Izindawo zokuxhela ziyizindawo lapho izilwane zicutshungulwa khona ukuze kutholakale inyama neminye imikhiqizo yezilwane. Nakuba abantu abaningi bengazi ngezinqubo ezinemininingwane nezobuchwepheshe ezenzeka kulezi zikhungo, kunezimo ezibuhlungu ezingemuva kwezigcawu ezithinta kakhulu izilwane ezihilelekile. Ngaphandle kokulimala ngokomzimba, okusobala, izilwane ezisemasangweni nazo zithola ukucindezeleka okukhulu ngokomzwelo nangokwengqondo, okuvame ukunganakwa. Lesi sihloko sihlola umonakalo ngokomzwelo nangokwengqondo ezilwaneni ezisemasangweni, sihlola ukuthi ukuziphatha kwazo kanye nezimo zengqondo kuthinteka kanjani kanye nemiphumela ebanzi enhlalakahleni yezilwane.
Izimo Ezingaphakathi Kwezihlalo kanye Nomthelela Wazo Enhlalakahleni Yezilwane
Izimo ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokuhlatshwa zivame ukuba zimbi futhi azinabo ubuntu, zibeka izilwane ochungechungeni lwezehlakalo ezisabekayo eziqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba zife ekugcineni. Lezi zindawo, ezenzelwe ukusebenza kahle kanye nenzuzo, ziyaphithizela, zinzima, futhi azibonisi ubuntu, zidala indawo eyesabekayo yezilwane.
Ukuvalelwa Emzimbeni Nokunyakaza Okulinganiselwe
Lapho zifika, izilwane zifakwa ngokushesha ezindaweni ezincane ezivalekile lapho zingakwazi ukuhamba khona ngokukhululeka. Izinkomo, izingulube, nezinkukhu zivame ukufakwa ezindlini noma ezibayeni ezingazivumeli ukuba ziphenduke, ingasaphathwa eyokulala phansi ngokunethezeka. Lezi zimo ezixineneyo ziyabuhlungu ngokomzimba, futhi izilwane zizizwa zingenaso isizotha. Kwabaningi, lokhu kuvalelwa kungukuchayeka kwabo kokuqala ekukhathazekeni nasekwesabeni kwendlu yokuhlatshwa.
Isibonelo, izinkomo, ezinkulu ngokwemvelo futhi ezidinga indawo yokuzulazula, zithola ukucindezeleka okukhulu lapho zigcwele ezibayeni, ziphoqeleka ukuba zihlale ezindaweni ezivimbela ukunyakaza kwazo, futhi zingakwazi ukwenza noma yikuphi ukuziphatha kwemvelo. Izingulube, izilwane ezihlakaniphile nezinobungane, ziphazanyiswa kakhulu ukuhlukaniswa. Izidalwa ezinobungane ngokwemvelo, izingulube ezigcinwa zodwa emabhokisini amancane amahora noma izinsuku ngaphambi kokuhlatshwa zivame ukubonisa izimpawu zokucindezeleka okukhulu kwengqondo, okuhlanganisa ukuhamba ngesivinini, ukubhoboza ikhanda, kanye nokuziphatha okuphindaphindayo, okuyizimpawu zokukhathazeka okukhulu nokudideka.
Imisindo Enamandla Nokugcwala Okukhulu Kwezinzwa
Ukugcwala kwemizwa ezindaweni zokubulala kungenye yezinto ezesabekayo kakhulu kulezi zindawo. Umsindo omkhulu noqhubekayo wemishini, izilwane ezihlaliswayo, kanye nokukhala kwezinye izilwane ezihlatshwayo kudala umsindo wokwesaba. Lo msindo oqhubekayo ungaphezu nje kokuphazamiseka ezilwaneni—umthombo wokucindezeleka okukhulu kwengqondo. Ukukhala okukhulu kwezilwane ezibuhlungu kuzwakala kulo lonke isikhungo, kukhulisa ukwesaba nokudideka.
Imisindo ekhungathekisayo ilimaza kakhulu izilwane ezinezinzwa zokuzwa ezikhuphukile, njengezingulube nezinkomo, ezinezinhlelo zokuzwa ezizwela kakhulu kunabantu. Le misindo ingabangela ukwethuka, njengoba ihlanganisa ukufa nokuhlupheka. Lo msindo oqhubekayo, ohambisana nokucindezeleka kokubona ezinye izilwane zisesaba, uholela esimweni sokukhathazeka okukhulu okuhambisana nesikhathi, okuholela ekulimaleni kwengqondo okuhlala isikhathi eside.
Amaphunga Anamandla Kakhulu Nezimo Ezingahlanzekile
Umoya ongaphakathi ezihlahleni ugcwele iphunga legazi, indle, kanye nephunga elibi lokufa. Ezilwaneni, la maphunga ayizimpawu ezingenakugwenywa zalokho okuzilindele. Iphunga legazi lodwa lingaba yimbangela enamandla yokucindezeleka, njengoba izilwane zijwayelene kakhulu nokuba khona kwegazi, zilihlobanisa nokulimala noma ukufa endle. Iphunga lohlobo lwazo lokuhlupheka landisa ukwesaba kwazo, lidala isimo sokwesaba izilwane ezingenakukwazi ukukugwema.
Izimo zokungahlanzeki ezindaweni eziningi zokuhlatshwa nazo zikhulisa ukucindezeleka kwazo. Njengoba izilwane zishintsha ngokushesha kanye nobuningi bokubulawa kwabantu, inhlanzeko ivame ukunganakwa. Izilwane ziphoqeleka ukuma endle yazo, zizungezwe udoti, okwengeza olunye ungqimba lokungakhululeki nokucindezeleka. Ukungcola kanye nokuntuleka kokuhlanzeka kwandisa umuzwa wezilwane wokuba sengozini kanye nokuzihlukanisa, okwenza lesi sigameko sibe sibi nakakhulu.
Ukuntuleka Kokuphathwa Okufanelekile Nokunakekelwa Ngozwela
Ukuntuleka kwezindlela zokuphatha ezinobuntu kumane kukhulise umonakalo ongokomzwelo nongokwengqondo ezilwaneni. Zivame ukuqhutshwa, zishaywe, futhi zicindezelwe yizisebenzi ezingaphansi kwengcindezi yokuhambisa inani elikhulu lezilwane ngokushesha. Izindlela zokuphatha ezinonya nezinolaka zikhulisa ukwesaba kwezilwane, okubangela ukuba zesabe kakhulu. Izilwane eziningi zihudulwa yimilenze yazo noma ziphoqelelwe ezindaweni eziqinile kusetshenziswa izinsimbi zikagesi, okubangela ubuhlungu bomzimba kanye nokwesaba ngokomzwelo.
Izinkukhu, isibonelo, zisengozini kakhulu kulezi zimo. Inqubo yokuphatha ingaba nobudlova, lapho izisebenzi zizibamba ngemilenze noma amaphiko azo abuthakathaka, okubangela ukuphuka nokukhumuka. Ukwesaba ukuphathwa kabi ngale ndlela kungabangela umonakalo ongokomzwelo wesikhathi eside, futhi lezi zilwane zivame ukwesaba kakhulu ukuzama ukubaleka.
Izinqubo ezimangalisayo ezinganele nazo zingabangela ukuhlupheka okukhulu kwengqondo. Uma isilwane singamangali kahle ngaphambi kokuhlatshwa, sihlala siqaphile kulo lonke uvivinyo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isilwane sizwa ubunzima obuphelele bokulimala kwaso ngokomzwelo, kusukela ekwesabeni indawo esizungezile kuya ebuhlungwini bokubulawa. Imiphumela yengqondo yalokhu okuhlangenwe nakho ijulile, njengoba izilwane zingalinyazwa nje kuphela ngokomzimba kodwa ziyazi ngokugcwele ikusasa lazo, okwenza ukuhlupheka kwazo kube nzima kakhulu.
Ukuntuleka Kwemvelo
Mhlawumbe isici esibaluleke kakhulu ekuhluphekeni ngokomzwelo okubhekene nezilwane ezindaweni zokuxhela ukungabikho kwendawo yemvelo. Endle, izilwane zinokufinyelela ezindaweni ezivulekile, ukuxhumana nabantu, kanye nokuziphatha kwemvelo okufaka isandla enhlalakahleni yazo yengqondo. Kodwa-ke, ngaphakathi kwemingcele yendawo yokuxhela, zonke lezi zici zemvelo ziyasuswa. Izinkomo, izingulube, nezinkukhu ziphoqeleka ukuba zibekezelele izindawo eziziphuca isithunzi sazo kanye nomuzwa wokulondeka. Ukuntuleka kwezinto zemvelo ezishukumisayo kanye nokungakwazi ukuveza ukuziphatha okuvamile njengokudlisa, ukwakha izidleke, noma ukuhlangana nabantu kunezela kakhulu ekuzizweni kwazo kokukhathazeka nokuphelelwa yithemba.
Ukuchayeka njalo ezimweni ezingezona ezemvelo—izibani eziphuphuthekisayo, imisindo emikhulu, ukuphathwa kanzima—kuholela ekuwohlokeni kwamandla ezilwane okubhekana nazo. Isimo sazo esingokomzwelo siyawohloka ngokushesha, okuholela ekuzizweni okukhulu kokungabi namandla. Ukuntuleka kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwenduduzo noma ukuphepha kwenza lezi zindawo zifane namajele ezilwane, lapho ukwesaba nokudideka kubusa khona umzuzu ngamunye.
Ukulimala Okungokomzwelo Okuqongelelekayo
Umphumela walezi zici—ukuvalelwa, umsindo, iphunga, ukuphathwa kabi, kanye nokuntuleka kwendawo yemvelo—kuholela ekuhluphekeni okukhulu ngokomzwelo kwezilwane. Ukwesaba, ukudideka, kanye nokwesaba akuzona izinto ezidlulayo; zivame ukuqhubeka, zidala isimo sokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo okungapheli. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izilwane ezibhekene nezimo ezinjalo zingaba nemiphumela yengqondo ehlala isikhathi eside, okuhlanganisa nokucindezeleka kwangemva kwenhlekelele (PTSD). Izimpawu ezifana nokuphaphama ngokweqile, ukugwema, kanye nokucindezeleka zivame phakathi kwezilwane eziye zabhekana nezimo ezimbi kangaka.
Ekuphetheni, izimo ezingaphakathi kwezindawo zokuxhela zingaphezu nje kokuhlupheka ngokomzimba; zidala isihogo sengqondo sezilwane ezihilelekile. Ukuvalelwa ngokweqile, izisusa ezinkulu zemizwa, kanye nokuphathwa okungekuhle kuyaphula inhlalakahle yengqondo nengokomzwelo yezilwane, okuholela ekuhlukumezekeni okuhlala isikhathi eside okudlulela kakhulu ekulimaleni kwazo ngokomzimba okusheshayo. Lezi zilwane azibekezeleli nje kuphela ubuhlungu bemizimba yazo kodwa nobuhlungu bezingqondo zazo, okwenza ukuhlupheka ezikuzwayo ezindaweni zokuxhela kube kubi kakhulu.
Ukwesaba Nokukhathazeka Ezilwaneni
Ukwesaba kungenye yezindlela ezisheshayo ngokomzwelo izilwane ezibhekana nazo ezindaweni zokulahlela. Imisindo yezinye izilwane ezisosizini, ukubona igazi, kanye nendawo ezizungezile ezingajwayelekile konke kunegalelo ekuzizweni okukhulu kokwesaba. Ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye njengezinkomo, izingulube, nezinkukhu, ukuba khona kwezilwane ezidla ezinye (abantu noma imishini) kukhulisa lokhu kwesaba. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi izilwane ezindlini zokulahlela zibonisa izimpawu zokukhathazeka, njengokuthuthumela, ukuzwakala kwezwi, kanye nemizamo yokubaleka.
Lokhu kwesaba akuyona nje impendulo yesikhashana kodwa kungaba nemiphumela yengqondo yesikhathi eside. Izilwane ezibhekana nezikhathi ezinde zokwesaba zingase zibe nezimpawu ezifana nokucindezeleka ngemva kwenhlekelele, okuhlanganisa ukuziphatha kokugwema, ukuqapha ngokweqile, kanye nezimpendulo zokucindezeleka ezingavamile. Lokhu kuziphatha kubonisa ukujula kokuhlupheka kwazo kwengqondo.
Ukulimala Kwengqondo Okuvela Ezindaweni Ezingeyona Ezemvelo
Indawo engavamile yendawo yokuhlatshwa kwezilwane inegalelo elikhulu ekuhluphekeni kwengqondo kwezilwane. Izilwane zivame ukugcinwa ezindaweni ezivalekile isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuhlatshwa, okuphazamisa ukuziphatha kwazo kwemvelo. Isibonelo, izingulube ziyizilwane zomphakathi, kodwa ezindaweni eziningi zokuhlatshwa kwezilwane, zigcinwa zodwa, okuholela ekukhungathekeni, ekukhathazekeni, nasekusweleni umphakathi. Izinkukhu nazo zibhekana nokucindezeleka kwengqondo lapho zigcinwa ezindaweni ezigcwele kakhulu, lapho zingakwazi khona ukuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni kwemvelo njengokukhonkotha noma ukuhlala phansi.
Ukungaphathwa kahle kwezindlela zokuziphatha zemvelo kuwuhlobo lokulimala kwengqondo ngokwako. Ukungakwazi ukuhlola, ukusebenzisana nezinye izilwane, noma ngisho nokuhamba ngokukhululeka kudala indawo yokukhungatheka nokucindezeleka. Lokhu kuvalelwa njalo kuholela emazingeni aphezulu olaka, ukucindezeleka, kanye nezinye izifo zengqondo phakathi kwezilwane.
Indima Yokulindela Ekuhluphekeni Okungokomzwelo
Esinye sezimbangela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo kwezilwane ezisemasilaheni ukulindela ukufa. Nakuba ukuzwa ngokushesha kokwesaba ngesikhathi sokuphathwa nokuthuthwa kushaqisa, ukulindela okuzayo kubaluleke ngendlela efanayo. Izilwane zingazizwa izinguquko endaweni yazo futhi zibone izimpawu ezibonisa ukubulawa kwazo okuseduze. Lokhu kulindela kungabangela isimo sokucindezeleka okungapheli, njengoba izilwane zilinde isiphetho sazo, ngokuvamile zingazi ukuthi zizobulawa nini noma kanjani.
Ubunzima obungokwengqondo bokulindela bujulile, njengoba bubeka izilwane esimweni sokungaqiniseki nokukhathazeka njalo. Izilwane eziningi zibonisa izimpawu zokucindezeleka, njengokuhamba kancane, ukucula, noma ukuzama ukubaleka, okubonisa ukuqaphela kwazo usongo oluzisongelayo. Lesi simo sokwesaba asibuhlungu nje ngokomzwelo kodwa singathinta nenhlalakahle yazo iyonke, okuholela ekubeni amasosha omzimba abe buthaka kanye nokuthambekela okukhulu ezifweni.
Umphumela Wemikhuba Engenabuntu
Nakuba izindawo zokuhlaba izilwane zaklanywa ngokuyinhloko kucatshangelwa ukusebenza kahle, isifiso sokukhiqiza sivame ukuba nomthelela oqondile ekwelashweni okunobuntu. Ijubane lokushesha lokuhlaba, izinqubo ezimangalisayo ezinganele, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamasu okuphatha ngobudlova kuholela ekwandeni kokuhlupheka okubhekene nezilwane. Le mikhuba engenabuntu, ebeka phambili isivinini kanye nenzuzo kunenhlalakahle yezilwane, iholela ekuhlukumezekeni kwengqondo nangokomzwelo okungenakucatshangwa kwezilwane ezihilelekile.
Ukubulawa Okusheshayo Nemiphumela Yako
Ezindaweni eziningi zokuhlatshwa, le nqubo ishesha kakhulu kangangokuthi izilwane ziphathwa ngokhahlo, ngaphandle kokunaka inhlalakahle yazo. Indawo ephithizelayo, evame ukuqhutshwa ingcindezi yokuhlatshwa kwezilwane eziningi ngesikhathi esifushane, ikhulisa ukucindezeleka nokwesaba kwazo. Izisebenzi, ezingaphansi kwengcindezi yokuhambisa izilwane ngokushesha, zingase zihlanganyele ezindleleni zokuphatha ezinolaka ezisiza kuphela ukwandisa ukwesaba nokudideka kwezilwane. Esikhundleni sesiqondiso esimnene, izilwane zivame ukusunduzwa, zishaywe, noma zihudulwe ngaphakathi kwesikhungo, okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukucindezeleka kwazo. Lesi sivinini esisheshayo asivumeli ukwelashwa okuzolile nokucophelela okudingekayo ukunciphisa ukukhathazeka nokuvimbela ukulimala.
Isivinini lapho kuhlatshwa khona sisho nokuthi izilwane zingase zingatholi izinqubo ezimangalisayo ezifanele ezibalulekile ekunciphiseni ukuhlupheka kwazo. Ukuhlaba umxhwele kuhloselwe ukwenza isilwane singazi lutho ngaphambi kokuba inqubo yokubulala iqale, kodwa ezindaweni eziningi zokuhlaba, izinqubo ezimangalisayo zenziwa kabi noma zeqiwe ngokuphelele. Uma isilwane singamangali kahle, sihlala siqaphile ngokugcwele njengoba sihlatshwa, sazi ngokugcwele indawo esizungezile kanye nokufa kwaso okusondelayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isilwane asihlushwa nje kuphela ubuhlungu bomzimba bokubulawa kodwa futhi sizwa ukwesaba okukhulu ngokomzwelo kokwazi ukuthi kwenzekani. Ukwesaba okuhlangenwe nakho okunjalo kungafaniswa nephupho elibi, lapho isilwane sizizwa singenamandla futhi sibhajwe, singakwazi ukubalekela isiphetho saso.
Umthelela wengqondo walokhu kuhlupheka okubangelwa yingqondo unzima kakhulu. Isilwane sibekezelela ubuhlungu bengqondo hhayi nje kuphela bobuhlungu obukhulu bokulimala ngokomzimba kodwa futhi nokuqaphela okukhulu ukufa kwaso. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kokuhlukumezeka ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo kudala umphumela ojulile, ohlala isikhathi eside ongeke ulungiswe kalula, noma ngabe isilwane besizosinda enkambisweni yokuhlatshwa.
Ukucatshangelwa Kokuziphatha kanye Nesidingo Soshintsho
Ngokombono wokuziphatha, ukuphathwa kwezilwane ezindlini zokuhlatshwa kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngokokuziphatha. Imikhuba ebanzi yokuvalela, ukuphatha, nokuhlaba izilwane ngaphansi kwezimo ezibangela ukwesaba okukhulu nokuhlupheka ingqubuzana nokuqashelwa okwandayo kwezilwane njengezidalwa ezinengqondo ezikwazi ukuzwa ubuhlungu, ukwesaba, nokucindezeleka. Le mikhuba ayigcini nje ngokulimaza kodwa futhi ayivikeleki ngokokuziphatha uma ibhekwa ngeso lozwela nozwela ngokuhlupheka kwabanye.
Izilwane, njengabantu abanenani lazo ngokwemvelo, zifanelwe ukuphila ngaphandle kokulimala okungadingekile. Inqubo yokuhlaba, ikakhulukazi uma yenziwa ezindaweni ezibeka phambili ukusebenza kahle kunenhlalakahle yazo, ihluke kakhulu nesimiso sokuziphatha sokunciphisa ukulimala. Izimo ezinobudlova nezicindezelayo ngaphakathi kwezihlabelo, lapho izilwane zivame ukuhlaselwa khona ukwesaba okukhulu nobuhlungu obungokomzimba, azikwazi ukuqinisekiswa yinoma yisiphi isidingo noma isifiso somuntu senyama noma imikhiqizo yezilwane. Imiphumela yokuziphatha yezinhlelo ezisekelayo ezihlupha izilwane ngaleyo ndlela inselele izisekelo zokuziphatha zomphakathi othi uyayazisa ubulungiswa nobubele bazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhathazeka ngokuziphatha kudlulela ngale kokuhlupheka okusheshayo kwezilwane ezihlatshweni. Kuhilela imiphumela yemvelo neyomphakathi yezolimo zezilwane, eqhubekisela phambili umjikelezo wobudlova nokuxhashazwa. Ukusekela izimboni ezithembele ekuxhashazweni kwezilwane kunegalelo ngqo ekuqhubekeni kwalokhu kuhlupheka. Ukuqaphela amalungelo ezilwane angokwemvelo nokubheka inhlalakahle yazo njengento ebalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo zokuziphatha kungaholela ekushintsheni emikhubeni eyazisa impilo futhi ihloniphe izidingo zazo ezingokomzwelo nezingokwengqondo.
Kunesidingo esikhulu sokuhlola kabusha izinhlelo zamanje ezilawula ukuphathwa kwezilwane embonini yokudla. Lokhu akuyona nje indaba yokuthuthukisa izimo ezisemadeleni; kudinga ushintsho oluyisisekelo endleleni umphakathi obheka ngayo izilwane nendawo yazo emhlabeni. Isidingo soshintsho sisekelwe ekuqapheliseni ukuthi izilwane azizona izinto ezisetshenziswa kabi kodwa ziyizidalwa ezinezimpilo zazo, imizwa, nezifiso zokuphila ngaphandle kokulimala. Ukucabangela ukuziphatha kudinga ukuthi sikhuthaze imikhuba ehlukile ehlonipha amalungelo ezilwane, inciphise ukulimala, futhi ikhuthaze umhlaba lapho ukuhlupheka okubonakala emadeleni kungasabekezelelwa noma kungasafaneleki.
