Umbono wokuthi izinhlanzi ziyizidalwa ezingenandaba, ezingakwazi ukuzwa ubuhlungu, sekuyisikhathi eside zakha imikhuba yokudoba kanye nokufuya izinhlanzi. Kodwa-ke, izifundo zesayensi zakamuva ziphikisana nalo mbono, zinikeza ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda bokuthi izinhlanzi zinezindlela zemizwa kanye nokuziphatha ezidingekayo ukuze zizwe ubuhlungu. Lokhu kwembulwa kusiphoqa ukuthi sibhekane nemiphumela yokuziphatha yokudoba kwezentengiselwano, ukudoba ngokudoba ngokuzijabulisa, kanye nokufuya izinhlanzi, izimboni ezifaka isandla ekuhluphekeni kwezigidigidi zezinhlanzi minyaka yonke.
Isayensi Yobuhlungu Bezinhlanzi
Ubufakazi Bezinzwa
Izinhlanzi zinama-nociceptor, okuyizinzwa ezikhethekile ezithola izinto eziyingozi noma ezingase zibe yingozi, ezifana nalezo ezitholakala ezincelisayo. Lawa ma-nociceptor ayingxenye ebalulekile yesimiso sezinzwa sezinhlanzi futhi ayakwazi ukubona izinto eziyingozi ngomshini, ngokushisa, nangamakhemikhali. Izifundo eziningi zinikeze ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda bokuthi izinhlanzi zisabela ekulimaleni ngokomzimba ngempendulo yomzimba neyokuziphatha ekhombisa ukuqonda ubuhlungu. Isibonelo, ucwaningo oluhilela i-rainbow trout lwembule ukuthi lapho zivezwa ezintweni eziyingozi njenge-acid noma amazinga okushisa ashisayo, izinhlanzi zibonise ukwanda kwamazinga e-cortisol—okubonisa ukucindezeleka nobuhlungu—kanye nezinguquko eziphawulekayo zokuziphatha. Lezi zimpendulo zokuziphatha zifaka phakathi ukuhlikihla indawo ethintekile ezindaweni noma ukubhukuda ngokungahleliwe, ukuziphatha okuhambisana nokucindezeleka kanye nokuzama ngamabomu ukunciphisa ukungakhululeki. Ukuba khona kwalezi zimpawu zokucindezeleka kusekela kakhulu impikiswano yokuthi izinhlanzi zinezindlela zezinzwa ezidingekayo ukuze zizwe ubuhlungu.
Izinkomba Zokuziphatha
Ngaphezu kobufakazi bomzimba, izinhlanzi zibonisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuziphatha eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinikeza ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngekhono lazo lokubona ubuhlungu. Ngemva kokulimala noma ukuchayeka ezintweni eziyingozi, izinhlanzi zivame ukukhombisa ukwehla kokudla, ukwanda kokudinwa, kanye namazinga aphezulu okuphefumula, konke okuyizimpawu eziphawulekayo zokungakhululeki noma ukucindezeleka. Lezi zindlela zokuziphatha ezishintshiwe zidlula izenzo ezilula zokuzivumelanisa nezimo, okuphakamisa ukuthi izinhlanzi zingase zibe nokuqaphela ubuhlungu kunokuba ziphendule nje ekushukumiseni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo ezihilela imithi yokunciphisa ubuhlungu—njenge-morphine—zibonise ukuthi izinhlanzi eziphathwe ngemithi yokuqeda ubuhlungu zibuyela ekuziphatheni kwazo okuvamile, njengokuqhubeka nokudla nokubonisa izimpawu ezincishisiwe zokucindezeleka. Lokhu kululama kugcizelela ngokwengeziwe isimangalo sokuthi izinhlanzi, njengezinye izilwane eziningi ezinomgogodla, ziyakwazi ukuzwa ubuhlungu ngendlela efana nezilwane ezincelisayo.
Ngokubambisana, ubufakazi bezinzwa kanye nokuziphatha busekela isiphetho sokuthi izinhlanzi zinezindlela ezidingekayo zebhayoloji zokubona nokusabela ebuhlungwini, ziphonsela inselelo umbono osephelelwe yisikhathi wokuthi zimane ziyizinto eziphilayo eziqhutshwa yi-reflex.
Ubufakazi Bobuhlungu Nokwesaba Ezinhlanzini: Umzimba Okhulayo Wocwaningo Uphonsela Inselelo Imibono Yakudala
Ucwaningo olushicilelwe kumagazini i-Applied Animal Behaviour Science lwembule ukuthi izinhlanzi ezivezwa ekushiseni okubuhlungu zibonisa izimpawu zokwesaba nokwesaba, okugcizelela umqondo wokuthi izinhlanzi azigcini nje ngokuzwa ubuhlungu kodwa futhi ziyakhumbula. Lolu cwaningo oluqavile lunegalelo ekwandeni kobufakazi obuphonsela inselelo imibono yesikhathi eside mayelana nezinhlanzi kanye nekhono lazo lokubona ubuhlungu.
Olunye ucwaningo olubalulekile olwenziwe abacwaningi e-Queen's University eBelfast lubonise ukuthi izinhlanzi, njengezinye izilwane, ziyakwazi ukufunda ukugwema ubuhlungu. URebecca Dunlop, usosayensi ohamba phambili kulolu cwaningo, uchaze wathi, “Leli phepha libonisa ukuthi ukugwema ubuhlungu ezinhlanzini akubonakali kuyimpendulo ephindaphindayo, kunalokho kuyimpendulo efundwayo, ekhunjulwayo, futhi evunyelaniswe nezimo ezahlukene. Ngakho-ke, uma izinhlanzi zingabona ubuhlungu, khona-ke ukudoba ngezinhlanzi akukwazi ukuqhubeka kubhekwa njengomdlalo ongewona owonya.” Lokhu okutholakele kuphakamise imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nokuziphatha kokudoba ngezinhlanzi, okuphakamisa ukuthi imikhuba eyayicatshangwa ukuthi ayinangozi ingabangela ukuhlupheka okukhulu.
Ngokufanayo, abacwaningi eNyuvesi yaseGuelph eCanada benze ucwaningo olwaphetha ngokuthi izinhlanzi zizwa ukwesaba lapho zixoshwa, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukusabela kwazo kudlula ukusabela okulula. UDkt. Duncan, umcwaningi oholayo, uthe, “Izinhlanzi ziyesaba futhi … zikhetha ukungesabi,” egcizelela ukuthi izinhlanzi, njengezinye izilwane, zibonisa izimpendulo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokomzwelo. Lokhu okutholakele akugcini nje ngokuphonsela inselelo umbono wezinhlanzi njengezidalwa eziqhutshwa ngokwemvelo kodwa futhi kugcizelela ikhono lazo lokwesaba kanye nesifiso sokugwema izimo ezicindezelayo, kugcizelela kakhulu isidingo sokucabangela inhlalakahle yazo engokomzwelo neyengqondo.
Embikweni ka-2014, iKomidi Lezenhlalakahle Yezilwane Zasepulazini (i-FAWC), okuyinhlangano eyelulekayo kuhulumeni waseBrithani, liqinisekisile ukuthi, “Izinhlanzi ziyakwazi ukubona nokusabela ezivuselelweni eziyingozi, futhi i-FAWC isekela ukuvumelana okwandayo kwesayensi kokuthi zizwa ubuhlungu.” Lesi sitatimende sihambisana nocwaningo olukhulayo olubonisa ukuthi izinhlanzi zinekhono lokubona izivuseleli eziyingozi, ziphonsela inselelo imibono yakudala ebilokhu yenqaba izinhlanzi ikhono lobuhlungu. Ngokuqaphela ukuthi izinhlanzi zingazwa ubuhlungu, i-FAWC ijoyine umphakathi wesayensi obanzi ekubizeni ukuthi kuhlolwe kabusha indlela esiphatha ngayo lezi zilwane zasemanzini, kokubili ocwaningweni lwesayensi kanye nemisebenzi yabantu yansuku zonke.
UDkt. Culum Brown waseMacquarie University, owabukeza amaphepha ocwaningo acishe abe ngu-200 ngamakhono okuqonda ezinhlanzi kanye nemizwa yazo, uphakamisa ukuthi ukucindezeleka izinhlanzi ezibhekana nakho lapho zikhishwa emanzini kungase kudlule ukuminza komuntu, njengoba zibekezelela ukufa isikhathi eside, kancane kancane ngenxa yokungakwazi kwazo ukuphefumula. Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuphatha izinhlanzi ngobuntu.
Ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lwakhe, uDkt. Culum Brown uphetha ngokuthi izinhlanzi, njengoba ziyizidalwa eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengqondo nangokokuziphatha, azikwazi ukusinda ngaphandle kokuzwa ubuhlungu. Uphinde agcizelele ukuthi izinga lonya abantu abalifaka ezinhlanzini liyamangaza ngempela.
Unya Lokudoba Ngezentengiselwano
Ukubanjwa Kwezinhlanzi Okungafanele kanye Nokudoba Ngokweqile
Imikhuba yokudoba ngezohwebo, njengokudoba ngamatshe kanye nokudoba ngamatshe amade, ayinabo ubuntu futhi ibangela ukuhlupheka okukhulu ezimpilweni zasolwandle. Ekudobeni ngamatshe, amanetha amakhulu adonswa phansi kolwandle, ebamba konke okusendleleni yawo ngokungakhethi, okuhlanganisa izinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, kanye nezinhlobo zasolwandle ezisengozini. Ukudoba ngamatshe amade, lapho izingwegwe ezinesicupho zifakwa khona emigqeni emikhulu ende ibanga elide, kuvame ukubamba izinhlobo ezingezona ezihlosiwe, okuhlanganisa izinyoni zasolwandle, izimfudu, noshaka. Izinhlanzi ezibanjwe ngalezi zindlela zivame ukucindezelwa isikhathi eside noma ukulimala okukhulu ngokomzimba. Indaba yokubanjwa ngengozi —ukubanjwa kwezinhlobo ezingahlosiwe—yenza lolu nya lube lubi, okuholela ekufeni okungadingekile kwezigidi zezilwane zasolwandle minyaka yonke. Lezi zinhlobo ezingahlosiwe, okuhlanganisa izinhlanzi ezisencane kanye nezilwane zasolwandle ezisengozini, zivame ukulahlwa zifile noma zife, okwandisa kakhulu umthelela omubi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle.
Imikhuba Yokubulala
Ukubulawa kwezinhlanzi ezibanjwe ukuze zidliwe ngabantu kuvame ukuhilela imikhuba engeyona eyobuntu. Ngokungafani nezilwane zasemhlabeni ezingase zibhekane nezinqubo ezimangalisayo noma ezinye izindlela zokunciphisa ubuhlungu, izinhlanzi zivame ukuhlatshwa, zikhishwe igazi, noma zishiywe ziphefumula zisesezingqondweni. Le nqubo ingahlala imizuzu embalwa kuya emahoreni alinganayo, kuye ngohlobo kanye nezimo. Isibonelo, izinhlanzi eziningi zivame ukukhishwa emanzini, amagili azo ephefumula umoya, ngaphambi kokuba zilimale kakhulu. Uma kungekho ukuqondiswa okuqhubekayo kwemithetho, lezi zinqubo zingaba nonya olukhulu, njengoba zinganaki ikhono lezinhlanzi lokuhlupheka kanye nokucindezeleka kwezinto eziphilayo ezibhekana nakho. Ukuntuleka kwezindlela ezijwayelekile nezinobuntu zokuhlatshwa kwezinhlanzi kugcizelela ukunganakwa okubanzi kwenhlalakahle yazo, naphezu kokuqashelwa okwandayo kwesidingo sokuphathwa ngendlela efanele kwazo zonke izidalwa eziphilile.
Ndawonye, le mikhuba ibonisa izinselele ezibalulekile zokuziphatha kanye nezemvelo ezibangelwa ukudoba ngebhizinisi, okudinga ukunakwa okukhulu kwezinye izindlela eziqhubekayo nezinobuntu embonini.
Ukukhathazeka Ngokuziphatha Ekufuyeni Izinhlanzi
Ukuminyana kanye nokucindezeleka
Ukufuya izinhlanzi, noma ukufuya izinhlanzi emanzini, kungenye yemikhakha ekhula ngokushesha embonini yokudla yomhlaba wonke, kodwa kugcwele ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngokuziphatha. Ezindaweni eziningi zokufuya izinhlanzi emanzini, izinhlanzi zigcinwa emathangini noma ezibayeni ezigcwele kakhulu, okuholela ezinkingeni ezahlukahlukene zezempilo nenhlalakahle. Ubuningi bezinhlanzi kulezi zindawo ezivalekile kudala indawo yokucindezeleka okuqhubekayo, lapho ulaka phakathi kwabantu luvame khona, futhi izinhlanzi zivame ukuphendukela ekuzilimazeni noma ekulimaleni njengoba zincintisana ngendawo nezinsiza. Lokhu kugcwala kwenza izinhlanzi zibe sengozini enkulu yokuqubuka kwezifo, njengoba amagciwane asakazeka ngokushesha ezimweni ezinjalo. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic namakhemikhali ukuphatha lokhu kuqubuka kwenza izinkinga zokuziphatha zibe zimbi kakhulu, njengoba ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwalezi zinto kungagcini nje ngokubeka impilo yezinhlanzi engozini kodwa kungaholela ekumelaneni nama-antibiotic, ekugcineni kube yingozi empilweni yabantu. Lezi zimo ziqokomisa unya olungokwemvelo lwezinhlelo zokulima izinhlanzi eziqinile, lapho inhlalakahle yezilwane isengozini ukuze kwandiswe ukukhiqizwa.
Ukuvuna Okungebona Ubuntu
Izindlela zokuvuna ezisetshenziswa ekufuyweni kwezinhlanzi zivame ukwengeza olunye uhla lonya embonini. Amasu avamile ahilela ukushaya izinhlanzi ngogesi noma ukuzibeka endaweni ephezulu yekhabhoni dioksijini. Zombili lezi zindlela zihloselwe ukwenza izinhlanzi zingabi naso isicaba ngaphambi kokuhlatshwa, kodwa izifundo zibonisa ukuthi zivame ukungasebenzi kahle. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlanzi zivame ukubhekana nokucindezeleka isikhathi eside nokuhlupheka ngaphambi kokufa. Inqubo yokushaya izinhlanzi ngogesi ingahluleka ukubangela ukulahlekelwa ingqondo okufanele, ishiye izinhlanzi ziqaphile futhi zizwe ubuhlungu ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlatshwa. Ngokufanayo, ukuchayeka kukhabhoni dioksijini kungabangela ukungakhululeki okukhulu nokucindezeleka, njengoba izinhlanzi zilwela ukuphefumula endaweni lapho umoya-mpilo unciphile khona. Ukuntuleka kwezindlela zokuhlaba ezihambisanayo nezithembekile zezinhlanzi ezifuywayo kuyaqhubeka nokuba yinto ekhathazayo kakhulu ekufuyweni kwezinhlanzi, njengoba le mikhuba ihluleka ukuchaza ikhono lezinhlanzi lokuhlupheka.
Lokho ongakwenza
Sicela ushiye izinhlanzi emafolokweni akho. Njengoba sibonile ngobufakazi besayensi obukhulayo, izinhlanzi akuzona izidalwa ezingenangqondo ezazicatshangwa ukuthi azinamizwa nobuhlungu. Zibhekana nokwesaba, ukucindezeleka, nokuhlupheka ngezindlela ezijulile, njengezinye izilwane. Unya olubangelwa zona, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngemikhuba yokudoba noma ukugcinwa ezindaweni ezivalelwe, aludingeki nje kuphela kodwa futhi alunabuntu obukhulu. Ukukhetha indlela yokuphila esekelwe ezitshalweni, okuhlanganisa nokuba yi-vegan, kuyindlela enamandla yokuyeka ukufaka isandla kulokhu kulimala.
Ngokwamukela ukudla imifino kuphela, senza isinqumo esiqondile sokuphila ngendlela enciphisa ukuhlupheka kwazo zonke izidalwa eziphilile, okuhlanganisa nezinhlanzi. Ezinye izindlela ezisekelwe ezitshalweni zinikeza izinketho ezimnandi nezinempilo ngaphandle kwezinkinga zokuziphatha ezihambisana nokuxhashazwa kwezilwane. Kuyithuba lokuvumelanisa izenzo zethu nozwela nenhlonipho ngokuphila, okusivumela ukuthi senze izinqumo ezivikela inhlalakahle yezidalwa zomhlaba.
Ukushintshela ekubeni yi-veganism akukhona nje ukudla esikudlayo; kumayelana nokuthatha umthwalo wemfanelo ngomthelela esinawo emhlabeni osizungezile. Ngokushiya izinhlanzi emafolokweni ethu, silwela ikusasa lapho zonke izilwane, ezinkulu noma ezincane, ziphathwa ngomusa eziwufanele. Funda ukuthi ungadla kanjani i-vegan namuhla, bese ujoyina umkhankaso oya ezweni elinozwela kakhulu nelizinzile.
