Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, ukulima kwasefekthri kuye kwaba indlela evelele yokukhiqiza izilwane, okuhlinzeka ngenani elikhulu lenyama, ubisi, namaqanda ukuze kwanelise isidingo esilokhu sikhula njalo. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlelo lwezolimo oluqinile lushiye umthelela ongapheli odlulela nangale kwemboni yokudla. Kusukela ekucekeleni phansi kwemvelo kuya emiphumeleni yezenhlalo nezomnotho, imiphumela yokulima efekthri isabalele futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. Imiphumela engemihle yalo mkhuba ibangele izimpikiswano futhi yaphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokusimama kwayo kanye nemithelela yezimiso zokuziphatha. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi kuhloswe ukuhlinzeka ngokuhlaziywa okujulile kwemithelela ehlala njalo yokulima kwasefekthri, ukuhlola imiphumela yezemvelo, yezenhlalo, nezomnotho okuye kwaba nayo. Sizohlola imiphumela emibi yokulima kwefekthri endaweni ezungezile, njengokucekelwa phansi komhlaba, ukungcoliswa komoya namanzi, nokukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa. Sizophinde sihlolisise imithelela yezenhlalakahle, njengenhlalakahle yezilwane, impilo yomphakathi, nokuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi.
1. Imiphumela eyingozi yemvelo yokulima efekthri.
Ukulima kwasefekthri kuwuhlelo lwezimboni lwezolimo lwezilwane olunomthelela omkhulu kwezemvelo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukulima kwezilwane kuyimbangela ye-18% yokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa emhlabeni, kanti ukulima kwasefekthri kuyimbangela enkulu. Imithelela yemvelo yokulima kwamafekthri idlulela ngale kokukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, umanyolo nezibulala-magciwane kunengxenye ekungcoleni komhlaba namanzi. Ukwengeza, ukulima kwasefekthri kudinga inani elikhulu lomhlabathi, amanzi, namandla, okubhebhethekisa ukuwohloka kwemithombo nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Imiphumela eyingozi yemvelo yokulima efekthri inemiphumela ehlala njalo empilweni nasekusimameni kweplanethi yethu, futhi kubalulekile ukuthi sithathe izinyathelo zokubhekana nale mithelela.
2. Ukuba negalelo ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu.
Omunye wemithelela ebaluleke kakhulu yokulima kwasefemini igalelo lakho ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu. Izindlela ezisetshenziswa ekulimeni kwasefekthri, njengokusetshenziswa kwemishini enamandla kaphethiloli, ukuthuthwa kwezilwane nokudla, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemfucuza eningi, kukhiphela amanani amakhulu amagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini. Le mikhuba iye yaholela ekukhipheni inqwaba yesikhutha, i-methane, namanye amagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini, okuhlobene ngokuqondile nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. I-United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization ilinganisele ukuthi imboni yemfuyo iyodwa inegalelo elicishe libe yi-14.5% yazo zonke izisi ezingcolisa umoya ezibangelwa abantu . Ngakho, ukulima kwasefemini kunomthelela omkhulu emvelweni, okuzoba nemiphumela yesikhathi eside ngaphandle uma kuthathwa izinyathelo zokubhekana nakho.
3. Izinkinga zokungcoliswa komhlabathi namanzi.
Izinkinga zokungcoliswa komhlabathi namanzi ziphakathi kwemiphumela yemvelo ebaluleke kakhulu nehlala isikhathi eside yokulima efekthri. Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwamakhemikhali, umanyolo, nezibulala-zinambuzane kwezolimo kuye kwaholela ekulimaleni nasekungcolisweni kwenhlabathi, kunciphisa ukuvunda kwenhlabathi nokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukugeleza okuphuma emapulazini ezimboni nakho kubangela usongo olukhulu eqophelweni lamanzi, ngokungcola okuyingozi njenge-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, ne-fecal matter engenela emifuleni, emifuleni, namanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Lokhu kungcola akuthinti nje kuphela imvelo yasemanzini nezilwane zasendle kodwa futhi kusongela impilo yabantu ngokungcolisa imithombo yamanzi okuphuza. Imithelela yesikhathi eside yokunukubezeka kwenhlabathi namanzi iphathelene ikakhulukazi, njengoba ingase iqhubeke amashumi eminyaka, ngisho nangemva kokumiswa kwemisebenzi yezolimo. Ukubhekana nalezi zinkinga zokungcola kuzodinga izinguquko ezinkulu ezinkambisweni nasezimisweni zezolimo, kanye nokuqwashisa umphakathi nokuzibandakanya emikhubeni yokulima eqhubekayo.
4. Umonakalo wesikhathi eside endaweni yokulima.
Omunye wemithelela ethinta kakhulu futhi ehlala isikhathi eside yokulima kwefekthri umonakalo wesikhathi eside ongawubangela emapulazini. Ngenxa yokusebenzisa ngokweqile umanyolo wamakhemikhali nezibulala-zinambuzane, izinga lomhlabathi lingawohloka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kungaholela ekuncipheni kwesivuno sezitshalo, ukuncipha kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Ukwengeza, izindlela zokulima zasefekthri zivame ukubandakanya i-monoculture, lapho isitshalo esifanayo sitshalwa ngokuqhubekayo enhlabathini efanayo, okuholela ekuncipheni kwemisoco kanye nokwanda kobungozi bezinambuzane nezifo. Ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu, umonakalo ungaba mkhulu kangangokuthi umhlaba ungasasetshenziswa ukulima, okungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu kwezomnotho emiphakathini yendawo ethembele kwezolimo. Kubalulekile ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo zokubhekana nalezi zinkinga futhi kugqugquzelwe izindlela zokulima ezisimeme ukuze kuncishiswe umonakalo wesikhathi eside odalwa ukulima kwasefemini.
5. Umthelela omubi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ukulima emafekthri kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nemithelela eminingi engemihle kwezemvelo, okuhlanganisa nokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokugezwa okukhulu komhlaba ukuze kukhiqizwe ukudla kwezilwane kanye nokususwa kwezindawo zemvelo zezilwane zasendle. Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, umanyolo, namanye amakhemikhali ekukhiqizeni ukudla nakho kunomthelela ekwehleni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zisengozini yokushabalala, futhi ibhalansi yemvelo yendawo ezungezile iyaphazamiseka. Ngaphezu kosongo ezilwaneni zasendle, ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kungaba nemiphumela efinyelela kude empilweni nasenhlalakahleni yabantu, njengoba sithembele ezimisweni zemvelo zemvelo ukuze sithole izinsiza ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokudla, imithi, namanzi ahlanzekile. Ukubhekana nomthelela omubi wokulima kwefekthri ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kubalulekile ekusimameni kwesikhathi eside nempilo yeplanethi yethu.
6. Ukukhathazeka ngokuziphatha ngenhlalakahle yezilwane.
Okunye okukhathaza kakhulu okuphathelene nesimilo okuvela ekulimeni kwefekthri umthelela enhlalakahleni yezilwane. Imvelo yezimboni yokulima emafekthri ihlanganisa ukufuya izilwane eziningi ezindaweni ezivalekile ngaphandle kokunaka inhlalakahle yazo. Izilwane zivame ukuba ngaphansi kwezimo zokuphila ezinonya, njengamakheji aminyene noma amapeni, futhi ngokuvamile zibhekana nezinqubo ezibuhlungu ezinjengokukhipha izimpondo, ukudotshwa komsila, nokuthenwa ngaphandle kokubulala izinzwa. Le mikhuba iholele ekwenyukeni kokuhlolwa nokugxekwa yizinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo ezilwane, kanye nokukhathazeka ngokuphathwa kwezilwane embonini yokudla. Njengoba abathengi beba nolwazi oluningi futhi beqaphela ukuthi ukudla kwabo kuvelaphi, ukucatshangelwa kwezimiso zenhlalakahle yezilwane kuya ngokuya kubaluleke kakhulu ukubhekana nokusimama kwemboni yokudla.
7. Imithelela yezenhlalakahle kubasebenzi.
Ukulima kwasefekthri kuwumkhuba ophikisana kakhulu onomthelela obanzi endaweni ezungezile, umnotho, kanye nomphakathi. Omunye wemiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu yenhlalo yokulima kwasefekthri umthelela wako kubasebenzi. Ukushuba kwale misebenzi kudinga abasebenzi abaningi, ngokuvamile abahola kancane nabasuka kwamanye amazwe abangaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezingezinhle, iholo eliphansi, nokuvikeleka okulinganiselwe kwemisebenzi. Izisebenzi eziningi zichayeka kumakhemikhali ayingozi futhi zibhekana namazinga aphezulu okulimala, ukugula nokufa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulima kwamafekthri kungaholela ekususweni kwabalimi abancane kanye nemiphakathi yasemaphandleni, njengoba izinkampani ezinkulu zingena futhi zithatha izimakethe zendawo. Le mithelela yomphakathi kufanele inakwe lapho kuhlolwa izindleko zangempela zokulima kwasefekthri futhi kunqunywa indlela engcono kakhulu eya phambili yezolimo ezisimeme.
8. Izingozi zezempilo kubathengi.
Izingozi zezempilo kubathengi ezihlobene nokulima kwasefemini ziningi futhi ziphathelene. Ukuminyana kanye nezimo ezingahlanzekile lapho kugcinwa khona izilwane ezifuywa emafekthri zingaholela ekubhebhethekeni kwezifo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane emfuyweni kungaba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwenyama neminye imikhiqizo yezilwane evela emapulazini efektri kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe yesifo senhliziyo, imidlavuza ethile, nezinye izifo ezingamahlalakhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwama-hormone kanye nezidakamizwa ezikhuthaza ukukhula emisebenzini yokulima efektri nakho kuphakamise ukukhathazeka ngomthelela ongaba khona empilweni yabantu. Lezi zingozi zezempilo kubathengi ziwumphumela ongathi sína wokulima kwasefekthri futhi zigqamisa isidingo sezinqubo zezolimo ezisimeme nezinobuntu.
9. Umthelela wezomnotho emiphakathini yendawo.
Umthelela wezomnotho wokulima kwamafekthri emiphakathini yendawo awukwazi ukushaywa indiva. Nakuba lezi zikhungo zingase zidale amathuba emisebenzi futhi zingenise imali esikhathini esifushane, imiphumela yesikhathi eside ingaba yingozi. Okunye okukhathaza kakhulu ukuhlanganiswa kwemboni, okuvame ukuholela ekususweni kwamapulazi amancane emindeni kanye nokulahlekelwa kweminikelo yawo yezomnotho emphakathini. Ukwengeza, ukungcola kanye nobungozi bezempilo obuhlobene nokulima kwasefekthri kunganciphisa amanani ezakhiwo futhi kuvimbele amabhizinisi amasha angahle atshale imali endaweni. Umthelela ongemuhle ezimbonini zezokuvakasha nezokungcebeleka zendawo nawo kufanele ubhekwe, ngoba akekho ofuna ukuvakashela indawo engcolile negcwele iphunga. Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele umthelela wezomnotho wokulima efekthri, kubalulekile ukucabangela kokubili izinzuzo zesikhashana kanye nemiphumela yesikhathi eside emiphakathini yendawo.
10. Isidingo sezinye izindlela ezisimeme.
Isidingo sezinye izindlela ezisimeme siwukucatshangelwa okubalulekile lapho kuhlaziywa imithelela ehlala njalo yokulima kwasefemini. Njengoba inani labantu emhlabeni liqhubeka likhula, isidingo senyama nemikhiqizo yobisi sikhula kakhulu. Uhlelo lwamanje lwezolimo lwezimboni luthembele kakhulu ekulimeni kwefekthri, okunomthelela omkhulu ekucekeleni phansi kwemvelo, okuhlanganisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, kanye nokukhishwa kwesisi esingcolisa umoya. Ezinye izindlela ezisimeme, ezifana nezolimo ezivuselelayo, zingasiza ekunciphiseni umthelela wokulima kwefekthri endaweni ezungezile kuyilapho kuhlinzeka ngohlelo lokudla olunempilo nolunokuziphatha okuhle. Ukulima okuvuselelayo, okubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubo zokulima zemvelo, kungasiza ekwakheni kabusha impilo yenhlabathi, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yamanzi, nokukhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo, konke ngenkathi kunciphisa i-carbon footprint yokukhiqizwa kokudla. Ngokukhuthaza ezinye izindlela ezisimeme esikhundleni sokulima kwasefekthri, singasebenzela uhlelo lokudla olubhekele imvelo nenhlalo oluzuzisa abantu kanye neplanethi.
Sengiphetha, imithelela yokulima kwasefekthri mikhulu futhi iyinkimbinkimbi, ithinta imvelo yethu, umphakathi, nomnotho emazingeni asekhaya nawomhlaba. Imiphumela yezemvelo iphathelene ikakhulukazi, njengoba ukungcoliswa komhlaba, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyimiphumela embalwa nje ebhubhisayo. Ngokwenhlalo, ukulima kwasefekthri kungaholela ezinkingeni ezihlobene nenhlalakahle yezilwane, ukuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi, kanye nempilo yomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yezomnotho ingaba nkulu, kuhlanganise nomthelela omubi kubalimi abancane kanye nemiphakathi yendawo. Kubalulekile ukuthi abantu ngabanye, izinhlangano, kanye nohulumeni bathathe isinyathelo sokubhekana nemithelela ehlala njalo yokulima kwasefekthri futhi bakhuthaze izinqubo zezolimo ezisimeme nezinokuziphatha.
