yonke into kusuka ekuphileni kwezitshalo kuya kuma-pollinators.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amahlathi adlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlukaniseni kwekhabhoni. Izihlahla zidonsa futhi zigcine amanani amakhulu e-carbon dioxide, elinye lamagesi okugcina ukushisa okuqala ukushayela kwesimo sezulu. Lapho amahlathi ebhujiswa, hhayi kuphela ukuthi lo mthamo wokugcina wekhabhoni olahlekile, kepha ikhabhoni eyayikade igcinwe ezihlahleni idedelwa emuva emkhathini, yandisa ukufudumala komhlaba. Le nqubo maqondana namahlathi ashisayo afana ne-Amazon, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "amaphaphu omhlaba," ngenxa yamakhono abo amakhulu okuthola i-CO2.
Ukuvunyelwa komhlaba wokuphakelwa kwezilwane sekube ngomunye wabashayeli abaholayo bokuqothulwa kwamahlathi omhlaba. Ngokusho kwezinye izilinganiso, ingxenye ebalulekile yokugawulwa kwamahlathi ezindaweni ezishisayo ixhumene ngqo nokwanda kwezolimo ukukhulisa izilimo zokuphakelayo zemfuyo. Njengoba inyama nezimboni zenyama nezilwane ziyaqhubeka nokwanda ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokufunwa okukhulayo, ingcindezi emahlathini iyaqina. Ezifundeni ezinjenge-Amazon, lokhu kuholele emazingeni asabekayo wokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ngezincwadi ezinkulu zehlathi lemvula zisulwa unyaka ngamunye.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okungu-3
Amapulazi efektri anesibopho sokungcoliswa kwamanzi okubalulekile ngenxa ye-List Goint of Animal Meachity abakhiqizayo. Imfuyo enjengezinkomo, izingulube nezinkukhu ikhiqiza umquba omkhulu, okuthi, lapho engalawulwanga kahle, angangcolisa imifula eseduze, amachibi kanye namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Kwezinye izimo, imfucumfucu igcinwa kumachibi amakhulu, kepha lokhu kungachichima kalula noma ukuvuza, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sezimvula ezinamandla. Lapho lokhu kwenzeka, amakhemikhali ayingozi, ama-pathogen, kanye nezakhi zomzimba ezifana ne-nitrogen ne-phosphorus kusuka kumquba zingena emithonjeni yamanzi, zithinta kakhulu imvelo yendawo.
Enye yemiphumela ephathelene ne-runoff yale mbumbulu. Le nqubo yenzeka lapho izakhamzimba eziningi - zivame ukuvela kumanyolo noma imfucumfucu yezilwane - ziqongelela imizimba yamanzi. Lezi zakhi zokudla zikhuthaza ukukhula okusheshayo kwe-algae, eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-algal blooms. Ngenkathi i-algae iyingxenye yemvelo yemvelo yemvelo yasemanzini, okugcwala ngokweqile okubangelwa izakhamzimba ngokweqile kuholela ekunciphiseni komoya-mpilo emanzini. Njengoba i-algae iyafa futhi ibolile, umoya-mpilo udliwa ngamagciwane, ushiya i-hypoxic yamanzi, noma umoya-mpilo. Lokhu kudala "izindawo ezifile" lapho impilo yasemanzini, kufaka phakathi nenhlanzi, ayikwazi ukusinda.
Umthelela we-eutrophication e-aquatic ecosystems uyamangalisa. Ukudangala komoya-mpilo kulimaza izinhlanzi kanye nezinye impilo yasolwandle, ukuphazamisa iketanga lokudla kanye nokudala umonakalo wesikhathi eside wemvelo. Izinhlobo ezincike emazingeni we-oxygen enempilo, njengama-inquatic invertebrates nezinhlanzi, imvamisa zingokuqala ukuhlupheka, ezinye izinhlobo ezibhekene nezingxabano zabantu noma ukuqothulwa kwabantu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi angcolile angathinta abantu babantu. Imiphakathi eminingi ithembele emanzini amasha avela emifuleni nasemachibini okuphuza, ukunisela, kanye nemisebenzi yokuzijabulisa. Lapho le mithombo yamanzi ingcoliswa yi-runoff yepulazi efektri, akugcini nje ngokusongela impilo yezilwane zasendle zasendaweni kodwa futhi ibeka phansi ukuphepha kokuphuza kwamanzi okuphuza. Amagciwane namagciwane ayingozi, njenge-E. Coli, angasakazeka emanzini angcolisiwe, abeka engcupheni impilo yomphakathi. Njengoba ukungcoliswa sekusakazeka, amasistimu wezokwelapha amanzi aqhakaza ukususa zonke izinto eziyingozi, okuholela ezindlekweni eziphakeme kanye nezingozi ezingaba khona zempilo yabantu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamzimba eziningi emanzini, ikakhulukazi i-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, zingaholela ekwakhekeni kwama-algal blooms anobuthi akhiqiza ubuthi obuyingozi, owaziwa ngokuthi ama-cyanotoxins, angathinta izilwane zasendle nabantu. Lawabuthi obuthi angangcolisa ukuphuza amanzi, okuholela ekukhathazekeni kwezempilo okufana nokugula kwesisu, ukulimala kwesibindi nezinkinga zezinzwa kulabo abadla noma bahlangane noma bahlangane namanzi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okungu-4
Umkhakha we-Livestock ungomunye wabathengi abakhulu bemithombo yamanzi amasha, namapulazi efektri anikela kakhulu ekusweleni kwamanzi emhlabeni jikelele. Ukukhiqiza inyama, ikakhulukazi inyama yenkomo, kudinga amanani amanzi amangalisa. Isibonelo, kuthatha cishe amalitha amanzi acishe abe ngu-1,800 ukukhiqiza iphawundi elilodwa lenkomo. Lo msebenzi omkhulu wamanzi ngokuyinhloko uqhutshwa ngamanzi adingekayo ukukhulisa okuphakelayo kwezilwane, okunjengommbila, soya kanye ne-alfalfa. Lezi zilimo ngokwazo zidinga amanani amaningi amanzi, lapho, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona namanzi asetshenziselwa ukuphuza izilwane, ukuhlanza, nokucubungula, kwenza ukulima efektri kube yimboni ebabazekayo emkhakheni wamanzi.
Ezifundeni esivele zibhekene nokuswelakala kwamanzi, umthelela wokulima efektri emithonjeni yamanzi amasha angaba namandla. Amapulazi amaningi efektri atholakala ezindaweni lapho ukufinyelela amanzi ahlanzekile kunqunyelwe noma lapho ithebula lamanzi selivele licindezelwe ngenxa yesomiso, okufunwa kakhulu, kanye nezidingo zezolimo. Njengoba amanzi amaningi aphambukiswa ukuze anisela izilimo zokuphakelwa kwezilwane futhi anikeze amanzi emfuyweni, imiphakathi yasendaweni kanye nemvelo yemvelo ishiywe ngezinsizakusebenza ezimbalwa ukuze zisekele.
Kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, izindlela zokulima efektri zikhulise ukucindezelwa kwamanzi, kubangele ukushoda kwamanzi kubo bobabili abantu nezilwane zasendle. Ukudangala kwezinsizakusebenza zamanzi amasha kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu. Isibonelo, imiphakathi ethembele emifuleni yasendaweni nakumanzi aphansi komhlaba ingahle ibhekane nokuncishiswa kwamanzi okuphuza, ukulima kanye nokuthuthwa kwendle. Lokhu kungangezelela ukuncintisana kwamanzi asele, okuholela ezingxabanweni, ukungazinzi kwezomnotho kanye nezinkinga zezempilo zomphakathi.
Imithelela yezemvelo iphathelene ngokulinganayo. Njengoba imifula, amachibi, namazinga wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba awela ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngokweqile ngamapulazi efektri, imvelo yemvelo efana namaxhaphozi, amahlathi, kanye nama-grassland ahlupheka. Izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane ezincike kulezi zinhlaka zemvelo zokusinda zisongelwa ngokulahleka kwezinsiza zamanzi. Kwezinye izimo, zonke izindawo zokuhlala zingabhujiswa, ziholele ekunciphiseni izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuwa kwamaketanga okudla kwasendaweni.
Ngokwengeziwe, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngokweqile ngamapulazi efektri kunomthelela ekuwohlokeni kwenhlabathi kanye nokuchithwa kogwadule. Ezindaweni lapho ukuchelela kuncike kakhulu ekukhuliseni izilimo zokuphakelayo, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamanzi kungaholela ekuthambisaneni kwenhlabathi, okwenza kube kungavundile kangako futhi kungakwazi ukusekela impilo yezitshalo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kungaholela ekutheni umhlaba ube ungakhiqizi futhi ungakwazi ukusekela ukulima, ukukhulisa izingcindezi ezinhlelweni zezolimo ezivele zigcizelelwe.
Umnyango wamanzi wezolimo efektri udlulela kude kakhulu nemfuyo uqobo. Kuwo wonke amaphawundi enyama akhiqizwayo, amanzi asetshenziselwa izilimo zokuphakelayo kanye nezindleko ezihambisana nezemvelo ziya ngokuya zibonakala. Emhlabeni obhekene nezinkinga ezikhulayo ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, isomiso kanye nokushoda kwamanzi, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okungagcineki, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okungagcineki ekulimaleni kwefekthri kuba yinkinga ephuthumayo.
5- Ukuwohloka kwenhlabathi
Ukugcwala ngokweqile kukamanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye nezinambuzane ezitshalweni ezitshalwe ngokudla kwezilwane, okunjengommbila, i-soy kanye ne-alfalfa, kudlala indima enkulu ekunciphiseni impilo yenhlabathi. Lawa makhemikhali, ngenkathi esebenza ngempumelelo ekwandeni kwezilimo ngesikhashana esifushane, yiba nemiphumela emibi yesikhathi eside ngekhwalithi yenhlabathi. Umanyolo, ikakhulukazi labo abanothile e-nitrogen nase phosphorus, bangaguqula ukulinganisela kwezenhlalo emhlabathini, okwenza kuncike ekufakweni kokwenziwa ukuze kugcinwe ukukhula kwezitshalo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuholela ekulahlekelweni kokuzala kwenhlabathi, okwenza kube nzima ukuba kube nzima ukuba kuxhaswe impilo yezitshalo ezinempilo ngaphandle kokusebenza okukhulayo kwamakhemikhali.
Ama-Pesticides asetshenziswa ezitshalweni zokuphakelayo futhi abe nemiphumela elimazayo emikhakheni yenhlabathi. Abagcini nje ngokubulala izinambuzane eziyingozi kepha futhi zilimaza izinambuzane ezizuzisayo, ama-virobes, kanye nama-argarworms, abalulekile ukuze kugcinwe inhlabathi enempilo, ekhiqizayo. Izidalwa zenhlabathi zidlala indima ebalulekile ekunciphiseni udaba lwe-organic, ngcono ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, nokusiza ukuhamba ngempukane kwezakhi. Lapho lezi zinto eziphilayo zibulawa, inhlabathi ingena kancane ukugcina umswakama, ithele kancane, futhi inqume kancane ekucindezelekeni kwezemvelo.
Ngaphezu kokufakwa kwamakhemikhali, ukulima efektri nakho kunomthelela ekuguguleni kwenhlabathi ngokugqashuka. Izindawo ezikhethekile ezisetshenziselwa izilwane ezifuywe efektri ezinjengezinkomo, izimvu nezimbuzi zivame ukuholela ekuqothulweni kwe-pasterelland. Lapho izilwane zidla njalo noma zikhule kakhulu, zigaya izimila ezivela enhlabathini, zishiya zingenalutho futhi zisengozini yokuguguleka komoya nokuguguleka kwamanzi. Ngaphandle kwesembozo sesitshalo esinempilo ukuvikela inhlabathi, ingaphezulu lihlanzwa ngesikhathi semvula noma ukushaywa umoya, okuholela ekwehlisweni kwenhlabathi nokukhiqiza.
Ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kuyinkinga enkulu, ngoba kungaholela ekulahlekelweni yi-topsoil ephezulu evundile edingekayo ukuze kukhule izilimo. Le nqubo ayigcini nje ngokunciphisa amandla ezolimo emhlabeni kepha futhi yandisa amathuba okuthola ukulahlwa, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezivele zitholakala ngesomiso kanye nokuwohloka komhlaba. Ukulahleka kwe-topsoil kungahumusha umhlaba ongakhiqizi, ukuphoqelela abalimi ukuthi bathembele ezenzweni ezingaphephile njengokugcina kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali angeziwe ukuze kugcinwe izivuno.
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotics
Ukugcwala ngokweqile kwemithi elwa namagciwane efektri sekusenye yezinto ezikhathazayo ezibaluleke kakhulu zezempilo yomphakathi zesikhathi sanamuhla. Ama-antibiotic asetshenziswa kabanzi kwezolimo zezilwane ezimbonini, hhayi kuphela ukwelapha ukugula kodwa futhi ukuvikela izifo ezilwaneni ezikhuliswe ezindaweni ezigcwele futhi ezingezinhle. Emapulazini amaningi efektri, izilwane zihlala ekuvalweni okusondelene negumbi elincane ukuhambisa, zivame ukuholela ekucindezelekeni nasekusakazekeni kwezifo. Ukunciphisa ubungozi bokuqubuka kwezifo, ama-antibiotic angezwa njalo ekudleni kwezilwane, noma ngabe izilwane zingaguli. Le mishanguzo nayo isetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukukhula okusheshayo, okuvumela imfuyo ukufinyelela isisindo semakethe ngokushesha, inzuzo eyandayo yabakhiqizi.
Umphumela walokhu kusetshenziswa kokusakazeka nokungakhethi kwemithi elwa namagciwane ukuthuthukiswa kwamagciwane alwa namagciwane. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ama-bacteria avikeleke kuma-antibiotic akhule ngokwengeziwe nemiphumela yale mishanguzo, edala "ama-superbugs" okunzima ukwelapha. Lawa ma-bacterium amelana nawo angasakazeka hhayi kuphela phakathi kwezilwane kodwa futhi engena emvelweni, emithonjeni yamanzi, kanye nokudla. Lapho ama-bacterium amelana nawo enza izifo zabantu, angadala ukuthi izifo ezinzima noma zingenakwenzeka ukwelapha ngemithi elwa namagciwane, okuholela ekutheni isibhedlela isikhathi eside, nezindlela zokwelapha eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, kanye namazinga okufa akhuphukayo.
Lokhu kusongelwa okukhulayo kokumelana nama-antibiotic akugcini epulazini. Amagciwane amelana nokumelana angasakazeka emapulazini efektri aye emiphakathini ezungezile emoyeni emoyeni, emanzini, ngisho nangomsebenzi ophatha izilwane. Ukubaleka okuvela emapulazini asefekthri, i-Ladn ngemfucuza yezilwane, kungangcolisa imithombo yamanzi eseduze, ukuthwala amagciwane amelana nawo emifuleni, amachibi, kanye nolwandle. Lawa magciwane angaphikelela emvelweni, ukungena ecaleni lokudla kanye nokubeka engcupheni impilo yabantu.
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotics efemini efektri akuyona nje inkinga yendawo; Kuyinkinga yezempilo yomphakathi yomphakathi emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokusho kweWorld Health Organisation (WHO), ukumelana nama-antibiotic kungenye yezinsongo ezinkulu zempilo yomhlaba, ukuphepha kokudla kanye nentuthuko. I-United Nations ikuxwayisile lokho, ngaphandle kwezenzo, umhlaba ungabhekana nekusasa lapho izifo ezivamile, ukuhlinzwa kanye nokwelashwa kwezifo ezingamahlalakhona ziba yingozi ngokwengeziwe ngenxa yokuntuleka kwama-antibiotics asebenzayo.
E-United States kuphela, abantu abalinganiselwa ku-23,000 bafa unyaka nonyaka ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane alwa namagciwane, futhi izigidi ziye zathinteka ngenxa yokwelashwa okude noma esibhedlela. Inkinga yenziwa yaba yimbi kakhulu iqiniso lokuthi ama-antibiotic asetshenziswa kwezolimo imvamisa yibo abajwayele ukwelapha izifo zabantu, okusho ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana nezilwane kusongela ngqo impilo yabantu.
7- Ukulahleka Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Ukulima efektri kunomthelela omkhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile, ngokusebenzisa imikhuba esongela imvelo nezilwane zasendle. Enye yezindlela eziyisisekelo zokulima ifektri inomthelela ekulahlekelweni kwezinto eziphilayo ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezifana nehlathi lemvula lase-Amazon, lapho izindawo ezinkulu zehlathi zisulwa ukwenza indawo yezilimo zemfuyo ezinjengesosi kanye nommbila. Ukubhujiswa kwalawa mahlathi kuqeda izindawo zokuhlala ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane, eziningi zazo sezivele zisengozini noma zisengozini. Njengoba lezi zinhlaka zemvelo zibhujiswa, izinhlobo ezincike kubo ziyaxoshwa, kanti ezinye ziqothulwa.
Ngaphandle kokuqothulwa kwamahlathi, ukulima efektri kukhuthaza indlela ye-monoculture kwezolimo, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizweni kokudla kwezilwane. Ukondla izigidigidi zemfuyo eziphakanyisiwe unyaka nonyaka, amapulazi amakhulu akhulisa izilimo ezahlukahlukene ngobuningi bezitshalo, njenge-soy, ummbila, nokolweni. Lolu hlelo olunzulu lwezolimo lunciphisa ukwehlukahlukana kwalofuzo ngaphakathi kwalezi zilimo, kubenza bathambekele ngokwengeziwe ezinambuzaneni, izifo, kanye nokushintsha izimo zemvelo. Ngokwengeziwe, ama-monocultures ezitshalo zokuphakelwa kwezilwane angalimaza inhlabathi yenhlabathi nezinsizakusebenza zamanzi, ukuphazamisa imvelo ngokuqhubekayo.
Ezinhlelweni zokulima efektri, okugxilwe kuyo kuvame ukuzalela izinhlobo ezimbalwa ezikhethiwe zezilwane zokukhiqizwa kwabantu abaningi. Isibonelo, imboni yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano ibeka njalo uhlobo olulodwa noma ezimbili zezinkukhu, futhi okufanayo kuyiqiniso kwezinye izinhlobo zemfuyo ezinjengezinkomo, izingulube kanye nama-turkeys. Lezi zilwane zibaliwe ngenxa yezimpawu ezithile, njengokukhula ngokushesha kanye namanani aphezulu okukhiqiza, ngezindleko zokuhlukahluka kofuzo ngaphakathi kwabantu bemfuyo. Leli nto yezakhi zofuzo elinganiselwe lenza lezi zilwane zisengozini enkulu yokuqubuka kwezifo futhi kunciphise ikhono lalezi zinhlobo ukuze zivumelane nezimo zemvelo.
Ukugxila ekukhiqizeni okuvumayo okuphezulu nakho kuholela ekuhlaziyiseleni kwezindawo zemvelo kanye nemvelo. Amaxhaphozi, utshani, amahlathi, nezinye izindawo ezibalulekile ziguqulwa zaba amapulazi efektri noma umhlaba wokudla okukhulayo, okubuye kunciphise ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo. Njengoba izindawo zemvelo zibhujiswa, izilwane nezitshalo ezincike kulezi zindawo ukuze zisinde zibhekene nengozi yokuqothulwa. Izinhlobo ezake zakhula ezi-ecosystems ezahlukahlukene nezilinganiselayo ziphoqelelwa ukuba ziphikiswe ngezindawo ezihlukanisiwe, ukungcoliswa, kanye nomncintiswano ovela ezilwaneni zasemapulazini ezifuywayo.
Ukulahleka kwezinto eziphilayo akuyona inkinga nje yezilwane zasendle; Kuphinde kube nomthelela kubantu bantu. I-Ecosystems enempilo ihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezibucayi njengokuhlanzeka, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi, kanye nokulawulwa kwesimo sezulu. Lapho ukuncipha kwezinto eziphilayo kulahlekile, lezi zinsizakalo ziphazamiseka, okuholela ekutheni okunye ukucekelwa phansi kwezemvelo okungathinta ukuphepha kokudla, impilo yabantu kanye nokuqina kwemithombo yezemvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zokulima efektri zivame ukusebenzisa ama-pesticides, ama-herbicides, namanye amakhemikhali alimaza ama-ecosystem azungezile. Lawa makhemikhali angangcolisa inhlabathi, amanzi, nomoya, ethinta zombili izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ukulawula izinambuzane ezitshalweni zokuphakelwa kwezilwane kungalimaza izinambuzane ezizuzisayo, njengezinyosi kanye nezinyosi, ezibalulekile ekungcoleni. Lapho laba bavoti abalulekile bebulawa, kuthinta yonke iketanga lokudla, kunciphisa ukwehluka kwezitshalo nezilimo ezitholakala kubantu nasezilwaneni zasendle.
Amapulazi efektri nawo anikela ngokudotshwa ngokweqile kwezilwandle nemifula, okwengeziwe kokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Isibonelo, imboni ye-Aquacaulture, enyukela izinhlanzi ezimweni ezivalekile ezifana namapulazi efektri, iholele ekunciphiseni kwezihlanzi zasendle ngenxa yokufaka ngokweqile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuphakelayo kwezinhlanzi ezisetshenziswe e-aquaculture kuvame ukuqukethe izinhlanzi ezenziwe ngenhlanzi enezinto zasendle, kubeka ezinye izinhlobo ezindabeni zemvelo yasolwandle.
Ukungcoliswa komoya
Amapulazi efektri ababambiqhaza abakhulu ekungcoleni komoya, ededela amagesi ayingozi kanye nezinkinga ezingena emkhathini obeka ubungozi obukhulu kuzo zombili impilo yabantu neyenyama. Omunye wabangcoli abayinhloko okhishwe amapulazi efektri yi-ammonia, ekhiqizwa imfucumfucu yezilwane, kufaka umchamo kanye nezindunduma. Lapho ekhishwa emoyeni, i-ammonia ingahlangana nokunye ukungcoliswa, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezinkinga ezinhle (PM2.5) okukuncane ngokwanele ukuba kufakwe emanzini ajulile emaphashini. Lolu daba olunenhlambana oluhle luxhumene nezinkinga ezahlukahlukene zokuphefumula, kufaka phakathi i-asthma, i-bronchitis, nezinye izifo zamaphaphu ezingapheli, futhi ziyingozi ikakhulukazi kubantu abasengozini njengezingane, asebekhulile, nabantu abanezimo zezempilo zangaphambi.
Okunye ukungcoliswa okukhulu okukhiqizwe amapulazi efekthri yi-methane, igesi enamandla yokubulala abamba ukushisa enomthelela ekushiseni komhlaba. IMethane ikhishwa yimfuyo, ikakhulukazi izintentu ezinjengezinkomo, izimvu nezimbuzi, ngesikhathi sokugaya njengengxenye yenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Entermentation. Ngenkathi i-methane ingukukhiqizwa okungokwemvelo kokugaya kulezi zilwane, ukuvalelwa kwezilwane ezinkulu ezindaweni zasefekthri kukhulisa inani le-methane elikhishwe emkhathini. I-Methane inethuba eliphakeme kakhulu lokufudumala kune-carbon dioxide, okwenza kube ngumshayeli obalulekile wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Amapulazi efektri akhipha nezinhlobonhlobo zezifo ezibhekene nomoya, kufaka phakathi uthuli kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezivela embhedeni wezilwane nokudla. Lezi zinhlayiya zingaba moya ezindiza, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuphatha nokuhamba kokudla, kanye nangesikhathi sokuhlanza nokulahla imfucuza. Ukuphefumula kwalezi zinhlayiya kungadala izingqinamba zokuphefumula zesikhashana nezesikhathi eside, kufaka phakathi ukwanda kwezifo zamaphaphu ezikhona njenge-emphysema nesifo sama-pulmonema nesiqalo esingama-pulmonary. Lokhu kungcola nakho kungafaka isandla ekwakhekeni kwe-SMOG, edicilela phansi ikhwalithi yomoya futhi kubeka engcupheni yempilo ejwayelekile kubo bobabili abantu nasezilwaneni ezindaweni ezizungezile.
Imiphumela yokungcoliswa komoya okuvela emapulazini efektri yandisa ngaphezu kwempilo yabantu. Ikhwalithi yomoya engeyinhle nayo ingalimaza izilwane zasendle kanye nemfuyo ngokudala usizi lokuphefumula, ukunciphisa ukusebenza komzimba, nokukhulisa ukuthambekela kwezifo. Izilwane ezihlala emapulazini aphansi noma eziseduzane, njengezinyoni zasendle, izinambuzane kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, zingathola imiphumela emibi yezempilo ngenxa yokuvezwa kokungcoliswa kwezimpova ezinjenge-ammonia, i-methane, kanye nezinkinga. Imfuyo evalelwe emapulazini efektri, okwamanje, ingahlushwa ukunqwabelana kwamagesi anobuthi ezindaweni zawo eziphilayo, efaka isandla ekucindezelekeni kwawo kanye nokungaphatheki kahle.
Umthelela wokungcoliswa komoya ovela emapulazini efekthri akagciniwe emiphakathini yasendaweni. Lokhu kuphuma kungahamba amabanga amade, kuthinta ikhwalithi yomoya emadolobheni angumakhelwane, emadolobheni, ngisho nazo zonke izifunda. Udaba lwama-airborne olwalulwa umoya kanye namagesi akhiqizwa amapulazi efektri angadonsela phambili ngaphezulu kwendawo eseduze yendawo, efaka isandla kunkinga yokungcoliswa komoya ebanzi. Lokhu kwenza amapulazi efektri hhayi kuphela endawo kodwa futhi nenkinga yezemvelo emhlabeni jikelele.
9- ukukhulisa ukukhishwa kwegesi okuluhlaza okhulayo kusuka ekukhiqizeni okuphakelayo
Umthelela wezemvelo wezolimo efektri ufinyelela ngaphezu kwezilwane ngokwazo, ngokukhiqizwa kokudla kwezilwane edlala indima enkulu ekwandiseni ukuphuma kwegesi abamba ukushisa. Ukukhiqizwa okuphakelayo, okubandakanya ukukhulisa izilimo eziphakeme ezinjenge-corn, soya, nokolweni ukuze kuxhaswe imfuyo, kudinga amandla amakhulu, umanyolo, kanye nokubulala izinambuzane, konke okunomthelela ekulimaleni kwekhabhoni.
Okokuqala, umanyolo osetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa izivuno zezitshalo ezikhipha amanani amakhulu we-nitrous oxide (N2O), igesi egugile enamandla. I-nitrous oxide icishe ibe ngama-300 amahlandla angama-300 ekushiseni ukushisa emkhathini kune-carbon dioxide, okwenza kube yinto ebucayi ekushiseni komhlaba. Ngokwengeziwe, ukusetshenziswa kwezinambuzane zokwenziwa ukulawula izinambuzane nezifo ekukhiqizweni okuphezulu okuphezulu futhi kwakha ukuphuma kwamagesi abamba ukushisa. Lawa makhemikhali adinga amandla okukhiqiza, ezokuhamba, kanye nesicelo, angezelela umthwalo wemvelo wezolimo efektri.
Enye into ebalulekile efaka isandla ekuphumeni kwamagesi abamba ukushisa kusuka ekukhiqizeni okuphakelayo ukusetshenziswa kwemishini esindayo. Ogandaganda, amakhuba, kanye nabavuni, abaxhaswe yizinhlekisa ama-fossil, zibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo ezinkulu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kwale mishini engeza amanani athile e-carbon dioxide emkhathini. Isimo sezolimo esinamandla sezolimo sanamuhla sisho ukuthi, njengoba ukufunwa kwemikhiqizo yezilwane kukhuphuka, ngakho-ke isidingo sophethiloli namandla ukukhiqiza okuphakelayo kwezilwane okudingekayo, okuholele ekukhuleni kwamagesi abamba ukushisa abamba ukushisa emhlabeni.
Ngaphezu kokukhishwa okuqondile kusuka kumanyolo, ama-pesticides, kanye nemishini, isilinganiselo sokulima ama-monoculture sokuphakelwa kwemfuyo nakho kukhulisa inkinga yezemvelo. Ama-monocultures amakhulu wezitshalo ezinjenge-corn ne-soy zithambekele kakhulu ekuwohlokeni kwenhlabathi, njengoba bekhipha izakhamzimba emhlabathini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukunxephezela lokhu kwehlisa lokhu, abalimi bavame ukuncika kumanyolo wamakhemikhali ukuze balondoloze izivuno zezilimo, banikela ngokwengeziwe ekukhishweni kwamagesi abamba ukushisa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi sidingo esingaguquki somanyolo sokwenziwa kanye nezinambuzane zigcwala impilo yenhlabathi, zinciphise ikhono lomhlaba lokuthola i-sequester carbon kanye nokunciphisa umkhiqizo wawo wezolimo jikelele.
Isidingo salezi zilimo okuphakelayo futhi siholela ekusetshenzisweni ngokweqile kwezinsizakusebenza zamanzi. Izilimo ezinjengommbila nosoya zidinga inani elikhulu lamanzi ukuze likhule, futhi indawo yokukhiqiza amanzi okukhiqiza ukudla kwezilwane ezifuywayo efektri iyakhululeka. Lokhu kubeka ingcindezi enkulu emithonjeni yendawo yamanzi acwebezelayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezivele zibhekene namanzi. Ukudangala kwezinsizakusebenza zamanzi zokukhiqiza okuphakelayo kuhlanganisa nemithelela yemvelo yokulima efektri, okwenza lonke uhlelo alunakuvikeleki.
Izilimo ze-monoculture, ezisetshenziselwa cishe kuphela ukudla kwezilwane, futhi zinomthelela ekulahlekelweni kwezinto eziphilayo. Lapho kususwa amapheshana amakhulu omhlaba ngokukhiqiza ukondla, kubhujiswa imvelo yemvelo, futhi izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane zilahlekelwa izindawo zazo. Lokhu kulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunciphisa ukuqina kwemvelo, kubenze bakwazi ukukwazi ukubhekana nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, izifo, kanye nokunye ukucindezelwa kwemvelo. Ukuguqulwa kwezindawo ezihlukene ezindaweni eziphikisanayo zezitshalo ezifanayo zibonisa ukuguqulwa okuyisisekelo kwemvelo, okufaka isandla ekuhlazisweni okuphelele kwemvelo.
Ukuncika kukaphethiloli okungu-10- foossil
Amapulazi efektri athembele kakhulu kumafutha e-fossil, adlala indima ebalulekile kuyo yonke inqubo yezolimo zezilwane ezisezingeni eliphansi. Ukusuka ekuthuthweni kokuphakelayo ukudonsa izilwane kuma-hlaba ama-hlaza, amafutha okugcwala adingekayo ukuze uhlelo lusebenze kahle. Lokhu kusetshenziswa okubanzi kwemithombo yamandla engabonakali kudala indawo enkulu yekhabhoni futhi kunomthelela omkhulu ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu, kanye nokuncipha kwemithombo yemvelo ebalulekile.
Enye yezindlela eziphambili lapho amapulazi emboni ancike khona kumafutha e-fossil esebenzisa izinto zokuhamba. Okuphakelayo, okuvame ukukhula ezindaweni ezikude, kufanele zihanjiswe emapulazini asefekthri, kudinga amaphethelo amakhulu amaloli amaloli, izitimela, nezinye izimoto. Ezimweni eziningi, amapulazi efektri atholakala ezifundeni ezikude, ngakho-ke ukuthutha izilwane kuma-hlaba ama-hlaza noma inqubo yokucubungula iba yinqubo ebizayo neye-petros. Ukuhamba ibanga elide lezilwane nokondla kukhiqiza ukuphuma okubalulekile kwe-carbon dioxide (CO2) ukuphuma, okungumshayeli osemqoka wokushisa komhlaba.
Ngokwengeziwe, ukukhiqizwa kokuphakela ngokwaso kuncike kakhulu kumafutha eminzi. Ukusuka ekusebenzeni kogandaganda bese ulima emasimini ekusetshenzisweni kwemishini enamandla yamafutha ezigayisani ama-grain kanye nokudla izitshalo, amandla adingekayo ukukhiqiza okuphakelayo kwezilwane kukhulu. Ama-Fessil Fuels nawo asetshenziswa ekwenziweni komanyolo wokwenziwa, ama-pesticides, nokunye okufakwayo kwezolimo, konke okubuye kube nomthelela ezinyangeni zemvelo zokulima efektri.
Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa okuqondile kwe-fossil fuels yokuhamba kanye nokukhiqizwa kokudla, ukusebenza kwezindawo zasefekthri ngokwakho kuncike emandleni avela emafulethini. Inani elikhulu lezilwane ezigcinwe ezikhaleni ezivalekile lidinga umoya omncane, ukufudumeza kanye nezinhlelo zokupholisa ukuze zilondoloze izimo ezidingekayo. Le nqubo ebanzi yamandla ivame ukuncika kumalahle, uwoyela, noma igesi yemvelo, enye yengezwa ekuthembekeni komkhakha ezisetshenziswayo ezingabonakali.
Ukuthembela kuma-fossil fuels for fektri ukulima kunomthelela ophukile ekunciphiseni kwezinsizakusebenza zomhlaba wonke. Njengoba ukufunwa kwemikhiqizo yezilwane kukhuphuka, ngakho-ke isidingo samandla amaningi, izinto zokuhamba eziningi, kanye nokukhiqizwa okuphakelayo okuthe xaxa, konke okuncike emafutheni amancane. Lo mjikelezo awugcini nje ngokukhulisa umonakalo owenziwe yi-Factory Farming kodwa futhi unikela ekusweleni kwezinsizakusebenza, okwenza kube nzima ukuthola imiphakathi ukufinyelela amandla ashibhile nemithombo yezemvelo.
11- Umthelela wesimo sezulu kwezolimo zezilwane
Ezolimo Zezilwane, ikakhulukazi ukulima efektri, kudlala indima enkulu kunhlekelele yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele, kufaka isandla cishe ku -14.5% wokukhishwa kwegesi okuphelele , ngokusho kwenhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene (i-FAO) . Lesi sibalo esimangazayo sibeka imboni phakathi kwabaxhasi abakhulu ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, abamba iqhaza kweminye imikhakha ephakeme njengokuhamba. Umthelela wesimo sezulu wezolimo zezilwane uqhutshwa yimithombo eminingi yokuphuma kwegesi abamba ukushisa, kufaka phakathi ukubolekwa kwegesi (izinqubo zokugaya ezilwaneni ezivuthayo), ukuphathwa komquba , kanye nokukhiqizwa kokudla kwezilwane .
I-EnterIC Fermentation kanye nokukhishwa kwe-methane
Umthelela wokuqala ekuphumeni kwamagesi abamba ukushisa eqenjini lezilwane ukubulawa kwezilwane , inqubo yokugaya ukudla okwenzeka eziswini zezilwane ezivuselelayo njengezinkomo, izimvu nezimbuzi. Ngale nqubo, amagciwane aphula ukudla, akhiqize i-methane (ch4) , igesi ebamba ukushisa enamandla anezikhathi ezingama-28 ezihlabelayo ezihlabelayo ezingama-28 zingaphezu kwe-carbon dioxide (CO2) esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyi-100. IMethane ikhishwa lapho izilwane zishayelwa izilwane, zifaka isandla kakhulu ekuphumeni okuphelele komkhakha. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ukugaya imfuyo kuphela ama-akhawunti amaningi okukhishwa kwezolimo kwezilwane, ukunciphisa ukuphuma kwe-methane embonini kungukugxila kwesimo sezulu.
Ukuphathwa komquba kanye nokukhishwa kwe-oxide ye-nitrous oxide
Omunye umthombo obalulekile wokuphuma kokulima efekthri ukuphathwa komquba . Amapulazi amakhulu akhiqiza inani elikhulu lokungcola kwezilwane, okuvame ukugcinwa ezindaweni ezinamachibi noma emigodini. Njengoba umquba ubolile, ukhipha i-nitrous oxide (n2o) , igesi ebamba ukushisa okulingana nezikhathi ezingama-300 ezinamandla kakhulu kune-carbon dioxide . Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo wokwenziwa ukukhulisa okuphakelayo kwezilwane nakho kunomthelela ekukhishweni kwe-nitrous oxide, kukhulisa okunye umthelela wezemvelo wokulima ifektri. Ukuphathwa okufanele kwemfucuza yezilwane, kufaka phakathi bokubuyiselwa kwemibambiso kanye , kungasiza ukunciphisa lokhu kukhishwa.
Ukukhiqizwa kokudla kwezilwane kanye noshintsho lokusetshenziswa komhlaba
Ukukhiqizwa kokuphakelwa kwezilwane kungenye into enkulu yokushayela umshayeli omkhulu we-greenhouse ephuma efektri efektri. Amanani amakhulu omhlaba asulwa ukukhulisa izilimo ezinjengommbila , ama -soya , ne -alfalfa ukondla imfuyo. Lokhu kuqothulwa kwamahlathi kuholela ekukhishweni kwekhabhoni egciniwe ezihlahleni, kukhuphula okunye ukwandisa i-carbon footprint. Ngokwengeziwe, ukusetshenziswa okukhulu komanyolo kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ukukhulisa izilimo zokuphakelayo zidinga inani elikhulu lamandla kanye nama-fossil fuels, okunezela ekuphumeni okuhambisana nokulima efektri. Isidingo semali enkulu yokuphakelayo futhi sishayela isidingo somkhakha wamanzi nasemhlabeni , sikhulisa futhi umthwalo wemvelo wezolimo zezilwane .
Iqhaza Lemboni Yokulima Ekuguqukeni Kwesimo Sezulu
Uhlobo olunzulu lokulima ifektri luphakamisa lokhu kukhishwa, ngoba kufaka phakathi ukukhiqizwa kwemfuyo ephezulu kwezikhala ezivalekile. Emapulazini efektri, izilwane zivame ukugcinwa ezimweni ezigcwele kakhulu, eziholela ekuphumeni kwama-methane aphezulu ngenxa yokugaya kwengcindezi nokugaya okungasebenzi kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amapulazi efektri avame ukuthembela ezinhlelweni zokuphakelwa kwezimboni ezidinga amanani amakhulu ezinsizakusebenza, kufaka phakathi amandla, amanzi, nomhlaba. Isilinganiso esinamahloni kanye nokuhlushwa kwemisebenzi yokulima efektri kubenza babe nomthombo omkhulu wokuphuma kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu , okufaka isandla kakhulu enkingeni yesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele .
Ukulima efektri akuyona nje inkinga yokuziphatha okuhle kodwa futhi kusongo olukhulu lwemvelo. Imithelela efinyelela kude yalolu hlelo - isukela kuma-greenhouse igesi ephumayo kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi ekungcoleni kwamanzi kanye nokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokushesha. Njengoba izwe libhekene nezinselelo ezikhulayo njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuncipha kwezinsiza, kanye nokuwohloka kwemvelo, ukuguqukela ekunciphiseni kwezolimo nokuncipha kokulima efektri akukaze kube lube nzima kakhulu. Ngokuxhasa ukudla okususelwa kwizitshalo, ukukhuthaza izindlela zokulima ezizinzile, kanye nokuxhasa izinqubomgomo zemvelo, singanciphisa imiphumela elimazayo yokulima ifektri futhi siqinisekise ikusasa elinempilo, elizinzile ngokwengeziwe ezizukulwaneni ezizinzile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
