Izilwane

Lesi sigaba sihlola ukuthi izilwane - ukuzizwa, zicabanga kanjani - zithinteka ezinhlelweni esizalayo nezinkolelo esizisekelayo. Ngaphesheya kwezimboni namasiko, izilwane aziphathwa njengabantu, kodwa njengamayunithi wokukhiqiza, ukuzijabulisa, noma ucwaningo. Izimpilo zabo ezingokomzwelo azinakwa, amazwi abo athuliswa. Ngalesi sigaba, siqala ukuluveza lokho kucatshangelwa futhi siphinde sithole izilwane njengezimpilo ezifutho: Ukuhlupheka, ukuhlupheka, ilukuluku nokuxhumana. Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kulabo esikufundile ukungakuboni.
Izigatshana eziphakathi kwalesi sigaba zihlinzeka ngombono obekelwe ama-multi abuhlungu ngendlela enzima ngayo futhi isebenza ngokwezikhungo. Izilwane ukuzwela zisiphonsela inselelo yokuthi sibone izimpilo zangaphakathi zezilwane kanye nesayensi ezikusekelayo. Inhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nemibuzo yamalungelo izinhlaka zethu zokuziphatha kanye nokugqamisa ukunyakaza kokuguqulwa kanye nokukhululwa. I-Factory Farming iveza enye yezinhlelo ezinesihluku kakhulu zokuxhashazwa kwezilwane eziningi - lapho ukusebenza kahle ngokweqile. Ezindabeni, silandelela izinhlobo eziningi zesihluku emisebenzini yabantu - emakhejini nasekuhlolweni kwamaketanga kanye namaketanga okuhlatshwa amakhethini namakhethini okuhlatshwa ngamakhemikhali - okuvezwa ukuthi lokhu kungazenzela okujulile kangakanani.
Kodwa-ke inhloso yalesi sigaba akuyona nje ukudalula unya - kodwa ukuvula indlela ebuzweni, isibopho, kanye noshintsho. Lapho sivuma ukuzwela kwezilwane nezinhlelo ezibalimazayo, sithola namandla okukhetha okuhlukile. Kuyisimemo sokushintsha umbono wethu - kusuka ekubuseni ukuze uhlonishwe, kusuka ekulimaleni kuya ekuvumelaneni.

Ezolimo Zezilwane, ezihlangene ezimpilweni zabantu, manje sekungumshayeli oholayo wokuwohloka kwemvelo nezinhlobo zezilwane. Njengokudla kwenyama yenyama, ubisi, kanye neminye imikhiqizo yezilwane kukhula, umthelela wemboni embonini yezinto eziphilayo ufinyelele amazinga abucayi. Ukusuka ekuqothulweni kwamahlathi kodlama amadlelo futhi okuphakelayo izitshalo ekungcoleni kusuka emikhubeni ebanzi yokulima, ezolimo zezilwane ziguqula kabusha imvelo kanye nokucindezela kwezinhlobo eziningi ekuqothulweni. Lo mbhalo uhlola imiphumela efinyelela kude yokukhiqizwa kwemfuyo ezindaweni zokuhlala, impilo yasolwandle, i-pollinators, kanye nemithombo yezemvelo ngenkathi kugqamisa izixazululo ezizinzile ezingasiza ukuncipha kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo

Isihluku sezilwane emapulazini yinkinga evame ukunganakwa ngokufinyelela kude kakhulu kwengqondo. Ngaphandle kokulimala okubonakalayo ngokomzimba, izilwane zasepulazini zikhuthazelela ukuhlupheka okukhulu ngokomzwelo ekudebeleni, ukuhlukunyezwa kanye nokuboshwa. Lezi zinto ezibucayi zithola ukucindezela okungamahlalakhona, ukwesaba, ukukhathazeka nokudangala - kuphazamisa izimo zokuziphatha zazo zemvelo kanye nezibopho zenhlalo. Ukuphathwa kabi okunjalo kungahle kunciphise ikhwalithi yempilo yabo kodwa futhi kuphakamisa nokucindezela ukukhathazeka ngokuziphatha ngemikhuba ejulile yokulima. Ngokubhekana nokukhokhiswa kwengqondo ngonya ezilwaneni zasemapulazini, singacindezela izindinganiso zezenhlalo ezinobubele ezikhuthaza ukwelashwa okunobuntu nendlela eqhubekayo yezolimo

Uhambo lwezinkukhu ze-broiler kusuka ku-hatchery ipuleti kusihlwa lwembula izwe elifihlekile lokuhlupheka elivame ukunganakwa ngabathengi. Ngemuva kokusebenziseka kalula kwenkukhu engabizi kulele uhlelo ukukhula okusheshayo, izimo ezigcwele kakhulu, kanye nemikhuba evuselela amandla ebeka phambili inzuzo ngenhlala-kahle yezilwane. Le ndatshana ifaka izinselelo zokuziphatha, nemiphumela yezemvelo, nezinselelo ezinhle kakhulu ezifakwe ngaphakathi kwemboni yenkukhu e-broiler, ukunxusa abafundi ukuthi babhekane nezindleko zangempela zokukhiqizwa kwezinkukhu eziningi. Ngokuhlola lezi zinto ezingokoqobo kanye nokuxhasa ushintsho, singathatha izinyathelo ezinengqondo zokudala uhlelo lokudla onozwela nolushubile

UFoie Gras, uphawu lokunethezeka ekudleni okuhle, afihle iqiniso elibuhlungu lokuhlupheka kwezilwane okuvame ukunganakwa. Kususelwa kubutho bamadada nama-geese, lokhu kudla okuphikisanayo kukhiqizwa ngomkhuba obizwa ngokuthi yi-gavava-inhlukumeza edala ubuhlungu obukhulu bomzimba nokucindezelwa kwengqondo kulezi zinyoni ezihlakaniphile. Ngemuva kwedumela laso esicwebezelayo kulele imboni egcwele ukwephulwa kokuziphatha, lapho uzwela khona uzwela. Njengoba ukuqwashisa kukhula ngokuhlukunyezwa okufihliwe kumapulazi we-foie gras, sekuyisikhathi sokubhekana nezindleko zokuziphatha zokuzitika kanye nokuxhaswa kwezindlela eziningi ezinobuhlakani emasikweni ethu aphezulu

Umkhakha wenkukhu usebenza ngesisekelo esibuhlungu, lapho izimpilo zezigidi zezinyoni zincishiswa zibe yimpahla nje. Ngaphakathi kwamapulazi efektri, izinkukhu kanye nezinye izinkukhu zihlala zikhuthazela izikhala ezigcwele izikhala, ukuhlukaniswa okubuhlungu njengokuqedwa kwe-debeaking kanye nokuqunjelwa kwephiko, nokucindezelwa okukhulu kwengqondo, nokucindezelwa okukhulu kwengqondo, nokucindezelwa okukhulu kwengqondo. Uncishwe izindlela zabo zemvelo futhi wabhekana nezimo ezingezinhle, lezi zilwane zibhekana nokuhlupheka okungapheli ekuphishekeleni ukusebenza okuqhutshwa inzuzo. Lo mbhalo usikhanyisela ngamaqiniso anzima wokulima izimboni, uhlole ukukhokhelwa ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo kwizinkukhu ngenkathi uxhasa izinguquko ezinozwela ezibeka inhlala-kahle yezilwane endaweni yangaphambili

Ukuthekelisa okubukhoma, ukuhweba okubukhoma kwezilwane ezibukhoma ngokuhlatshwa noma ukugcwala, kudalula izigidi zezilwane zasemapulazini ekuhambeni okunzima kakhulu kukhathele ukuhlupheka. Ukusuka ezimweni zokuhamba ezigcwele kakhulu kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu ekunciphiseni isikhathi eside nokunakekelwa kwezilwane okunganele, lezi zinto ezifungekile zikhuthazelela ubunzima obungaqondakali. Njengoba ukuqwashisa komphakathi kukhula ngemibiko yokuphenya kanye nokuvuselelwa kotshani, imiphumela yokuziphatha yalomkhakha iza ngaphansi kokuhlolisiswa okukhulu. Le ndatshana ivimba amaqiniso ahluphayo wokuthumela ngaphandle, ukuhlola isihluku esihlelekile futhi akhulise izingcingo zokuguqula ikusasa elinobuhle izilwane zasepulazini emhlabeni wonke emhlabeni wonke

Izilwandle zethu, ezicebile empilweni nasezilwaneni eziphilayo, zibhekene nosongo okhulayo: ukwanda okusheshayo kwezindawo ezifile olwandle. Lezi zindawo, lapho amazinga we-oxygen plummet kanye nempilo yasolwandle engenakukhuleka khona, kuya ngokuya kuhambisana nomthelela wezemvelo wezolimo zezilwane. Kusuka kumanyolo runa kudala ama-algal blooms aqhakaza ukungcola kusuka ekungcoleni imfucumfucu kanye nokukhiqizwa okuphakelayo, izindlela zokulima izimboni zilimaza kakhulu i-Marine Ecosystems. Lo mbhalo uhlola ukuthi izindlela zezolimo ezingafinyeleleki zifaka kanjani izimo ezifile olwandle futhi ziveze izixazululo ezisebenzisekayo - njengokuthola ukudla okususelwa kwizitshalo futhi kukhuthaza ukulima okuzinzile - kungasiza ukuvikela izilwane zethu ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane ezizayo ezizayo

Ukulima ifektri, itshe lezolimo lezenzondo zezimboni, lishayela izinselelo ezinkulu zemvelo ezisongela izinto eziphilayo kanye nezilwane zasendle emhlabeni wonke. Ngenkathi ikhuthaza isidingo esikhulayo semikhiqizo yezilwane, imikhuba yaso - esukela ekuqothulweni kwamahlathi kwezilimo okuphakelayo ekubhujisweni kwendawo yokuhlala kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi - kufakwa engcupheni izinto eziningi. Ukusetshenziswa okusabalele kwama-pesticides kulimaza ama-pollinators agxeka ukukhiqizwa kabusha, ngenkathi antibise antibiotic akhuthaza amagciwane amelana nalo aphazamisa ukulinganisela kwemvelo. Kuhlanganiswe nokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kanye nokufana kwezakhi zofuzo ezifuyweni zezilwane, umthelela wokulima efektri ufinyelela kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kokudla. Ukubhekana nalezi zingqinamba ngokusebenzisa ezinye izindlela ezizinzile kubalulekile ekuvikeleni izinto ezinobudlova bethu abacebile kanye nezemvelo

Ngemuva kwemikhiqizo yenyama ehlanganiswe kahle ezitolo kukhona iqiniso elihluphayo: Ukuphishekela okungapheli kwenzuzo embonini yenyama kuza ngezindleko ezilimazayo enhlalakahleni yezilwane, imvelo kanye nempilo yomphakathi. Izigidigidi zezilwane ezinomqondo zikhuthazelela izimpilo ze-nya futhi zihlupheke emapulazini asemboni nasezindlini ezihlatshwayo, ziphathwe njengezisetshenziswa zokuphehla uhlelo olungagcineki. Le ndatshana ivimba izinkinga zokuziphatha, ukulimala kwemvelo, kanye nezingozi zempilo eziboshelwe ekukhiqizweni kwenyama yezimboni ngenkathi zigqamisa indlela izinqumo zabathengi aziswa ngayo indlela yekusasa elinozwela ngokwengeziwe futhi esimeme