Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 ugqamise imiphumela edabukisayo yezifo ze-zoonotic, okuyizifo ezingadluliselwa zisuka ezilwaneni ziye kubantu. Ngenkinga yezempilo eqhubekayo emhlabeni wonke, umbuzo uphakama: ingabe izindlela zokulima zasefekthri zingaba nomthelela ekuqubukeni kwezifo ze-zoonotic? Ukulima kwasefekthri, okubuye kwaziwe ngezolimo zezimboni, kuwuhlelo lokukhiqiza ngezinga elikhulu olubeka phambili ukusebenza kahle kanye nenzuzo ngaphezu kwenhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nokusimama kwemvelo. Le ndlela yokukhiqiza ukudla isiwumthombo oyinhloko wenyama, ubisi namaqanda kubantu abakhulayo emhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, njengoba isidingo semikhiqizo yezilwane eshibhile nechichimayo sikhula, ingozi yokuqubuka kwezifo ze-zoonotic iyanda. Kulesi sihloko, sizocubungula ukuxhumana phakathi kokulima kwasefekthri kanye nezifo ze-zoonotic, sibheke ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi ubhubhane luqhamuke emikhubeni yamanje yokulima ezimbonini. Sizohlaziya izici ezibalulekile ezenza ukulima kwefekthri kube indawo yokuzalanisa izifo ze-zoonotic, futhi sixoxe ngezixazululo ezingase zigweme ukuqubuka kwekusasa. Sekuyisikhathi sokubhekana nezingozi ezingase zibe khona zokulima efekthri futhi sicabangele ezinye izindlela, eziqhubekayo zokukhiqiza ukudla ukuze kuvikelwe kokubili impilo yabantu neyezilwane.
Ukulima kakhulu kwezilwane kanye nezifo ze-zoonotic
Ukuhlaziya ukuthi ukufuywa kwezilwane okujulile kudala kanjani indawo yokuzalanisa izifo ze-zoonotic kubalulekile ekuqondeni ubungozi obungaba khona empilweni yomphakathi. Kuwo wonke umlando, kube nezibonelo eziningi lapho izifo ze-zoonotic ziye zavela khona emikhubeni yokulima efektri. Kusukela ekuqubukeni komkhuhlane wezingulube ngo-2009 kuya kubhubhane lwakamuva lwe-COVID-19, kuyabonakala ukuthi ukusondelana nokuminyana kwezilwane kule misebenzi kwenza kube lula ukudluliswa kwamagciwane ezilwaneni aye kubantu. Lokhu kugcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo sezinyathelo zokuvimbela, okuhlanganisa nezinguquko zokudla, ukunciphisa ubungozi obuhlobene nokufuywa kwezilwane ngamandla kanye nokunciphisa amathuba okuba nobhubhane lwesikhathi esizayo. Ngokubhekana nezimbangela zezifo ze-zoonotic emkhakheni wezolimo, singasebenzela ukudala indawo ephephile nenempilo kokubili izilwane kanye nabantu ngokufanayo.
Izibonelo zomlando zokuqubuka kwezifo
Kuwo wonke umlando, kuye kwaba nezibonelo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zokuqubuka kwezifo eziye zaxhunyaniswa nemikhuba yokulima eqinile yezilwane . Esinye isibonelo esivelele ukugqashuka komkhuhlane wezinyoni i-H5N1 owaqala ngo-1997. Lolu hlobo lomkhuhlane wezinyoni lwavela eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia futhi lwasakazekela ngokushesha kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, lwaphumela ekuguleni okubi nezinga eliphezulu lokufa kwabantu. Esinye isigameko esiphawulekayo ukugqashuka kwe-E. coli O157:H7 ngo-1993 e-United States, eyalandelelwa emuva enyameni engcolile evela endaweni yokucubungula inyama yenkomo enkulu. Lokhu kuqubuka kwaholela ekuguleni nasekufeni okuningi, okugqamisa ubungozi bezimo ezingahlanzekile kanye nezinyathelo zokungahlanzeki ezanele emisebenzini yokulima efekthri. Lezi zibonelo ezingokomlando zisebenza njengezikhumbuzo eziqinile zemiphumela engaba khona yokufuywa kwezilwane ngamandla kanye nesidingo esiphuthumayo sezinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuvimbela ukuqubuka kwekusasa. Ngokusebenzisa imithetho eqinile, ukuthuthukisa izindinganiso zenhlalakahle yezilwane, kanye nokukhuthaza izindlela zokulima ezisimeme nezinesibopho, singasiza ekunciphiseni ubungozi obuhlobene nezifo ze-zoonotic futhi sakhe ikusasa eliphephile nelinempilo lawo wonke umuntu.
Umthelela wezinketho zokudla
Ukuhlaziya ukuthi ukufuywa kwezilwane okujulile kudala kanjani indawo yokuzalanisa izifo ze-zoonotic, kuba sobala ukuthi ukukhetha ukudla kudlala indima enkulu ekuvimbeleni ubhadane lwesikhathi esizayo. Ngokwamukela ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni okwengeziwe, abantu banganciphisa umnikelo wabo esidingweni semikhiqizo yezilwane ezifuywa efekthri. Lokhu kushintsha ekukhetheni kokudla kunganciphisa isidingo semikhuba yokulima kakhulu yezilwane, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ingozi yokudluliselwa kwezifo ze-zoonotic. Ukwengeza, ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni kuye kwahlotshaniswa nezinzuzo eziningi zezempilo, okuhlanganisa ingozi encishisiwe yezifo ezingamahlalakhona njengesifo senhliziyo, ukukhuluphala, kanye nesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2. Ngokukhetha ezinye izindlela ezisekelwe ezitshalweni kanye nokusekela izindlela zokulima ezisimeme, abantu ngabanye abakwazi ukuvikela impilo yabo kuphela kodwa futhi bafake isandla ohlelweni lokudla oluqinile noluzinzile lwezizukulwane ezizayo.
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela izifo eziwubhadane zesikhathi esizayo
Ukuze kuvinjwe ngempumelelo izifo eziwubhadane ezizayo, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa indlela ehlanganisa izici eziningi ebhekana nezimbangela zokudluliswa kwezifo ze-zoonotic. Okokuqala, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokugada emhlabeni wonke ukuze kutholakale ngokushesha ukuqubuka okungase kube khona kubalulekile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukutshala izimali ezindleleni eziqinile zokuqapha nezokubika, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenzisana nokwabelana ngolwazi phakathi kwamazwe. Ukwengeza, kunesidingo semithethonqubo eqinile kanye nokuphoqelelwa kwezinyathelo zenhlanzeko kanye ne-biosecurity ezindaweni zokulima kakhulu zezilwane. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa izindinganiso eziqinile zenhlalakahle yezilwane, ukuphathwa kwemfucuza ngendlela efanele, nokuhlolwa kwezempilo okuvamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinye izindlela zokuhlola izilwane embonini yemithi nezimonyo kunganciphisa ukuthembela ezilwaneni futhi kunciphise ingozi yokudluliselwa kwezifo. Okokugcina, ukwandisa ukuqwashisa komphakathi kanye nokufundisa ngobungozi obuhambisana nezifo ze-zoonotic kanye nezinzuzo zezinyathelo zokuvimbela, njengokugoma kanye nenhlanzeko efanele yezandla, kunganika abantu amandla okuthatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo ekudambiseni ukubhebhetheka kwezifo eziwubhadane ezizayo. Ngokwamukela indlela ebanzi ehlanganisa lezi zinyathelo zokuvimbela, singalwela ukufinyelela ikusasa eliphephile nelinempilo kubo bonke.
Indima yokulima kwasefekthri ku-COVID-19
Ihlaziya ukuthi ukufuywa kwezilwane okujulile kudala kanjani indawo yokuzalanisa izifo ze-zoonotic, lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngezibonelo ezingokomlando futhi sikhulume ngezinyathelo zokuzivikela ngokushintsha ukudla. Ukulima kwasefekthri, ngokugxila ekukhuliseni umkhiqizo kanye nenzuzo, kuvame ukubandakanya izimo eziminyene nezingahlanzekile ezilwaneni, okudala indawo ephelele yokuvela nokusabalala kwamagciwane. Ukuqubuka kwangaphambilini, okufana nomkhuhlane wezingulube i-H1N1 kanye nomkhuhlane wezinyoni, kuxhunyaniswe nezinqubo zokulima emafemini. Ukusondela kwezilwane kule misebenzi kwandisa amathuba okuguquka kwegciwane kanye nokudluliselwa kwezifo kubantu. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwama-antibiotics ekulimeni kwefekthri kunomthelela ekwakhiweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, okwandisa ingozi yokuqubuka kwezifo ze-zoonotic. Ngokuguqukela ezindleleni zokulima ezisimeme kakhulu nezinokuziphatha okuhle, njengezinhlelo zemvelo nezisekelwe emadlelweni, singanciphisa ukuthembela ekulimeni kwasefekthri futhi sinciphise amathuba okuba nobhubhane oluzayo.
Ukulima kwezilwane kanye nokudluliswa kwezifo
Ukulima kwezilwane kukhonjwe njengesici esibalulekile ekusakazeni izifo ze-zoonotic. Ukusondela kwezilwane ezindaweni zokulima zasefekthri kudala indawo ekahle yokusabalala ngokushesha kwamagciwane. Kulezi zimo eziminyene futhi ezingahlanzekile, izifo zingagxuma kalula zisuka ezilwaneni ziye kubantu. Izibonelo zomlando, njengokugqashuka komkhuhlane wezingulube i-H1N1 kanye nomkhuhlane wezinyoni, zixhunyaniswe ngokuqondile nezinqubo zokulima eziqinile zezilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kanzima kwama-antibiotics ukukhuthaza ukukhula nokuvimbela izifo kulezi zilungiselelo kunomthelela ekwakhiweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, okwenza kube usongo olukhulu nakakhulu empilweni yomphakathi. Ukuze kuncishiswe lezi zingozi, kubalulekile ukumela izinyathelo zokuvimbela, okuhlanganisa nokuguqukela ezindleleni zokulima ezisimeme nezinokuziphatha ezibeka phambili inhlalakahle yezilwane futhi zinciphise amathuba okusakazeka kwezifo ze-zoonotic.
Ukubaluleka kwezindlela zokulima ezisimeme
Ukuhlaziya ukuthi ukufuywa kwezilwane okujulile kudala kanjani indawo yokuzalanisa izifo ze-zoonotic, kuba sobala ukuthi ukuguqukela ezindleleni zokulima ezisimeme kubaluleke kakhulu. Izindlela zokulima ezisimeme zibeka phambili impilo nenhlalakahle yezilwane, kanye nemvelo. Ngokunikeza izilwane indawo eyanele, ukufinyelela umoya ohlanzekile, nemikhuba yokudla yemvelo, ukucindezeleka emasosheni azo omzimba kuyancishiswa, kunciphisa ingozi yokudluliselwa kwezifo. Ukwengeza, izindlela zokulima ezisimeme zikhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo futhi zinciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali, ziphinde zivikele ekuqubukeni nokusabalala kwezifo ze-zoonotic. Ukwamukela izinqubo ezinjalo akugcini nje ngokuvikela impilo yomphakathi kodwa futhi kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside kwezinhlelo zethu zokudla ngokukhuthaza izinqubo zezolimo eziqinile neziqhubekayo.
Ukubhekana nezingozi zezempilo zomphakathi
Ukuhlaziya ukuthi ukufuywa kwezilwane okujulile kudala kanjani indawo yokuzalanisa izifo ze-zoonotic, kuyabaluleka ukubhekana nezingozi zezempilo zomphakathi ezihlobene nale mboni. Izibonelo zomlando zemiqedazwe efana nomkhuhlane we-H1N1 kanye nomkhuhlane wezinyoni zibonisa imiphumela engaba khona yokungaziba ukuxhumana phakathi kokulima kwasefekthri kanye nokuvela kwezifo ze-zoonotic. Ukuvimbela ukuqubuka kwesikhathi esizayo, izinyathelo zokuvimbela ngokushintsha ukudla kufanele kukhuthazwe. Ukukhuthaza ukushintshela ekudleni okusekelwe ezitshalweni kanye nokunciphisa ukuthembela emikhiqizweni yezilwane kungasiza ekunciphiseni ubungozi obuhlobene nokufuywa kwezilwane ngamandla. Ngokugqugquzela indlela esimeme nelungile ekukhiqizweni nasekusetshenzisweni kokudla, singavikela impilo yomphakathi futhi sakhe ikusasa eliqinile nelivikelekile.
Ukukhuthaza ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni.
Ukwamukela ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni akuzuzisi nje kuphela impilo yomuntu kodwa futhi kudlala indima ebalulekile ekwehliseni ubungozi bezifo ze-zoonotic. Ngokushintsha imikhuba yethu yokudla siye endleleni egxile ezitshalweni, singanciphisa isidingo sokufuywa kwezilwane ngamandla, okusebenza njengendawo yokuzalanisa izifo ezithathelwanayo. Ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni kukhonjiswe ukuthi kunezinzuzo eziningi zezempilo, okuhlanganisa nokunciphisa ingozi yezifo ezingapheli njengesifo senhliziyo, isifo sikashukela, nezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni kusimeme kakhulu emvelweni, kudinga izinsiza ezimbalwa futhi kukhipha amagesi abamba ukushisa ambalwa uma kuqhathaniswa nezolimo zezilwane. Ngokukhuthaza ngenkuthalo futhi samukele ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni, singaba neqhaza ekusaseni elinempilo lethu neplanethi yethu, kuyilapho ngasikhathi sinye sinciphisa amathuba okuba nobhubhane lwesikhathi esizayo.
Njengoba siqhubeka nokuzulazula kulolu bhubhane, kubalulekile kithi ukubona indima edlalwa ukwelashwa kwethu kwezilwane ekubhebhethekeni kwezifo ze-zoonotic. Ukwenziwa kwezimboni kwezolimo zezilwane kudale indawo ekahle yokuzalela la magciwane, futhi kukithi ukuthi sifune ushintsho futhi sibeke phambili impilo nokuphepha kwakho kokubili abantu nezilwane. Ngokusekela izinqubo zokulima ezisimeme nezinokuziphatha, singanciphisa ubungozi bezifo eziwubhadane zesikhathi esizayo futhi sakhe umhlaba onempilo nosimeme kakhudlwana wawo wonke umuntu. Masisebenzise lokhu njengocingo lokuvuka ukuze sihlole kabusha ubudlelwano bethu nezilwane kanye neplanethi, futhi sisebenzele ikusasa elinozwelo nelithembekile.
FAQ
Ukulima efekthri kunomthelela kanjani ekubhebhethekeni kwezifo ze-zoonotic?
Ukulima emafekthri kunomthelela ekusabalaleni kwezifo ze-zoonotic ngenxa yezimo eziminyene nezingahlanzekile lapho kukhuliswa khona izilwane. Lezi zimo zikhuthaza ukusakazeka ngokushesha kwezifo phakathi kwezilwane, ezingase zidlulele kubantu. Ukuba seduze kwezilwane nakho kwandisa amathuba okuguquka kofuzo kanye nokuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic emisebenzini yokulima yasefekthri kungaholela ekwakhiweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwelapha izifo ze-zoonotic. Sekukonke, imvelo ejulile yokulima efekthri idala indawo ekahle ekusabalaleni nasekukhuliseni izifo ze-zoonotic.
Yiziphi ezinye izibonelo ezithile zezifo ze-zoonotic ezivela emapulazini emboni?
Ezinye izibonelo ezithile zezifo ze-zoonotic eziqhamuke emapulazini efektri zihlanganisa umkhuhlane wezinyoni (bird flu), umkhuhlane wezingulube (H1N1), kanye nokuqubuka kwakamuva kwe-COVID-19, okukholakala ukuthi yavela emakethe emanzi edayisa izilwane eziphilayo kuhlanganise izilwane zasendle ezifuywayo. Lezi zifo zingasakazeka zisuka ezilwaneni ziye kubantu ngenxa yokuvalelwa eduze nezimo ezingahlanzekile emapulazini ezimboni, okuvumela ukudluliselwa nokuguqulwa kwamagciwane. Izindlela zokulima eziqinile nazo zandisa ingozi yokungazweli ngama-antibiotic, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwelapha lezi zifo. Imithetho efanele kanye namazinga athuthukisiwe enhlalakahle yezilwane emapulazini efektri ayadingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuqubuka kwe-zoonotic esikhathini esizayo.
Izimo zokuphila nezinqubo emapulazini efektri ziwandisa kanjani ubungozi bokudluliselwa kwezifo ze-zoonotic?
Izimo zokuphila kanye nemikhuba emapulazini amafekthri kwandisa ingozi yokudluliselwa kwezifo ze-zoonotic ngenxa yokuminyana, izimo ezingahlanzekile, nokuba seduze kwezilwane. Lezi zimo zidala indawo yokuzalela yokuthi amagciwane asabalale ngokushesha phakathi kwezilwane, okwandisa amathuba okuthi izifo ze-zoonotic ziqhamuke futhi zisakazekele kubantu. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa njalo kwama-antibiotics ekulimeni kwefekthri kungaholela ekwakhiweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, okuqhubeka kube nzima ukulawula izifo.
Ingabe ikhona imithethonqubo noma izinyathelo ezikhona zokuvimbela ukusabalala kwezifo ze-zoonotic ekulimeni kwasefekthri?
Yebo, kunemithetho nezinyathelo ezikhona zokuvimbela ukusabalala kwezifo ze-zoonotic ekulimeni kwefekthri. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imithetho eqinile ye-biosecurity, ukuhlolwa okuvamile okwenziwa ama-ejensi kahulumeni, nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zempilo yezilwane nezenhlalakahle. Ukwengeza, kunemithetho elawula ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane kanye neminye imithi emfuyweni, kanye neziqondiso zokulawulwa kwemfucuza ngendlela efanele kanye nezinqubo zokukhucululwa kwendle. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kahle kwale mithetho nezinyathelo kungahluka emazweni nasezifundeni ezahlukene, futhi kunenkulumompikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana nokwanela kwayo ekuvimbeleni ukusabalala kwezifo ze-zoonotic ekulimeni kwasefekthri.
Yiziphi ezinye izixazululo ezingaba khona noma ezinye izindlela zokulima efekthri ezingasiza ukunciphisa ubungozi bokuqubuka kwezifo ze-zoonotic?
Ezinye izixazululo ezingaba khona noma ezinye izindlela zokulima kwasefekthri ezingasiza ekwehliseni ubungozi bokuqubuka kwezifo ze-zoonotic zihlanganisa ukushintshela ezindleleni zokulima ezisimeme futhi ezinobuntu njengokulima okuphilayo, ezolimo ezivuselelayo, kanye ne-agroecology. Lezi zindlela zibeka phambili inhlalakahle yezilwane, zinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane namahomoni, futhi zikhuthaza ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo. Ukwengeza, ukukhuthaza ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwenyama nakho kungasiza ekunciphiseni isidingo sezilwane ezifuywe efekthri. Ukugcizelela izinhlelo zokulima endaweni kanye nabancane kungaqhubeka nokunciphisa ingozi yokudluliselwa kwezifo ngokunciphisa ukugcwala kwezilwane kanye nokukhuthaza izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulima. Ukusebenzisa imithetho eqinile kanye nezinhlelo zokuqapha inhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nokuphepha kwezilwane nakho kungadlala indima ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni nasekulawuleni izifo ze-zoonotic.
