Umthelela Wezamanzi Nenhlabathi

Impilo yezinhlelo zamanzi nomhlabathi weplanethi yethu ixhumene kakhulu nezinqubo zezolimo, futhi ukufuywa kwezilwane ezimbonini kunomthelela omubi kakhulu. Imfuyo emikhulu ikhiqiza imfucuza eningi, evame ukungena emifuleni, emachibini, namanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ingcolise imithombo yamanzi nge-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, imithi elwa namagciwane namagciwane. Lokhu kungcola kuphazamisa imvelo yasemanzini, kusongela impilo yabantu, futhi kunomthelela ekwandeni kwezindawo ezifile olwandle nasezindaweni ezihlala emanzini ahlanzekile.
Umhlabathi, isisekelo sokuvikeleka kokudla emhlabeni wonke, uhlupheka ngokulinganayo ngaphansi kokufuywa kwezilwane ngamandla. Ukudlisa ngokweqile, izitshalo zokuphakela i-monoculture, kanye nokuphathwa kabi komquba kuholela ekugugulekeni, ekuncipheni komsoco, nasekulahlekeni kokuvunda kwenhlabathi. Ukuwohloka kwenhlabathi engaphezulu akugcini nje ngokubukela phansi ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo kodwa futhi kunciphisa amandla emvelo omhlaba okumunca ikhabhoni futhi alawule imijikelezo yamanzi, kuqinise kokubili isomiso nezikhukhula.
Lesi sigaba sigcizelela ukuthi ukuvikela amanzi nomhlabathi kubalulekile ekusimameni kwemvelo nempilo yabantu. Ngokugqamisa umthelela wokulima kwasefekthri kulezi zinsiza ezibalulekile, kukhuthaza ukushintshela ezindleleni zezolimo ezivuselelayo, ukuphathwa kwamanzi okunesibopho, kanye nokudla okunciphisa ubunzima kuzinhlelo zemvelo ezibalulekile zeplanethi yethu.

Ukukhetha kwethu kokudla kwansuku zonke kudluliselwe kude kakhulu amapuleti ethu, kubumba impilo yeplanethi yethu ngezindlela ezijulile. Ngenkathi ukunambitheka nokudla okunempilo kuvame ukubusa izinqumo zokudla, ukuvela kwemvelo kwalokho esikudlayo kubaluleke ngokulinganayo. Impikiswano phakathi kokudla okususelwa kunyama kanye nokudla okususelwa ekutshalweni ithole umfutho njengoba ukuqwashisa kukhula ngemithelela yabo ehluke kakhulu kwizinsizakusebenza, ukuphuma, kanye nemvelo. Ukusuka emanzini okulondolozwa kanye nomhlaba ukunciphisa amagesi abamba ukushisa kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukudla okususelwa ekulimasheni kuyavela njengethuluzi elinamandla lokulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokukhuthaza ukusimama. Thola ukuthi ukushintshela ekudleni phambili kwezitshalo kungasiza ekuvikeleni imvelo ngenkathi kudlula indlela yekusasa eliluhlaza okotshani

Ukulima efektri, noma ezolimo zezimboni, kumi e-Crossroads yokukhiqizwa kokudla komhlaba kanye nokuwohloka kwemvelo. Ngenkathi ihlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo semikhiqizo yezilwane enokusebenza okuphezulu, ukukhokha kwayo kwemvelo kuyamangaza. Ukusuka ekuqothulweni kwamahlathi okugcwele kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi ekuphumeni kwamagesi abamba ukushisa kanye nokulahleka kwe-bioriversity, ukulima efektri kungumshayeli oholayo wokulimala kwemvelo. Le ndatshana idlulela emaqinisweni abucayi kanye nezibalo ngemuva komthelela wayo, igqamisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sezenzo zokulima ezizinzile futhi yaziswa izinketho zabathengi ukuvikela ikusasa lomhlaba wethu

Ukulima efektri, amandla amakhulu ezolimo anamuhla, kubeka izinselelo ezinkulu zemvelo ezingenakunakwa. Ingcolisa imigwaqo enamanzi ezilwane namakhemikhali ayingozi, ikhwalithi yomoya engcolile nge-ammonia kanye nokukhipha ama-methane ukuphuma, futhi iphazamisa imvelo ngokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nama-antibiotics. Le mikhuba ayisongeli kuphela izilwane zasendle kodwa futhi ibeka impilo yabantu engozini ngokufaka isandla ekumelaneni nama-antibiotic futhi ingcolise izinsiza ezibalulekile. Lo mbhalo uhlola izindaba ezicindezelayo zokungcoliswa kwamanzi, ukungcoliswa komoya, kanye nokugcwala kwamakhemikhali efektri ngenkathi kuqhakambisa amasu angaba khona ekwakheni ikusasa elizinzile kwezolimo

Impikiswano yokusebenzisa ubisi iye yaqina eminyakeni yamuva nje, njengemibuzo ezungeze imiphumela yayo yezempilo, ukucatshangelwa kwemvelo kanye nokucatshangelwa kokuziphatha kwafika phambili. Uma udunyiswe njengetshe legumbi lokudla, ubisi manje lubhekene nokuhlolisiswa kwezixhumanisi zalo ezifweni ezingamahlalakhona, imikhuba yokulima engagcineki, kanye nokukhishwa okukhulu kwegesi okuluhlaza okomdlamba. Kuhlanganiswe nokukhathazeka ngenhlalonhle yezilwane kanye nokusebenzisa ngokweqile ama-antibiotics ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza, imboni yobisi yendabuko ingaphansi kwengcindezi kunanini ngaphambili. Ngaleso sikhathi, ezinye izindlela ezisetshenziselwa izitshalo zithola ukugcwala njengoba abathengi bafuna izinketho ezinempilo nezinzile. Le ndatshana ishonile ijule kwi-multifaceted "dairy disemma," ehlola ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kobisi kuthinta kanjani impilo yabantu, imvelo, kanye nesimo sezulu somhlaba wonke ngenkathi kuhlolisisa abantu abanika amandla abantu abanolwazi ngekusasa elingcono

Ezolimo Zezilwane, eziguqulwa yisifiso sokudla senyama ekhuphukayo senyama, ubisi namaqanda, kudlala indima enkulu ekukhiqizeni ukudla kodwa kuqondakala kahle imvelo nempilo yabantu. Lo mkhakha ungumshayeli omkhulu wokungcola komoya ngokusebenzisa ama-methane e-methane aphuma emfuyweni nase-nitrous oxide kusuka kumanyolo, kanti imithombo yamanzi isongelwa yimfucuza yokungcola nokungcola kwemfuyo. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic epulazini kunomthelela ekumelaneni nama-antibiotic kubantu, futhi ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwenyama kuhlobene nezimo zempilo ezinkulu ezinjengezifo zenhliziyo nomdlavuza. Ngokwengeziwe, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kokudla komhlaba kanye nokuphakelwa kwezitshalo kwandisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokulahleka kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuhlola le miphumela exhumekile kuqokomisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sezixazululo ezizinzile ezibeka phambili ukulondolozwa kwemvelo kanye nempilo yomphakathi

Ezolimo Zezilwane, insika enkulu yokukhiqizwa kokudla, umnikelo oholayo wokungcoliswa kwamanzi emhlabeni wonke. Ukusuka ekudleni okunothile okunothile kanye namagciwane alimazayo ekungcoleni amakhemikhali, imfucuza ekhishwe ukulima imfuyo ethonya kakhulu ikhwalithi yamanzi kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi. Ngesidingo esikhulayo senyama, ubisi namaqanda kuqinisa lezi zinselelo, ukubhekana nokukhokhiswa kwemvelo komkhakha akukaze kube ngokucindezela ngokwengeziwe. Lo mbhalo uhlola abashayeli abaphambili bokungcoliswa kwamanzi okuxhumene nokulima kwezilwane, imiphumela yako yezempilo yabantu kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, namasu asebenzayo wokukhuthaza ukuqina ngenkathi kuhlangana nezidingo zezolimo zomhlaba wonke

Inyama kade yaba yinto ende yokudla emhlabeni wonke, kepha umthelela wayo wezemvelo ukukhulisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu. Ukusuka ekuqothulweni kwamahlathi kanye nokushoda kwamanzi ekuphumeni kwamagesi abamba ukushisa kanye nokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, imboni yenyama icindezela izinsiza zeplanethi ngezinga elethusayo. Njengoba ukufunwa kuqhubeka ukukhula, le mikhuba ishayela ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nomonakalo wemvelo ngezinga lomhlaba wonke. Lo mbhalo uhlola ukulandelelwa kwemvelo kokukhiqizwa kwemvelo okuqokomisa ukukhiqizwa kwemvelo njengokubhujiswa kwendawo, ukungcoliswa kwezinyawo, kanye nokubheka ezinye izindlela ezimeme ezihambisana nazo zombili izinhloso zezempilo kanye nokulondolozwa kwemvelo

Ukumelana ne-antibiotic nokungcola okuvela ekungcoleni kwezolimo zezilwane kuyizinselelo eziphuthumayo zomhlaba ngemiphumela emide efinyelela kude yezempilo yomphakathi, imvelo, nokuphepha kokudla. Ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwemithi elwa namagciwane ekulimazelweni kwemfuyo ukukhulisa ukukhula nokuvimbela izifo kufake isandla ekuphakameni okwethusayo kwamagciwane alwa namagciwane, kunciphisa ukusebenza kwezindlela zokwelashwa ezibalulekile. Ngasikhathi sinye, imfucuza ephethwe kabi evela ku-Frecentrate Animal feed Operations (cafos) yethula ukungcola okuyingozi - kufaka phakathi izinsalela ezilwa namagciwane, ama-hormone kanye nezakhi zomzimba - ezinhlelweni zamanzi. Lokhu kungcoliswa kusongela impilo yasemanzini, iyekethisa ikhwalithi yamanzi, futhi isheshisa ukusakazeka kwamagciwane amelana nezemvelo. Ukubhekana nalezi zinkinga zifuna izindlela zokulima ezizinzile ezibeka phambili izindlela zokuziphatha ezibekelwe izindlela zokusebenzisa ama-antibiotic kanye namasu wokulawulwa kwenkuthalo okuqinile ukuvikela impilo yabantu futhi alondoloze ukulinganisela kwemvelo

Imisebenzi yemfuyo yezimboni, yenzelwe ukuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo senyama nobisi, iya ngokuya ixhunyaniswa nezinselelo ezinkulu zezemvelo, kubandakanya nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi kanye nokugibela. Lezi zinqubo ziqeda ukungcola okuphezulu kanye nokungcola kungcola emizimbeni yamanzi, kubangele ukufundwa kwe-sedimentation, i-eutrophication, kanye nama-algal bloom alimazayo. Umonakalo owaphumela udlulela ngaphezu kwenhlabathi esongela inhlabathi, isimo semvelo esonakalisayo, kanye nokungcolisa izimpahla zamanzi. Lo mbhalo uhlola izimbangela ngemuva kwalezi zingqinamba ngenkathi uhlola imithelela yazo ekude nezisombululo ezisebenzisekayo okuhlose ukukhuthaza izindlela ezizinzileyo zezolimo ezivikela imvelo nezinhlelo zokudla ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane ezazizofika

Isifiso sokukhuphuka somhlaba wonke semikhiqizo yezilwane siye saqhutshwa ukwamukelwa okusabalele kwezolimo efektri, uhlelo luncike kakhulu ekukhiqizeni okuphakelayo kwezimboni. Ngaphansi kwe-veneer yayo yokusebenza kahle kulele ukukhishwa kwemali okuthe xaxa, ukulahlekelwa yi-biodiversity, kanye nokungcola kwamanzi, kanye nokungcola kwamanzi kungenye nje yemithelela ebhubhisayo eboshelwe ukulima izilimo ze-monoculture njenge-soy kanye nommbila wokudla kwezilwane. Le mikhuba iqeda izinsiza zemvelo, i-erode yezempilo yenhlabathi, iphazamise imvelo, kanye nemithwalo yendawo ngenkathi kuqinisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Lo mbhalo uhlola izindleko zemvelo zokukhiqizwa okuphakelayo kwezilwane zasemafulemini zasefekthri futhi zigqamisa ukucindezela kudingeka ukwamukela izixazululo ezizinzile ezivikela iplanethi yethu futhi kuthuthukise izindlela zozolimo zokulima