Emkhakheni omkhulu wemboni yezilwane, izinhlobo ezithile zezilwane ngokuvamile zihlala zingabonwa naphezu kweqhaza lazo elikhulu. Phakathi kwalezi zilwane ezinganakiwe kukhona izintshe, izinyoni ezinde ezidume ngejubane elimangalisayo nokubukeka kwazo okuyingqayizivele. Nakuba izintshe ngokwesiko zihlotshaniswa nama-savanna ase-Afrika, nazo zithole indawo ezimbonini zesikhumba nenyama emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa-ke, indima yabo kule mikhakha ngokuvamile ayibonwa, okuholela ecaleni elimangalisayo lemidondoshiya ekhohliwe.
Izintshe – inyoni endala kunazo zonke emhlabeni
Uhambo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezintshe luwubufakazi bokuqina nokuvumelana nezimo. Ezingowomndeni wakwaStruthionidae, lezi zinyoni ezingandizi zitholakala ezindaweni ezinwebekile neziwugwadule zase-Afrika. Imvelaphi yabo yasendulo ingalandelelwa esikhathini sokuqala se-Cenozoic, nobufakazi bensalela ebonisa ukuthi izinyoni ezinjengentshe zazikhona kusukela nge-Late Paleocene epoch, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-56 edlule.
Kuyo yonke le minyaka, izintshe ziye zamelana namagagasi okushintsha kwemvelo nokukhethwa kwemvelo, kwavela ukuguquguquka okuyingqayizivele kwe-anatomical kanye nokuziphatha okuye kwawavumela ukuba achume ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Izici zazo eziphawulekayo, ezihlanganisa izintamo zazo ezinde, amehlo abukhali, nemilenze enamandla, zingamathuluzi alolongeka kahle okusinda ezindaweni ezinokhahlo nezingabikezeleki ezizibiza ngokuthi ikhaya.
Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zezintshe ukungakwazi ukundiza, isici esizihlukanisa kwezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni. Esikhundleni sokuya esibhakabhakeni, izintshe seziyizingcweti zokuhamba emhlabeni, ezikwazi ukufinyelela isivinini esifinyelela kumakhilomitha angu-70 ngehora (amamayela angu-43 ngehora) ngokuqhuma okufushane. Lobu buchule nejubane obumangalisayo busebenza njengesivikelo esibalulekile ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, okuvumela izintshe ukuba zigweme izinsongo futhi zivikele izindawo zazo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izintshe zaziwa ngendima yazo njengabanakekeli bemvelo yazo. Njengama-omnivorous scavengers, adlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukulingana kwemvelo ngokudla izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo, izinambuzane, nezilwane ezincane ezinomgogodla. Ngokwenza kanjalo, basiza ekulawuleni ukukhula kwezitshalo, ukulawula inani lezinambuzane, futhi basebenzise kabusha imisoco, okunikela empilweni nasekuphileni okuphelele kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo.
Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwazo kwezemvelo, izintshe zibamba ukubaluleka kwamasiko nezimpawu emiphakathini eminingi emhlabeni jikelele. Kusukela empucukweni yasendulo kuya emasikweni anamuhla, lezi zinyoni ezinkulu ziye zakhuthaza izinganekwane, izinganekwane, nezithombe zobuciko, ezisebenza njengezimpawu zamandla, inkululeko, nokuqina.
Indlela izintshe ezifuywa ngayo
Imboni yokufuya izintshe inomlando oyinkimbinkimbi futhi ohlukahlukene, omakwa ngokushintshashintsha kokugxila kanye nezinselele. Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1860s ikakhulukazi eCape Colony yaseNingizimu Afrika, ukufuywa kwezintshe ekuqaleni kwakugxile ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zemfashini yaseYurophu ngezimpaphe. Lo mzamo ubonakale unenzuzo enkulu, izimpaphe zentshe zikleliswe endaweni yesine ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe aseNingizimu Afrika ngaleso sikhathi. Nokho, le mboni yabhekana nokuwa kungazelelwe ngo-1914 lapho kugqashuka iMpi Yezwe I, okwaholela ekuwohlokeni okukhulu komnotho.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukufuywa kwezintshe kuphinde kwavela, ikakhulukazi e-Afrika, lapho abantu abafana noMamadou Coulibaly e-Malia behola imisebenzi emikhulu. Le mvuselelo igqugquzelwe ukushintsha kokugxila kusuka ezimpapheni kuya enyameni kanye nesikhumba ezintweni zemfashini zesikhumba. Amazwe afana neBrithani, i-USA, i-Australia, kanye ne-Continental Europe nawo ajoyine umkhankaso wokufuya izintshe, akhangwe amathuba omnotho anikezwa inyama yentshe nesikhumba.
Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwesithakazelo esivuselelwe ekufuyweni kwezintshe, imboni ibhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu. Amatshwele ezintshe, ikakhulukazi, asengozini enkulu yezifo, nezinga eliphezulu ngokushaqisayo lokufa elingamaphesenti angama-67, elidlula kude lelezinye izilwane ezifuywayo. Lokhu kuba sengozini kubangela isithiyo esikhulu ekukhuleni okusimeme kokufuywa kwezintshe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimo lapho izintshe zigcinwa khona emapulazini ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuziphatha. Njengoba zivalelwe kumadlelo amancane noma ezibayeni eduze kwenqwaba yezinye izinyoni, izintshe zincishwa inkululeko yokuzulazula nokugijima ngendlela ebezingenza ngayo endaweni yazo yemvelo. Ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika, lezi zinyoni zingase zivalelwe ngisho nasezindaweni ezincane, okuholela ekucindezelekeni nasezinkingeni zempilo.
Inhlalakahle yezintshe emapulazini iyindaba ebaluleke kakhulu, okwenza kube nezimfuno zokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokulima kanye nokucatshangelwa okwengeziwe kwezidingo zalezi zilwane. Imizamo yokubhekana nokuthatheka kwezifo kanye namazinga okufa, kanye nokuhlinzeka ngezimo zokuhlala ezivulekile nezinobuntu, ibalulekile ekusimameni kwesikhathi eside kanye nobuqotho bokuziphatha kwemboni yokulima izintshe.
Sengiphetha, nakuba ukufuywa kwezintshe kuye kwaba nokuguquguquka okukhulu nokwanda phakathi neminyaka edlule, kuyaqhubeka nokubhekana nezinselele ezihlobene nokulawulwa kwezifo, inhlalakahle yezilwane, kanye nokucatshangelwa kokuziphatha. Ngokubhekana nalezi zinselele nokusebenzisa izindlela zokulima ezizinzile nezinozwelo, imboni yokulima izintshe ingaphokophela ikusasa elinomnotho futhi elinomthwalo wemfanelo ngokokuziphatha.
Izinselelo Zokuziphatha Okungejwayelekile Ekulimeni Izintshe
Ukuziphatha okungavamile ekufuyweni kwezintshe kuwudaba oluthintayo olugqamisa izinselele zokugcina inhlalakahle yalezi zinyoni ezindaweni ezivalelwe. Okunye okuphawulekayo kokuziphatha okungavamile kwezintshe ukucosha izimpaphe, lapho izinyoni zicosha izimpaphe emhlane yazo. Lokhu kuziphatha kuhlotshaniswa ngokuqondile nengcindezi nesithukuthezi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuvalelwa kwezinyanga zasebusika.
Okunye ukucindezeleka okubonakala ezintsheni ezihlala ezindlini ukubuka izinkanyezi, lapho izinyoni ziphakamisa amakhanda azo phezulu nangemuva kuze kube yilapho ithinta iqolo. Lesi simo singaholela ebunzimeni ekuhambeni, ekudleni nasekuphuzeni, ekugcineni okubangelwa indawo enganele nokukhanya ezindaweni ezivalekile. Ukwelashwa kwalokhu kuziphatha kulula njengokuvumela izinyoni ukuthi zingene endaweni engaphandle, nokho ukuthambekela kokuvalelwa kakhulu ekufuyweni kwezintshe kuveza izithiyo ekusebenziseni izixazululo ezinjalo.
Ukucofa uzwane nobuso kubonisa ukuziphatha okungavamile okwengeziwe okungabonwa esixukwini sezintshe zasendle. Lokhu kuziphatha kungaholela ekulimaleni okubi kakhulu, okuhlanganisa ukukhipha wonke amajwabu amehlo, ikakhulukazi amatshwele amancane. Nakuba izimbangela eziqondile zalokhu kuziphatha zingaziwa, ingcindezi nesithukuthezi kukholakala ukuthi yizici ezinomthelela, okugcizelela ukubaluleka kokubhekana nemvelo kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha ekufuyweni kwezintshe.
Ukubamba impukane kungenye indlela yokuziphatha eyinkolelo evamile ebonwa ngokukhethekile ezintsheni ezithunjiwe. Lokhu kuziphatha kuhlanganisa izinyoni ezizama kaningi ukubamba izimpukane ezicatshangelwayo, okubonisa ukucindezeleka noma ukungakhululeki. Nakulokhu, ukucindezeleka noma ubuhlungu bubonakala njengembangela eyinhloko, okugqamisa isidingo sezinyathelo ezibanzi zokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yezintshe ezindaweni ezithunjiwe.
Ukubhekana nokuziphatha okungavamile ekufuyweni kwezintshe kudinga indlela enezici eziningi ebeka phambili inhlalakahle engokwengqondo nengokwenyama yalezi zinyoni. Ukuhlinzeka ngendawo eyanele, ukunothisa, kanye nokukhuthazwa kwemvelo kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile ekuvimbeleni nasekunciphiseni ukuziphatha okungavamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhuthaza izinqubo ezibeka phambili inhlalakahle yezilwane ngaphezu kokuvalelwa kanzima kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusimama kwesikhathi eside kanye nobuqotho bokuziphatha kwemboni yokulima izintshe.
Ukubhekana Nezinselele Ezokuthutha Izintshe: Ukukhathazeka Kwezenhlalakahle
Ukuthutha izintshe kuveza inqwaba yezinselelo ezihambisana nalezo okuhlangatshezwana nazo ekulimeni. Kodwa-ke, ukucatshangelwa kwezenhlalakahle ngesikhathi sokuphatha kanye nokuthutha kuvame ukushaywa indiva, okuholela ezingozini ezingase zibe khona kokubili kwezinyoni kanye nabaphathi abathintekayo. Ukushoda kweziqondiso zesayensi nezinqubo ezingcono kakhulu ezimisiwe kwenza lezi zinkinga zibe zimbi nakakhulu, kushiye abaphathi nezinyoni ngokufanayo bengakulungele ukubhekana nobunzima bezokuthutha.
Okunye okukhathazayo okubalulekile ukunganakwa kwemingcele yemvelo yezintshe, ukuziphatha, kanye nezimo zomzimba lapho kuxutshwa ngesikhathi sokuphatha nokuthuthwa. Lokhu kubheka kungaholela ekucindezelekeni okukhulu kanye nobudlova phakathi kwezinyoni, okuholela ekulimaleni noma ngisho nokufa. Ukwengeza, ukuhoxiswa kwamanzi nokudla ngaphambi kokuthutha, umkhuba ovamile kwezinye izifunda, awunakho isiqondiso esilinganiselwe futhi kungase kubeke engcupheni inhlalakahle yezinyoni.
Ukungabi bikho kwemiklamo ethile yemoto yokuthutha izintshe kwengeza olunye ungqimba lobunkimbinkimbi kule nqubo. Izimoto zokuthutha ezijwayelekile zingase zingawutholi ngokwanele usayizi oyingqayizivele nezidingo zalezi zinyoni ezinkulu, okwandisa ingozi yokuminyana kanye nokulimala ngesikhathi sokuthutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhathi ezinde zokuhamba nokugcwala ngokweqile kwandisa ingcindezi nokungakhululeki okutholwa izinyoni, okungase kuholele emiphumeleni yezempilo engemihle.
Ukuhlatshwa Kwentshe
Izintshe zivame ukuhlatshwa uma zinezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili kuya kweziyisishiyagalolunye. Kodwa-ke, inqubo yokuphatha nokuhlaba lezi zinyoni idala izingozi ezinkulu, njengoba kuqokonyiswe yi-Humane Slaughter Association. Izintshe zinokukhahlela kokuvikela phambili okungakhipha izibambi amathumbu kalula, kugcizelela ubungozi obukhona ekubambeni kwazo.
Ezimweni eziningi, izintshe zibulawa ezilaheni kusetshenziswa ugesi osebenza ngamakhanda kuphela, okulandelwa ukopha. Le nqubo idinga usizo lwezisebenzi okungenani ezine ukuze zinqande inyoni lapho ihlatshwa. Enye indlela esikiselwayo ihilela ukubulala izinyoni ensimini kusetshenziswa isibhamu sebhawudi esithunjiwe, okulandelwa ukubhoboza nokopha. Imizamo yokusebenzisa izibhamu uma kuhlatshwa ibonakale ingaphumeleli.
Imibiko ephazamisayo yokuphathwa nokubulawa kwezintshe ngesihluku ivele ophenyweni oluyimfihlo, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Afrika. Ngesikhathi sokuthutha, izisebenzi ziye zabonwa zikhahlela amakhanda ezinyoni ngesihluku, futhi lapho zifika emadeleni, izinyoni ziphathwa ngesandla emishinini yokuvimba, zibangele ukucindezeleka nokulimala.
Ezinye izindawo zokuxhelwa zisebenzisa izinsimbi zokuqinisa imilenze ukuze zinqande izinyoni ezicindezeleke kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba zifakwe ugesi omangalisayo. Nakuba le ndlela ihlose ukwenza izinyoni ziquleke, kusenengozi yokuthi ingxenye yazo ingase ibe nomuzwa lapho zihlatshwa ngenxa yokuntula ulwazi kwabasebenzi basesilaheni, okuholela ekuhluphekeni okwengeziwe.
Nakuba abathengisi bevame ukugxeka inyama yentshe njengendlela enempilo esikhundleni senyama yenkomo, okutholakele kwakamuva kuyinselele lo mbono. Ngokuphambene nenkolelo evamile, inyama yentshe ayinakho cholesterol encane, equkethe cishe u-57mg nge-100g ngayinye, eqhathaniswa nenyama yenkomo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo olusafufusa oluxhumanisa ukudliwa kwenyama nomdlavuza luphakamisa ukuthi inyama yentshe ingase ibe yingozi yempilo efanayo njengenye inyama ebomvu.
Ngaphezu kokuqukethwe kwe-cholesterol, inyama yentshe inamandla okudlulisela izifo ezihlukahlukene kubantu, kuhlanganise ne-salmonella, i-E. coli, ne-campylobacteriosis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inyama yentshe ivame ukubola ngokushesha, inikeza indawo ekahle yokukhula kwamagciwane. Lokhu konakala okusheshayo kwandisa ingozi yokungcoliswa amagciwane futhi kubangela ukukhathazeka okwengeziwe kwezempilo kubathengi.
Nakuba inyama yentshe ingase inikeze izinzuzo ezithile zokudla okunomsoco, njengokuncika kunenyama ebomvu yendabuko, okuqukethwe kwayo kwe-cholesterol nokuba sengozini yokungcoliswa amagciwane kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokufaneleka kwayo njengenye indlela enempilo. Abathengi kufanele baqaphe futhi bacabangele lezi zici lapho bekhetha ukudla, ikakhulukazi uma kucatshangelwa ukukhathazeka kwezempilo okuvelayo okuhlobene nokudliwa kwenyama.
