Ngokomlando, izinhlanzi zazithathwa njengezidalwa zakudala ezingenawo amandla okuzwa ubuhlungu noma ukuhlupheka. Kodwa-ke, intuthuko ekuqondeni kwesayensi iye yabekela inselele lo mbono, iveza ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda bokuzwa izinhlanzi nokubona ubuhlungu. Kanjalo, imithelela yesimilo yenhlalakahle yezinhlanzi ekulimeni kwezilwane zasemanzini nasekukhiqizweni kwezilwane zasolwandle iye yahlolisiswa, okuholele ekutheni kuhlolwe kabusha izinqubo zemboni kanye nokukhetha kwabathengi. Lesi sihloko sicubungula ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwenhlalakahle yezinhlanzi, ukufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezilwane zasolwandle, okusikhanyisela ngokuhlupheka okufihliwe okungemva kwezinhlanzi ezibonakala zingenacala emapuletini ethu.
Iqiniso Lokubona Ubuhlungu Bezinhlanzi
Ngokwesiko, inkolelo yokuthi inhlanzi ayinalo ikhono lokuzwa ubuhlungu ivela ekucatshangelweni kwayo kokulula kwe-anatomical nokuqonda uma kuqhathaniswa nezilwane ezincelisayo. Ubuchopho bezinhlanzi abunayo i-neocortex, isifunda esihlobene nokucutshungulwa kobuhlungu kubantu nakwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, okuholela abaningi ekucabangeni ukuthi abakwazi ukuhlupheka. Kodwa-ke, lo mbono uye waphonswa inselele indikimba ekhulayo yocwaningo lwesayensi olukhanyisa i-neurobiology eyinkimbinkimbi yezinhlanzi kanye namandla azo okubona ubuhlungu.
Ucwaningo luye lwembula ukuthi izinhlanzi zinesimiso sezinzwa esiyinkimbinkimbi esifakwe ama-nociceptors akhethekile, izinzwa ezithola izinto eziyingozi futhi zidlulisele izimpawu ebuchosheni. Lawa ma-nociceptors asebenza ngokufana nalawo atholakala ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, okuphakamisa ukuthi izinhlanzi zingase zizwe ubuhlungu ngendlela efana nama-vertebrates aphezulu. Ukwengeza, amasu we-neuroimaging anikeze ukuqonda ezindleleni ze-neural ezingaphansi kokucubungula ubuhlungu ezinhlanzini, okubonisa amaphethini okusebenza ezindaweni zobuchopho ezihambisana ne-nociception kanye nezimpendulo eziphikisayo.
Ukuhlolwa kokuziphatha kuqinisa ngokwengeziwe umbono wokubona ubuhlungu bezinhlanzi. Uma zichayeka ezintweni ezingase zibe yingozi njengokushaqiswa kukagesi noma amakhemikhali ayingozi, izinhlanzi zibonisa imikhuba yokugwema ehlukile, ebonisa ukuzondwa kwezinsongo ezicatshangwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi ezingaphansi kwezinqubo ezibuhlungu zibonisa izimpendulo zokucindezeleka ngokomzimba, okuhlanganisa amazinga e-cortisol aphakeme kanye nezinguquko zokushaya kwenhliziyo nokuphefumula, ukubonisa izimpendulo zokucindezeleka ezibonwa ezilwaneni ezincelisayo ezibhekene nobuhlungu.
Ucwaningo lwe-anesthesia kanye ne-analgesia lunikeze ubufakazi obunamandla bokunciphisa ubuhlungu ezinhlanzi. Ukuphathwa kwezinto ezidambisa izinhlungu njenge-lidocaine noma i-morphine kunciphisa ukusabela komzimba nokuziphatha ezisusa eziyingozi, okuphakamisa ukuthi inhlanzi ithola impumuzo efana nemiphumela yokudambisa izinhlungu kubantu nakwezinye izilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezibulala izinzwa phakathi nezinqubo ezihlaselayo, ezifana ne-fin clipping noma ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa, kuye kwaboniswa ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka nokuthuthukisa imiphumela yenhlalakahle ezinhlanzini, okugqamisa ukubaluleka kokuphathwa kobuhlungu ekunciphiseni ukuhlupheka.
Sekukonke, isisindo sobufakazi besayensi sisekela isiphetho sokuthi izinhlanzi ziyizidalwa ezizwelayo ezikwazi ukuzwa ubuhlungu nokucindezeleka. Nakuba ukwakheka kwazo kwemizwa kungase kuhluke kwezilwane ezincelisayo, izinhlanzi zinezinqubo ezibalulekile zomzimba nezokuziphatha ezidingekayo ukuze kubonakale ubuhlungu. Ukwamukela umbono wezinhlungu zezinhlanzi kubekela inselele ukucabanga osekunesikhathi eside kucatshangwa mayelana nenhlalakahle yazo futhi kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwezimiso zokuziphatha ukuze kucatshangelwe inhlalakahle yazo emfuyweni yasemanzini nasezinkambisweni zokukhiqiza ukudla kwasolwandle. Ukwehluleka ukuqaphela nokubhekana nombono wobuhlungu bezinhlanzi akugcini nje ngokuqhubekisela phambili ukuhlupheka okungadingekile kodwa futhi kubonisa ukunganaki ukubaluleka kwangaphakathi kwalezi zidalwa eziphawulekayo.
Imithelela Yokuziphatha Yezasemanzini
Enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko zokuziphatha kwezilwane zasemanzini iphathelene nokuphathwa kwezinhlanzi ezifuywayo. Imikhuba yokulima eqinile ivamise ukuhlanganisa ukugcwala okuminyene ezibayeni, amathangi, noma amakheji, okuholela ekuminyana nasekukhuphuleni izinga lokucindezeleka phakathi kwezinhlanzi eziningi. Ukuminyana kwezitokisi eziphezulu akugcini nje ngokubeka engcupheni ikhwalithi yamanzi futhi kwandise ukungenwa yizifo kodwa futhi kukhawulela ukuziphatha okungokwemvelo kwezinhlanzi kanye nokusebenzelana komphakathi, okuphazamisa inhlalakahle yazo iyonke.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqubo ezivamile zokufuywa kwezilwane zasemanzini, njengokugreda, ukugoma, nezokuthutha, zingafaka izinhlanzi ekucindezelekeni okwengeziwe nasekuphathekeni kabi. Ukuphatha izingcindezi, okuhlanganisa ukunetha, ukuhlunga, nokudlulisa phakathi kwezinsiza, kungase kubangele ukulimala ngokomzimba nokucindezeleka kwengqondo, kubeke engozini inhlalakahle yezinhlanzi ezifuywayo. Ukungahlinzeki ngendlela efanele kwendawo, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nokunothiswa kwemvelo kubhebhethekisa izinselele ezibhekene nezinhlanzi ezivalelwe, kulimaze izinga lempilo yazo.
Izinqubo ze-aquaculture nazo ziyahlangana nokucatshangelwa kwezimiso ezibanzi okuhlobene nokusimama kwemvelo kanye nokwabiwa kwezinsiza. Ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi okujulile kuvame ukuncika emfuyweni wezinhlanzi zasendle ukuze kudliwe ukudla, okunomthelela ekudobeni ngokweqile nasekucekeleni phansi kwe-ecosystem. Ukwengeza, ukukhishwa kwemisoco eyeqile, ama-antibiotics, kanye nemfucuza evela ezindaweni ezifuywayo zasemanzini kungangcolisa izindawo ezizungezile zamanzi, kubeke engozini imvelo yendawo kanye nempilo yomphakathi.
Ukuhlupheka Ekukhiqizeni Ukudla Kwasolwandle
Njengoba isidingo sezinhlanzi siqhubeka sikhuphuka, amafamu ezimboni aseyimithombo eyinhloko yokudla kwasolwandle, ebeka izigidi zezinhlanzi ekuphileni kokuboshwa nokuhlupheka.
Kuwo womabili amapulazi ahlala phakathi nezwe nasolwandle, izinhlanzi ngokuvamile ziminyene ezindaweni eziminyene, lapho zingakwazi khona ukukhombisa ukuziphatha kwemvelo noma ukufinyelela indawo eyanele. Ukunqwabelana kwemikhiqizo engcolile, njenge-ammonia ne-nitrate, kulezi zindawo ezivalekile kungaholela eqophelweni eliphansi lamanzi, kubhebhethekise ukucindezeleka nezifo phakathi kwezinhlanzi. Ukungenwa ama-parasitic kanye nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kuqhubezela phambili ukuhlupheka okutholwa izinhlanzi ezifuywayo, njengoba zilwela ukuphila endaweni egcwele amagciwane kanye nezilwanyane.
Ukungabikho kokuqondisa okuqondisayo mayelana nenhlalakahle yezinhlanzi emazweni amaningi, kuhlanganise ne-United States, kushiya izinhlanzi zisengozini yokuphathwa ngonya lapho zihlatshwa. Ngaphandle kokuvikelwa okungokomthetho okunikezwa izilwane zasemhlabeni ngaphansi koMthetho Wokuhlatshwa Kwesintu, izinhlanzi zingaphansi kwezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zokuhlaba ezehluka ngonya kanye nempumelelo. Imikhuba evamile efana nokukhipha izinhlanzi emanzini nokuzivumela ukuthi zimince kancane noma ukubhuquza izinhlobo ezinkulu ezifana ne-tuna ne-swordfish zife zigcwele ukuhlupheka nokucindezeleka.
Ukuvezwa kwezinhlanzi ezizabalaza ukubaleka njengoba amazinyo azo ewa, ezivimbela ukuba ziphefumule, ugqamisa unya olujulile olutholakala ezenzweni zamanje zokuhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungasebenzi kanye nesihluku sezindlela ezifana ne-clubbing kugcizelela ukunganakwa okungenangqondo kwenhlalakahle yezinhlanzi okudlangile embonini yezilwane zasolwandle.
Ngenzenjani Ukuze Ngisize?
Ungasiza ukuqwashisa ngokuhlupheka kwezinhlanzi embonini yokudoba ngokubamba iqhaza ezenzakalweni, ukusabalalisa amapheshana, ukwenza ucwaningo, nokwabelana ngolwazi ku-inthanethi. Ngokusabalalisa izwi mayelana namaqiniso anzima okulima izinhlanzi kanye nezinqubo zokudoba, ungakhuthaza abanye ukuthi bafunde kabanzi futhi bathathe isinyathelo sokukhuthaza ukuphathwa kwezinhlanzi ngendlela efanele.
