Unyaka ngamunye, izilwane ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 zibhekana nokulimala nokuhlupheka ngenxa yokuhlolwa kwezilwane, umkhuba osaqhubeka uphakamisa imibuzo engathi sína ngokuziphatha nokuziphatha. Naphezu kwentuthuko emangalisayo ocwaningweni lwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, olunikeze ezinye izindlela zokuhlola ezinobuntu futhi ezisebenza ngempumelelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane kumalabhorethri kusalokhu kusabalele emhlabeni wonke. Ngisho nasemazweni athuthuke kakhulu ngokwesayensi, njenge-United States, izinkampani nezikhungo zocwaningo zisathembele kulo mkhuba oyisidala, ongenabuntu ukuhlola ukuphepha kwemikhiqizo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubeka izilwane ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu ezingase zibangele ukuba zihlupheke ngenxa yokushiswa, ukungenwa ushevu, nokulimala okukhubazayo. Kulokhu kuhlola, izilwane zivame ukuphathwa njengamathuluzi noma izinto nje, eziphucwe amalungelo nesithunzi sazo.
Ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kokuhlolwa kwezilwane akukona nje unya kodwa futhi kunempikiswano enkulu, njengoba kuhilela ukubangela ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka okungadingekile ezidalwa ezinemizwa ezingakwazi ukuzikhulumela. Ngaphandle kokulimala kwamanje ezilwaneni ezihilelekile, ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kubangela ubungozi obukhulu empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo. Ezimweni eziningi, imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwezilwane ayisebenzi nakubantu ngenxa yomehluko omkhulu wezinto eziphilayo phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane, okuholela eziphethweni ezidukisayo kanye nezinsiza ezimoshiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhemikhali nezinto ezisetshenziswa kulokhu kuhlola kungaba nemiphumela emibi ehlala isikhathi eside endaweni ezungezile, okunomthelela ekungcoleni nasekucekeleni phansi kwemvelo.
Njengoba umhlaba uqhubeka nokuthuthuka kuzo zombili izindinganiso zokuziphatha kanye namandla esayensi, kunesidingo esikhulayo sokusuka ekuhlolweni kwezilwane. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela unya olungokwemvelo lwale mikhuba futhi sivume ukuthi kunezinye izindlela ezinokwethenjelwa, okungezona ezezilwane ezinganikeza imiphumela enembe kakhulu neyobuntu. Impi yokuqeda ukuhlolwa kwezilwane ayikona nje ukuvikela izilwane, kodwa futhi imayelana nokuqhubekisela phambili ubuqotho besayensi, impilo yabantu, kanye nokusimama kwemvelo. Isikhathi sesifikile sokumisa ukuhlolwa kwezilwane unomphela.
Uhlolojikelele: Okuthusayo Kokuhlolwa Kwezilwane
Unyaka ngamunye, amashumi ezigidi ezilwane ahlolwa ezindaweni zokucwaninga kulo lonke elase-United States. Ngokushaqisayo, kulinganiselwa ukuthi phakathi kwama-85 kanye nama-95% alezi zilwane azinikezwa ukuvikelwa okusemthethweni, okuzishiya zisengozini yokuhlupheka ngendlela engacabangeki. Lezi zilwane, ngokuvamile amagundane, amagundane, izinyoni, nezinhlanzi, ziyizidalwa eziyinkimbinkimbi ezizwa ubuhlungu nokucindezeleka ngezindlela ezifana nezabantu, nokho zinqatshelwe amalungelo ayisisekelo nezivikelo okufanele zinikezwe noma yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo.
Izinga leqiniso lale nkinga kunzima ukulilinganisa, njengoba ngaphansi komthetho wamanje wase-US, amalabhorethri akudingekile ukuthi adalule idatha ebanzi ngezinhlobo ezisetshenziswa ekuhloleni. Ukuntula izinto obala kwenza kube inselele ukuhlola ngokunembile isilinganiso sokuhlolwa kwezilwane, kodwa kusobala ukuthi amagundane, amagundane, izinyoni nezinhlanzi—izidalwa ezikwazi ukuba nemizwa eyinkimbinkimbi nokuhlupheka—ziyizisulu eziyinhloko zalo mkhuba. Ukungabi bikho kwesivikelo esisemthethweni kusho ukuthi inqwaba yezilwane ezilabhorethri zingaphansi kwezimo ezinyantisayo ngaphandle kokugadwa okuncane, okuzishiya zichayeka ebuhlungwini nobuhlungu obungenasidingo.
Lezi zilwane zisetshenziswa emikhakheni eminingi yocwaningo, ngayinye inesethi yayo yokukhathazeka ngokuziphatha kanye nemiphumela engaba khona. Ucwaningo lwezokwelapha, oluhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwemithi, imigomo, nezinqubo zezokwelapha, lungomunye wemikhakha emikhulu ethembele ekuhlolweni kwezilwane. Nokho, akugcini emkhakheni wezokwelapha. Izilwane ziphinde zisetshenziswe ekuhlolweni kwe-aeronautic kanye nezimoto, lapho zingase zibe ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu, ukuphahlazeka, noma ezinye izinhlobo zokulimala egameni lokuphepha komuntu. Emkhakheni wezempi, izilwane zivame ukusetshenziswa ekuhloleni okungase kuhlanganise ukuchayeka kwamakhemikhali, izikhali, noma isimo sokuziphatha. Ngokufanayo, kwezolimo, izilwane zihlolwa ngofuzo, ukuhlolwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, nolunye ucwaningo oluthinta inhlalakahle yazo.
Ucwaningo lokuziphatha nolwengqondo ngokuvamile luhilela ukuchaya izilwane ezimweni ezicindezelayo ezihlukahlukene noma izindawo ezingezona ezemvelo ukuze zifunde ukusabela kwazo kanye namakhono okuqonda. Lolu hlobo lokuhlola lukhathaza kakhulu, njengoba lubandakanya ukuphatha izilwane ngezindlela ezingabangela ukulimala kwengqondo yesikhathi eside. Ukwengeza, izilwane zisetshenziswa ekuhlolweni komkhiqizo wabathengi, lapho zingaphansi kwezimo ezinzima namakhemikhali ukuze kutholwe ukuphepha kwemikhiqizo yansuku zonke njengezimonyo, izinto zokuhlanza, nezinto zangasese.
Kuzo zonke lezi zindawo zocwaningo, ukwelashwa kwezilwane kuphakamisa imibuzo engathi sína ngokuziphatha. Nakuba abanye bephikisana ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kuyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe isayensi nenhlalakahle yabantu, izindlela ezisetshenziswayo ngokuvamile ziholela ekuhluphekeni okukhulu. Isibonelo, izilwane zingase zivalelwe emakhejini amancane, zihlukaniswe nokuxhumana nomphakathi, noma zibe ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezibuhlungu ngaphandle kokubulala izinzwa. Ezimweni eziningi, izilwane zibulawa lapho ukuhlola sekuqediwe, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokucatshangelwa ngenhlalakahle yazo noma ukuthi ucwaningo lunikeze imiphumela ephusile.
Naphezu kwenqubekelaphambili engenakuphikwa kwezinye izindlela zokucwaninga, njengokuhlolwa kwe-in vitro, ukulingisa amakhompiyutha, kanye nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kusaqhubeka kuwumkhuba ogxilile ezimbonini eziningi. Ubufakazi obukhulayo obusekela ukungasebenzi kanye nokukhathazeka kokuziphatha kokuhlolwa kwezilwane kwenze abaningi babuza ukuthi kudingekile ngempela yini, noma uma singaqhubekela phambili ngaphandle kokubeka izidalwa ezingenacala ekulimaleni okungadingekile.
Ukwesabeka kokuhlolwa kwezilwane akugcini nje ngobuhlungu obungokomzimba lezi zilwane ezibubekezelela; baphinde babhekane nokuhlupheka ngokwengqondo nangokomzwelo ezindaweni lapho ukuziphatha kwabo kwemvelo kuvinjelwa khona, futhi imvelo yabo yokusinda ishaywa indiva. Sekuyisikhathi sokuba kubhekwe kabusha ukusetshenziswa kwezilwane ocwaningweni futhi kushintshelwe kwezinye izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zobuntu nezisebenza ngokwesayensi ezingabandakanyi ukuhlupheka kwezidalwa ezizwelayo.
Ongakwenza
Ngamunye wethu unamandla okufaka isandla ekulweni nokuhlupheka kwezilwane nokuvimbela ukufa okungadingekile ngokuthatha izinyathelo ezinengqondo. Zonke izinqumo esizenzayo, kusukela emikhiqizweni esiyithengayo kuye ezinhlanganweni esizisekelayo, zingenza umehluko omkhulu ekuqedeni umkhuba ononya wokuhlola izilwane. Nazi ezinye izinyathelo ongazithatha ukuze usize izilwane futhi ukhuthaze ushintsho:
1. Sekela Imikhiqizo Engenalo Unya
Enye yezindlela ezisheshayo zokunciphisa ukuhlupheka kwezilwane ukuthenga imikhiqizo engenalo unya. Izinkampani eziningi zisahlola imikhiqizo yazo ezilwaneni, kodwa inani elikhulayo lemikhiqizo lizinikele ezenzweni ezingenalo unya. Ngokukhetha ukuthenga kuphela kuma-brand angahloli izilwane, ungathumela umlayezo ocacile ezinkampanini abathengi abakhathalelayo ngenhlalakahle yezilwane. Kunenqwaba yezitifiketi namalebula angenalo unya angaqondisa izinqumo zakho zokuthenga, akwenze kube lula ukukhetha imikhiqizo ehambisana namanani akho.
2. Nikela Ezinhlanganweni Zosizo Ezilungile
Enye indlela yokwenza umehluko ukunikela kuphela ezinhlanganweni ezisiza abampofu nezinhlangano ezingasekeli noma ezizibandakanyile ekuhloleni izilwane. Ezinye izinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi zocwaningo lwezokwelapha nezesayensi zisaxhasa ukuhlolwa kwezilwane, nakuba zikhona ezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo ezitholakalayo. Uma unikela ezinhlanganweni ezikhuthaza izindlela zokucwaninga okungezona ezezilwane noma ezilwela amalungelo ezilwane, usiza ukuxhasa ikusasa lapho izilwane zingasahlupheki khona ukuze kuzuze abantu.
3. Cela Izindlela Ezihlukile Zokuhlakazwa Kwezilwane
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane emakilasini kusewumkhuba osabalele naphezu kokutholakala kwezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo nezilungile. Ungasiza ngokumela nokucela ezinye izindlela okungezona ezezilwane esikoleni sakho noma esikhungweni sakho semfundo. Izinhlelo ze-Virtual dissection, amamodeli e-3D, kanye nesofthiwe esebenzisanayo ingangena esikhundleni sesidingo sokuhlinza izilwane ngendlela efundisa abafundi ibhayoloji ngaphandle kokulimaza izidalwa eziphilayo.
4. Advocate for Humane, Non-Animal Test
Enye yezindlela ezinamandla kakhulu zokunciphisa ukuhlolwa kwezilwane iwukuphushela ukuqaliswa ngokushesha kwezindlela zokuhlola ezinobuntu, okungezona ezesilwane. Ama-ejensi kahulumeni nezinkampani ngokuvamile zixhasa noma zenza izivivinyo ngezilwane, futhi kubalulekile ukufuna ukuthi zitshale kwezinye izindlela zokuhlola eziphumelelayo, ezingezona ezezilwane. Ngokuphakamisa izwi lakho, noma ngabe ngezikhalazo, izincwadi, noma imikhankaso yomphakathi, ungafuna ukuthi izikhungo zisebenzise izindlela zokuhlola ezinokuziphatha nezithuthuke ngokwesayensi. Khuthaza abenzi benqubomgomo ukuthi basebenzise imithetho evuna ezinye izindlela zokuhlola izilwane, futhi benze izinkampani ziphendule ngokuqhubeka nokusebenzisa imikhuba eyisidala, enonya.
5. Khuthaza Izikhungo Zezemfundo Ukuba Ziyeke Ukuvivinya Izilwane
Amanyuvesi amaningi nezikhungo zocwaningo ziyaqhubeka nokusebenzisa izilwane ezifundweni zazo, noma ngabe zikhona ezinye izindlela. Ungadlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni i-alma mater yakho noma izikhungo zemfundo zasendaweni ukuthi ziyeke ukuhlola izilwane. Ngokufinyelela kubaphathi bamanyuvesi, amalungu obuhlakani, nezinhlangano zabafundi, ungasiza ekwakheni isiko lekhempasi elazisa izinqubo zocwaningo lwesimilo kanye nenhlalakahle yezilwane.
Izenzo Ezimqoka Ongazithatha
Kunemizamo eminingana eqondile engaba nomthelela omkhulu ekwehliseni ukuhlolwa kwezilwane nasekuthuthukiseni ezinye izindlela zobuntu:
- Sekela Ukuphenya Nokukhulumela Kofakazi Abazibonela : Izinhlangano ezidalula amaqiniso abuhlungu okuhlolwa kwezilwane zisiza ukuqwashisa nokwakha ukwesekwa komphakathi koshintsho. Ungasiza ngokusekela le mikhankaso.
- Push for Government Action : Gwema izinqubomgomo ezikhawulela ukuhlolwa kwezilwane futhi ukhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela okungezona ezesilwane. Cindezela abenzi bomthetho ukuthi bashaye imithetho evikela izilwane futhi ixhase ucwaningo oluphathelene nobuntu.
- Khuthaza Izinkampani Ukuba Zamukele Izindlela Okungezona Ezezilwane : Nxusa izinkampani zemithi, amakhemikhali, nemikhiqizo yabathengi ukuthi zimiselele ukuhlola kwezilwane ngezinye izindlela ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Bamba iqhaza emikhankasweni eqondise izinkampani ezisasebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwezilwane.
- Qeda Ukuhlukaniswa Kwekilasi : Khuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuziphatha, okungezona ezezilwane ezikoleni, ezifana nokuhlukaniswa okubonakalayo namamodeli e-3D, ukuze kuthathelwe indawo ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane.
- I-Fund Humane Research : Izinhlangano ezisekelayo ezixhasa ngezimali ucwaningo okungezona ezezilwane ukuze zisize ukuthuthukisa izindlela zokuhlola ezingcono, ezisebenza ngempumelelo.
- Thuthukisa Ucwaningo Okungezona Izilwane : Vulela ukushicilelwa nokusetshenziswa kocwaningo lwesayensi olubonisa ukuphakama kwezindlela zokuhlola okungezona ezesilwane.
- Khuthaza Izinhlangano Ezisiza Ezempilo Ukuba Zicabange Kabusha Ukuhlola Izilwane : Phusha izinhlangano ezisiza umphakathi ukuthi zitshale ezindleleni zokucwaninga okungezona ezesilwane esikhundleni sokuxhasa ngezimali ukuhlolwa kwezilwane.
