Izingulube sekuyisikhathi eside zihlotshaniswa nempilo yasepulazini, ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengezilwane ezingcolile, ezingahlakaniphile. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwakamuva luphonsela inselele lo mbono, luphakamisa ukuthi izingulube zingase zihlakaniphe kakhulu kunalokho esasikucabanga. Eqinisweni, izingulube zibonisa amakhono okuqonda aphikisana nalawo amanye ama-primates. Lesi sihloko sicubungula emhlabeni wokuqonda kwezingulube, sihlola ubufakazi obuveza izingulube njengezidalwa ezihlakaniphe kakhulu ezikwazi ukuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi nokuxazulula izinkinga.
Ingabe izingulube zihlakaniphile?
Impela, izingulube ziyizilwane ezihlakaniphile! Amashumi eminyaka ocwaningo nokubheka anikeze ubufakazi obuqinile bamakhono abo okuqonda amangalisayo.
Izingulube aziyona nje inkimbinkimbi ngokomzwelo kodwa futhi ziyakwazi ukuzwa uhla lwemizwa efana neyomuntu, okuhlanganisa injabulo, injabulo, ukwesaba, nokukhathazeka. Ikhono labo lokwakha izinkumbulo liyamangalisa, futhi bangagcina ukwaziswa okubalulekile isikhathi eside. Lo mthamo wenkumbulo udlala indima ebalulekile ekuxazululeni izinkinga nasekuzivumelaniseni nezimo.
Ngokwenhlalo, izingulube zikhombisa amakhono athuthukile. Bangakwazi ukubona futhi bahlukanise abantu abathile eqenjini, babonise ikhono labo lokwakha izibopho zomphakathi kanye nobudlelwano. Amakhono abo okuxhumana ahlaba umxhwele ngokufanayo, njengoba besebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene—ukuthinta, ukuhogela, umsindo, nokubona—ukuze baxhumane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingulube zinokuqonda okukhulu, zifunda ukuhumusha kokubili izimpawu zamazwi nezingakhulumi ezivela kubantu, okubonisa ikhono lazo elibukhali lokuqonda indawo yazo kanye nokusebenza komphakathi.
Mhlawumbe okunye okutholwe okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi izingulube zingasebenzisa amathuluzi, uphawu lobuhlakani bazo bokuxazulula izinkinga. Kwezinye izifundo, izingulube zize zaboniswa ukudlala imidlalo yevidiyo, ziphinde zibonise ukuguquguquka kwazo kwengqondo kanye nekhono lokuzibandakanya nemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi. Lolu hlu olubanzi lwamakhono lugqamisa ubuhlakani obuphambili bezingulube, okubenza babe ngesinye sezilwane ezingaziswa kakhulu kodwa ezinekhono eliphezulu.
I-Cognition in Pigs: Ukuqonda Amakhono Azo Engqondo
Ukuqonda ezilwaneni kusho ikhono lazo lokufunda kokuhlangenwe nakho kwesikhathi esidlule, ukucabanga ngokujulile ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga, nokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi ngekusasa lazo. Le ncazelo ebanzi ihlanganisa uchungechunge lwezinqubo zengqondo ezivumela izilwane ukuthi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo nendawo yazo futhi zivumelane nezimo ezihlukahlukene. Uma sibheka indlela izingulube eziziphatha ngayo, siqala ukubona ukuthi abanzi futhi ahlakaniphe kangakanani amakhono azo okuqonda.
Ukucwasa kanye Nokuqashelwa: Isakhiwo Esiyisisekelo Sokuqonda
Elinye lamakhono okuqonda ayisisekelo ezilwaneni yikhono lokuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinto ezahlukene. Lokhu kufana nendlela abantu ababona ngayo ukuthi isikwele esibomvu sihlukile kunendingilizi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izingulube nazo zinaleli khono eliyisisekelo lokusebenzisa ingqondo. Ososayensi bezokuziphatha bakuhlolile lokhu ngokwethula izingulube ngazo zombili izinto ezijwayelekile kanye nezinoveli ukuze babone ukuthi zenza kanjani. Lapho zibhekene nezinto ezintsha nezingaziwa, izingulube zibonisa ilukuluku nokuziphatha kophenyo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, babonisa ikhono lokuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinto ngokusekelwe kumbala, ukuma, nosayizi. Leli khono elilula kodwa elibalulekile lisiza izingulube ukuthi zihambe endaweni yazo futhi zenze izinqumo ngokusekelwe ekuboneni kwazo izinto ezihlukahlukene noma izithiyo.
Amakhono Okuqonda Athuthukile: Ukuxazulula Izinkinga Nokuncamelayo
Kodwa-ke, amakhono okuqonda izingulube adlula ikhono lokubona nokuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinto. Ucwaningo oluningana lubonise amakhono abo athuthukile okuxazulula izinkinga kanye nekhono lokwenza izinqumo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Isibonelo, okunye ukuhlola kwafaka izingulube phakathi kwamasethi amabili ahlukene amakhreyithi: ikesi elilodwa lapho zagcinwa khona amahora amane kanti elinye lapho zahlala khona imizuzu engama-30 nje. Lapho unikezwa inketho yokukhetha ukuthi yiliphi ikhreyithi okufanele ulifake, izingulube eziningi bezincamela ukuphinde zingene ekhreyithi lemizuzu engama-30 ngaphezu kwamahora amane. Lokhu kuziphatha kubonisa ukuthi izingulube ziyakwazi ukukhumbula okuhlangenwe nakho kwesikhathi esidlule nokusebenzisa lolu lwazi ukuze zenze izinqumo ezithuthukisa ukunethezeka kwazo noma ukuzuza. Babonisa izintandokazi ezicacile zesikhathi esifushane, okuphakamisa ukuthi bayakwazi ukulindela imiphumela engokomzwelo nengokwenyama yokuhlala ekhrethini ngalinye.
Inkumbulo Nokuhlelwa Kwekusasa: Ukubheka Ekuqondeni Kwengulube
Ikhono lokukhumbula izehlakalo ezedlule nokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nezenzo zesikhathi esizayo kungesinye isici esibalulekile sokuqonda. Izingulube zibonisa inkumbulo eqinile yesikhathi eside, ezivumela ukuba zikhumbule okuhlangenwe nakho okubalulekile futhi zisebenzise lolu lwazi ezimweni ezizayo. Kokunye ukuhlola, izingulube zaqeqeshelwa ukuhlobanisa umsindo othile nokwethulwa kokudla. Ngisho nangemva kokubambezeleka okukhulu, basawuphendula umsindo, okubonisa ukuthi babekukhumbule ukuhlobana komsindo nomvuzo. Leli khono lokugcina ulwazi nokwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe kulokho okwenzeka esikhathini esidlule alibalulekile nje kuphela ukuze uphile endle kodwa futhi libonisa ikhono lengulube lokuhlela ikusasa.
I-Social Cognition: Ukuqonda Abanye
Izingulube ziphinde zibonise ukuqonda komphakathi, ikhono lokuqonda nokuhumusha ukuziphatha kanye nezinhloso zabanye. Endaweni yazo yemvelo, izingulube zihlala ngamaqembu futhi kufanele zihlale zizulazula ku-dynamics yezenhlalo. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izingulube ziyakwazi ukubona ezinye izingulube ngaphakathi kweqembu labo lezenhlalakahle futhi zingakwazi ngisho nokuhlukanisa phakathi kwabantu abajwayelekile nabangabajwayele. Leli khono lokubona nokukhumbula abanye libalulekile ekugcineni izibopho zomphakathi nokugwema ukungqubuzana phakathi kweqembu.
Ukwengeza, izingulube ziye zaqashelwa ukuthi ziziphatha ngendlela ebonisa ukuzwelana. Bangase baduduze amalungu eqembu acindezelekile, ukuziphatha okuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuhlakanipha okungokomzwelo nokuqonda izimo ezingokomzwelo zabanye. Izingulube zibuye zixhumane zisebenzisa amagama ahlukahlukene, ulimi lomzimba, nokumaka iphunga, konke okuphakamisa izinga eliyinkimbinkimbi lokuxhumana nomphakathi nokuqwashisa.
Ukuguquguquka kwengqondo: Ukuzivumelanisa nezinselele ezintsha
Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zokuqaphela ingulube ukuguquguquka kwengqondo-ikhono lokuzivumelanisa nezinselele ezintsha kanye nokuguqula amasu lapho kudingeka. Izingulube ziye zahlolwa emisebenzini ehlukahlukene edinga ukuthi ziguqule indlela yazo ngokusekelwe olwazini olusha. Ngokwesibonelo, baye baqeda ngempumelelo imisebenzi ehilela ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi noma ukuzulazula kwe-maze eyinkimbinkimbi. Kule misebenzi, izingulube zibonisa ikhono elimangalisayo lokufunda emaphutheni azo futhi zilungise ukuziphatha kwazo ukuze zixazulule izinkinga ngokuphumelelayo.
Amakhono okuqonda izingulube asethuthuke kakhulu kunalokho abantu abaningi abakuqaphelayo. Amandla abo okubandlulula phakathi kwezinto, ukukhumbula okuhlangenwe nakho kwesikhathi esidlule, ukwenza izinqumo ngokusekelwe kulokho abakuthandayo, ngisho nokuzwelana nabanye kwembula izinga lobuhlakani elivame ukunganakwa. Izingulube azikwazi nje kuphela ukuxazulula izinkinga nokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi, kodwa futhi zibonisa ukuguquguquka komphakathi, imizwa, kanye nokuqonda. La makhono abonisa ukuthi izingulube ziyizidalwa eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezihlakaniphile ezifanelwe ukufundelwa okwengeziwe nokuhlonishwa kakhulu.
Ingabe izingulube zihlakaniphile ngokomzwelo?
Yebo, izingulube ziyizilwane ezihlakaniphile ngokomzwelo. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izingulube azigcini nje ngokuba nemizwa eminingi ehlukahlukene kodwa futhi zinamandla okuqonda nokusabela ezimweni zemizwa yezinye izingulube, kanye nabantu.
Ibanga Lemizwelo Nokuveza
Izingulube ziyakwazi ukuzwa imizwa efana nenjabulo, ukwesaba, injabulo, ukukhathazeka, ngisho nozwela. Lezi zimpendulo ezithinta imizwa zibalulekile ekusebenzelaneni kwabo nomphakathi kanye nokuphila. Isibonelo, izingulube zivame ukubonakala zidlala futhi zihlanganyela ekuziphatheni komphakathi okubonisa injabulo nokujabula. Ziye zabonwa zenza izibopho eziqinile nezinye izingulube, futhi zibonisa izimpawu zokucindezeleka lapho zihlukaniswa nabangane bazo.
Ukuzwelana Nokuqwashisa Komphakathi
Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zobuhlakani bemizwa yengulube yikhono labo lokuzwelana. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izingulube zisabela ezimpawu zemizwa zabanye eqenjini labo. Uma ingulube isebunzimeni noma ibuhlungu, ezinye izingulube zivame ukubonisa ukuziphatha okududuzayo, njengokudunuzela noma ukuhlala eduze nengulube ecindezelekile. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi izingulube aziboni nje isimo somzwelo sabangane bazo kodwa futhi zisabela ngezenzo ezisekelayo, uphawu lokuqwashisa ngokomzwelo nozwela.
Ukuxhumana Nabantu
Izingulube nazo zikhombisa ubuhlakani bemizwa lapho zixhumana nabantu. Bangakwazi ukufunda isimo sobuso bomuntu futhi baphendule imizwelo yomuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, izingulube ziyakwazi ukubona umehluko phakathi komuntu onobungane noma onenzondo, futhi zingase zisabele ngendlela ehlukile kuye ngezimpawu ezingokomzwelo ezinikezwa abantu. Kwesinye isifundo, izingulube zaboniswa ukuthi zisondela ebusweni obumomothekayo ngokushesha kunomuntu ongathathi hlangothi noma othukuthele, okuphakamisa ukuthi ziyakwazi ukuhumusha nokuphendula imizwa yomuntu.
I-Stress and Coping Mechanisms
Izingulube zizwela kakhulu ekucindezelekeni, futhi ukusabela kwazo ngokomzwelo kuma-stressers kuye kwabhalwa kahle. Bangase bakhathazeke noma besabe ezimweni abangazijwayele, futhi lokhu kucindezeleka kungase kuthinte ukuziphatha kanye nokuphila kahle kwabo. Kodwa-ke, izingulube nazo zinezinqubo zokubhekana nazo ezisiza ukuphatha ukucindezeleka. Isibonelo, bavame ukufuna ukunethezeka kwezinye izingulube, bahlanganyele ekuziphatheni kokuhlola, noma babonise ukuziphatha okupholile njengokuhlikihla imizimba yabo ezintweni. Lawa masu okubhekana nawo akhombisa ukuthi izingulube azigcini nje ngokuzizwa imizwa kodwa futhi zinamandla okuphatha nokunciphisa imizwa engemihle.
Sengiphetha, izingulube ziyizilwane ezihlakaniphile ngokomzwelo ezinohlu olubanzi lwezinto ezithinta imizwa. Bayakwazi ukuzwelana, ukuqwashisa ngokomzwelo, kanye nobudlelwane bomphakathi, kokubili nezinye izingulube kanye nabantu. Ikhono labo lokufunda izinkomba ezithinta imizwa nokuphendula ngendlela efanele ligqamisa ukujula kobuhlakani babo obungokomzwelo, okubenza babe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi babe yinkimbinkimbi ngokomzwelo kunalokho abaningi ababengase bakucabange ekuqaleni.
Ingabe izingulube zihlakaniphe njengezinja?
Yebo, izingulube zihlakaniphe njengezinja futhi, ngandlela thize, zihlakaniphe nakakhulu. Baphumelela ekufundeni imiyalo, ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nokuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinto. Isibonelo, izingulube zingakwazi ukufunda ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwebhola ne-frisbee futhi ziphendule ngokunembile emiyalweni ethile. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa nokuthi izingulube zinekhono elihle kakhulu lokukhumbula kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga, ziphikisana nalezi zinja kanye nezinye izilwane ezinjengama-primates.
Nakuba izinja ngokwemvelo zijwayelana kakhulu nezimpawu zomuntu, njengokukhomba noma ukuthinta, lokhu ikakhulukazi kungenxa yomlando wazo omude wokuhlalisana ekhaya. Izingulube, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ziye zakhuliswa ngokuyinhloko njengemfuyo, zinciphisa ukuchayeka kwazo ekusebenzelaneni kwabantu. Kodwa-ke, lapho zinikezwa ithuba, izingulube zibonisa ubuhlakani bomzwelo kanye nekhono lokuhlangana nabantu, okufakazela ukuthi zinekhono futhi zihlakaniphe njengezinja.
Isihloko: Unya Olufihliwe: Indlela Ukulima Kwasembonini Yehluleka Ngayo Izilwane Ezihlakaniphile Njengezingulube
Naphezu kobuhlakani bazo obumangalisayo namandla angokomzwelo, izingulube zivame ukubekezelela ukuhlupheka okungenakucatshangwa emapulazini efektri. Lezi zindawo zibaphatha njengempahla nje, zinganaki inhlalakahle yabo engokwengqondo nengokwenyama.
Izingulube emapulazini efektri zivalelwe ezindaweni eziminyene, ezingenalutho, azikwazi ukuveza ukuziphatha kwemvelo njengokuqeda izimpande noma ukuhlalisana. Omama, abaziwa ngokuthi ingulube ensikazi, bavame ukugcinwa emakhrethini okumitha amancane kangangokuthi abakwazi ukuphenduka, okuholela ekucindezelekeni okukhulu ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Amazinyane engulube angaphansi kwezinqubo ezibuhlungu njengokugotshwa komsila nokunqunywa kwamazinyo ngaphandle kokubulala izinzwa, futhi amaningi abekezelela ukwesaba nokukhungatheka ukuphila kwakho konke.
Lokhu kwelashwa kuphambene kakhulu nokujula komqondo nokungokomzwelo kwezingulube, okuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi zinemizwa efana nenjabulo, ukukhathazeka, ngisho nozwela. Ikhono labo lokubona abantu ngabanye, ukukhumbula izehlakalo, nokwenza amabhondi ligqamisa isidingo sabo sokucebisa nokunakekelwa kobuntu—izidingo amafekthri angazinaki njalo.
Ukwazisa izingulube njengezidalwa ezihlakaniphile kuwubizo esenzweni ukuze uthole izindlela zokulima ezinokuziphatha kanye nokukhetha kwabathengi okuqaphelayo. Izinguquko ezinjalo zingavula indlela yezwe lapho kuhlonishwa khona isithunzi salezi zilwane eziphawulekayo.
Ukushiya Izingulube Epuletini Lakho: Isinyathelo Esibheke Ezweni Noshintsho
Sekuyisikhathi eside izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zezilwane nabacwaningi besinxusa ukuba sicabangele kabusha indlela esiphatha ngayo izingulube—izidalwa ezihlakaniphe kakhulu, ezingokomzwelo ezibonisa ukuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezenhlalo namandla okuthola injabulo, ukwesaba, ngisho nozwela. Nokho, naphezu kwamakhono azo amangalisayo, izingulube ziphathwa kabi kakhulu embonini yokulima efektri. Ukusekela lolu hlelo kusho ukugunyaza imikhuba evalela izingulube ezindaweni eziminyene, ezingenabuntu, ezivimbele ikhono lokuveza ukuziphatha kwemvelo, futhi zizibeke ekuhluphekeni okungenakucatshangwa ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo.
Emapulazini efekthri, izingulube zibekezelela isihluku esijwayelekile, kufaka phakathi izinqubo ezibuhlungu njengokumisa umsila nokunqunywa kwamazinyo, okuvame ukwenziwa ngaphandle kokubulala izinzwa. Izingulube ezingumama, noma ingulube ensikazi, ivalelwe emakhrethini okumitha amancane kangangokuthi azikwazi nokuphenduka, okuholela ebuhlungu bomzimba kanye nokucindezeleka kwengqondo. Ukuhlupheka abakubekezelelayo kuwumphumela oqondile wemboni ebeka phambili inzuzo ngaphezu kwenhlalakahle yalezi zidalwa ezizwelayo.
Kodwa likhona ithemba loshintsho. Ukwamukela indlela yokuphila enezimiso ezinhle kakhulu kuqala ngokucabangela kabusha ukukhetha kwethu ukudla. Ukukhetha ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni kuyisinyathelo esinamandla sokuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zakho azifaki isandla ekuhluphekeni kwezingulube nezinye izilwane. Ngaphandle komthelela wayo ekwehliseni unya lwezilwane, indlela yokuphila esekelwe ezitshalweni ibuye izuzise imvelo nempilo yabantu, idale umphumela oguquguqukayo woshintsho oluhle.
Ngokushiya izingulube emapuletini ethu, sithumela umlayezo ocacile wokuthi ukuphila kanye nemizwelo yazo kubalulekile. Ngokubambisana, ngokukhetha okunozwelo, singavula indlela yekusasa lapho izilwane ezihlakaniphile njengezingulube ziphathwa ngesithunzi nokunakekelwa okufanele.
