Onogwaja bavame ukuvezwa njengezimpawu zobumsulwa kanye nobuhle, amakhadi okubingelela ahlobisa kanye nezincwadi zezinganekwane. Nokho, ngemva kwalesi sigcawu esihle kuneqiniso elibuhlungu ngezigidi zonogwaja abafuywayo emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zilwane zibhekene nokuhlupheka okukhulu egameni lenzuzo, usizi lwazo ngokuvamile alunakwa phakathi kwenkulumo ebanzi ngenhlalakahle yezilwane. Le ndaba ihlose ukuveza ukuhlupheka okukhohliwe konogwaja abafuywayo, ukuhlola izimo ababekezelela kuzo kanye nemithelela yokuziphatha yokuxhashazwa kwabo.
Impilo Yemvelo Yonogwaja
Onogwaja, njengezilwane ezizingelayo, baye bashintsha indlela ethile yokuziphatha nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ukuze baphile ezindaweni zabo zemvelo. Ngokuyinhloko ziyizilwane ezidla uhlaza, ezidla izitshalo ezihlukahlukene, futhi zisebenza kakhulu ngesikhathi sokusa nokuhlwa ukuze zigweme izilwane ezidla ezinye. Lapho bengaphezulu komhlaba, onogwaja babonisa ukuziphatha okuqaphile, okufana nokuhlala phezulu emilenzeni yabo yangemuva ukuze bahlole ingozi futhi bathembele ezinzwa zabo ezibukhali zokuhogela kanye nokubona okuzungezile.
Izici zabo zomzimba, okuhlanganisa imilenze yangemuva enamandla kanye nesivinini esingavamile kanye nokushesha, kuvumela onogwaja ukuba babalekele izilwane ezidla ezinye ngokusebenza kahle okumangalisayo. Angakwazi ukugijima ngesivinini esingafika kumamayela angu-35 ngehora futhi agxume phezu kwezithiyo ezingaphezu kwemitha ukuphakama.
Ngaphezu kobuchule babo bomzimba, onogwaja bayizilwane ezihlala njalo, ezihlala ngamaqembu emindeni eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-warrens. Lawa maqembu ngokuvamile ahlanganisa abesifazane abaningi, abesilisa, kanye nenzalo yabo, ababelana ngenethiwekhi yemigodi ukuze bavikeleke. Ngaphakathi kwe-warren, onogwaja bahlanganyela ekuqeqesheni bobabili futhi bavikele indawo yabo ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye kanye nonogwaja abayizimbangi.
Sekukonke, ukuziphatha kwemvelo onogwaja kanye nezinhlaka zomphakathi zicutshungulwa kahle ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphila kwazo endle, okugqamisa ukuguquguquka kwazo okuphawulekayo nokuqina kwazo njengohlobo lwezilwane.
Ukufuywa Konogwaja Namuhla
Ngonyaka, cishe onogwaja abayizigidi eziyinkulungwane babulawa emhlabeni wonke ukuze bathole inyama, ngaphezu kuka-50% walesi sibalo esimangalisayo esivela eShayina, ngokusho kwedatha ye-FAOSTAT 2017. E-European Union, onogwaja abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-180 bahlangabezana nesiphetho sabo ukuze badle inyama ngonyaka, okuhlanganisa izigidi ezingu-120 ezivela emapulazini okuthengisa kanye nezigidi ezingu-60 ezivela ezindaweni zasemuva. I-Spain, i-France, ne-Italy iphuma njengabahlanganyeli abayinhloko kule nombolo ngaphakathi kwe-EU. Ngokuphawulekayo, cishe u-94% onogwaja abafuywa ngokuthengiswa e-EU babekezelela ukuvalelwa ngaphakathi kwamakheji amancane, angenalutho, njengoba kwabikwa yi-European Commission ngo-2016.
Iqiniso elibuhlungu lalaba onogwaja ukuvinjelwa okuqinile kokuziphatha kwabo kwemvelo ngenxa yokuvalelwa kula makheji angenalutho. Izinhlelo ezinjalo zokulima ziholela ekukhathazekeni okukhulu kwenhlalakahle, onogwaja ababhekene namazinga aphezulu okucindezeleka kanye nokuswela.
Imboni
Imboni yokufuya onogwaja ngokuthengisa isebenza ngaphakathi kohlu lwezintshisekelo zezomnotho, ezivamise ukuvala ukukhathazeka ngenhlalakahle yezilwane. Ukufuya onogwaja, nakuba kungandile futhi kuxoxwe ngakho uma kuqhathaniswa nezimboni ezifana nezinkukhu noma izinkomo, kufeza izinhloso ezehlukene, okugxile kakhulu enyameni, uboya, kanye nocwaningo.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwenyama: Inyama kanogwaja, eyaziwa ngokuthi “unogwaja” noma “i-coniglio,” ithathwa njengento emnandi emasikweni amaningi. Ukufuya onogwaja ukuze kukhiqizwe inyama ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuzalanisa okujulile nezindlela zokuvalela ezihloselwe ukukhulisa umkhiqizo kanye nenzuzo. Le misebenzi ivamise ukubeka inani elikhulu kunekhwalithi, okuholela ezimweni eziminyana kanye namazinga ampofu ezenhlalakahle yezilwane.
Ukulima Ngoboya: Uboya bonogwaja, obaziswa ngenxa yokuthamba kwabo kanye nezindawo zokuvikela ukushisa, busetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izingubo, izesekeli, kanye nokulungisa. Onogwaja be-Angora, ikakhulukazi, bakhuliselwa uboya babo obukhazimulayo, obubiza inani eliphezulu embonini yemfashini. Kodwa-ke, inqubo yokuthola uboya be-angora ngokuvamile ihilela imikhuba enonya, njengokuhlwithwa bukhoma nokuvalelwa emakhejini amancane, okuholela ekuhluphekeni okukhulu kwezilwane.
Ucwaningo Nokuhlola: Onogwaja baphinde basetshenziswe kakhulu ocwaningweni nasekuhlolweni kwe-biomedical, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana nokuthuthukiswa kwemithi, i-toxicology, nokuhlolwa kwemishini yezokwelapha. Lezi zilwane zingaphansi kwezinqubo nokuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene, okuvame ukubandakanya ubuhlungu, ukucindezeleka, futhi ekugcineni, i-euthanasia. Nakuba ukucwaninga okunjalo kungase kuveze ukuqonda okungokwesayensi okubalulekile, kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuziphatha ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezilwane ukuze kuzuze abantu kanye nesidingo sezinye izindlela zobuntu ezengeziwe.
Imboni yokufuya onogwaja ngokuthengisa isebenza ngaphakathi kohlaka olungalawulwa futhi olufiphele, okwenza kube inselele ukuhlola izinga leqiniso lenhlalakahle yezilwane. Ukushoda kwemihlahlandlela yenhlalakahle esezingeni kanye nezindlela zokwengamela kuvumela izinqubo ezisabalele ezibeka phambili izilinganiso zenzuzo ngaphezu kwenhlalakahle yezilwane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidingo somhlaba wonke semikhiqizo yonogwaja siqhubekisela phambili umjikelezo wokuxhashazwa nokuhlupheka, okuqhubekisela phambili ukwanda kwemboni futhi kwandise nezindaba zezenhlalakahle. Njengoba ukuqwashisa kwabathengi kukhula futhi ukucatshangelwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha kukhula amandla, kunekhwelo elikhulayo lokubeka izinto obala kanye nokuziphendulela emkhakheni wokulima onogwaja.
Sengiphetha, imboni yokufuya onogwaja ngokuthengisa ihlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene, ngayinye inesethi yayo yezimiso zokuziphatha kanye nenhlalakahle. Njengoba umphakathi ulwa nemiphumela yokuziphatha yokuxhashazwa kwezilwane, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokulawulwa okwengeziwe, ukubeka izinto obala, kanye nezinye izindlela zokuziphatha embonini. Kuphela ngemizamo ebumbene yokubeka eqhulwini inhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nemikhuba yokuziphatha lapho singakwazi khona ukunciphisa ukuhlupheka okubekezelelwa onogwaja abafuywayo futhi sikhuthaze ikusasa elinozwelo neliqhubekayo.
Izimo
Izimo lapho onogwaja abafuywayo befuywa khona ngokuvamile zimbi futhi zigcwele ngokweqile. Iningi livalelwe kumakheji ocingo, linikeza isikhala esincane sokunyakaza noma ukuziphatha kwemvelo. Lawa makheji ajwayele ukupakishwa phezu kwelinye emashedeni amakhulu, okuholela ekudambiseni kwemisindo ecindezelayo kanye nendawo ehlala icindezela izilwane. Onogwaja abaningi bahlushwa ukulimala okubangelwa i-wire flooring, okuholela ezimweni ezibuhlungu ezifana nama-sore hocks.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqubo zokuzalanisa ezisetshenziswa ekufuyweni onogwaja zibeka inani elikhulu kunekhwalithi, okuholela enkingeni yezempilo phakathi kwezilwane. Ukuzalanisa okukhethiwe ukuze kukhule ngokushesha kanye namazinga aphezulu okuzala ngokuvamile kubangela ukukhubazeka kwamathambo, izinkinga zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, kanye namasosha omzimba abuthakathaka. Ukwengeza, ukuntuleka kokunakekelwa kwezilwane kanye nezinyathelo zokuvimbela kwandisa ukuhlupheka kwalezi zidalwa ezivele zisengozini.
Hlaba
Ukuhlatshwa onogwaja abafuywayo kuyinqubo ebuhlungu ebonakala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye inezinga layo lokuhlupheka kanye nemithelela yokuziphatha.
Enye yezindlela ezijwayeleke kakhulu ukuphuka intamo ngesandla, lapho abasebenzi bebamba unogwaja ngemilenze yangemuva bese bewunqamula intamo yawo, ngokusobala bahlose ukufa ngokushesha futhi okungenabuhlungu. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela ijwayele ukwenza iphutha lomuntu, futhi uma ingenziwanga kahle, ingabangela ukuhlupheka nokucindezeleka isikhathi eside esilwaneni.
Enye indlela ihilela ukugudluka komlomo wesibeletho, lapho intamo kanogwaja inwetshwa ngenkani noma isontwe ukuze kuphuke umgogodla, okuholela ekuqulekeni ngokushesha nokufa.
Kwezinye izindawo, onogwaja bangase bamangale ngaphambi kokuhlatshwa kusetshenziswa izindlela zikagesi noma zemishini ukuze baquleke. Nakuba okumangazayo ngokwethiyori kunciphisa ukuhlupheka ngokwenza isilwane singezwa ubuhlungu, asisebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi izimo zokumangalisa okungasebenzi azivamile, okuholela ekutheni izilwane ezibaziyo zihlatshwe ezigabeni ezilandelayo zokuhlatshwa.
Ukulandela okumangalisayo, onogwaja bavamise ukukhishwa, okungukuthi, igazi labo liyaphuma emizimbeni yabo. Le nqubo ihlose ukusheshisa ukufa kanye nokwenza lula ukukhishwa kwegazi esidumbuni. Kodwa-ke, uma lokho okumangalisayo kungasebenzi noma uma ukuxoshwa kungenziwanga ngokushesha, onogwaja bangase baphaphame phakathi nenqubo yokopha, bezwe ubuhlungu obukhulu nokucindezeleka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimo ezilatshwayo ngokuvamile zandisa ukucindezeleka nokwesaba onogwaja ababhekana nakho, njengoba beba nemisindo emikhulu, indawo ezungezile abangayijwayele, kanye nokuba khona kwezinye izilwane ezicindezelekile. Le ndawo ingakhulisa ukukhathazeka kwabo futhi yenze inqubo yokuhlaba ihlukumeze nakakhulu.
Sekukonke, ukuhlatshwa onogwaja abafuywayo kubonakala ngezindlela eziningi, ngayinye iphethe imithelela yayo yokuziphatha kanye namandla okubangela ukuhlupheka.
Izimiso Zokuziphatha
Ukuxhashazwa onogwaja abafuywayo kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okujulile kokuziphatha okudinga ukunakwa kwethu. Njengezidalwa ezizwelayo ezikwazi ukuzwa ubuhlungu, ukwesaba, nokucindezeleka, onogwaja bafanelwe ukuhlinzekwa ngamalungelo ayisisekelo nokuvikelwa. Unya oluhleliwe abaluthola bephishekela inzuzo luyisikhumbuzo esiqinile sezindawo eziyimpumputhe zomphakathi wethu kanye nesidingo sozwela nozwelo olukhulu kubo bonke abantu abaphilayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthelela wemvelo wokufuya onogwaja awunakunakwa. Ukuvalelwa kakhulu onogwaja ezindaweni eziminyene kunomthelela ekungcoleni, ekucekeleni phansi kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo kanye nokuncipha kwemithombo yemvelo. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kwenyama kanogwaja kuqhubekisela phambili umjikelezo wesidingo oqhuba ukuxhashazwa nokuhlupheka okwengeziwe.
Okunye Nezixazululo
Ukubhekana nenkinga yonogwaja abafuywayo kudinga indlela exubile ehlanganisa izinguquko zomthetho, ukuqwashisa abathengi, kanye nokucatshangelwa kokuziphatha. Ohulumeni kufanele benze imithetho eqinile ukuze baqinisekise ukuphathwa kobuntu kwezilwane emisebenzini yokulima, okuhlanganisa ukuvinjelwa kwemikhuba yokuvalela ngonya kanye nokuqaliswa kwezindinganiso zezenhlalakahle eziphelele.
Abathengi, nabo, badlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni ushintsho ngokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi kanye nokusekela ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha nezisimeme emikhiqizweni yonogwaja evamile. Ukukhetha ezinye izindlela ezisekelwe ezitshalweni noma ukufuna imikhiqizo emithonjeni yobuntu eqinisekisiwe kungasiza ukunciphisa isidingo senyama kanogwaja efuywe efektri futhi kukhuthaze imikhuba yezolimo enobubele.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumela amalungelo ezilwane kanye nenhlalakahle ngemfundo kanye nobushoshovu kungaqwashisa abantu mayelana nokuhlupheka okukhohliwe konogwaja abafuywayo futhi kugqugquzele isinyathelo esihlangene sokuzuza umhlaba onobulungiswa nozwelo kubo bonke abantu.
Ngenzenjani Ukuze Ngisize?
Onogwaja bayizidalwa ngokwemvelo ezihlala emphakathini futhi ezizwelayo, ezikwazi ukwakha izibopho ezijulile futhi zihlangabezane nezinhlobonhlobo zemizwa. Nokho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bafuyelwa inyama, uboya, umbukiso, noma ucwaningo, onogwaja abahloselwe ukusetshenziswa abantu bakhuthazelela izimpilo ezigcwele ubunzima nokuswela. Ukulima onogwaja, okuvame ukuphakanyiswa ngamandla ako kwezomnotho, empeleni kuveza inzuzo encane kuyilapho kufuna umsebenzi oweqile futhi kuqhubekisela phambili ukuxhashazwa kwenqwaba yabantu abangenacala.
Sekuyisikhathi sokuma wenze umehluko. Ngokukhuthaza ukuthi onogwaja bangangeni embonini yokulima futhi bangangeni ezindlini zabantu, singalwela ukufinyelela emhlabeni onozwelo ngalezi zilwane ezithambile. Ngemfundo, ubushoshovu, kanye nokweseka ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha, singabekela inselele isimo esikhona futhi sikhuthaze ukuhlonishwa kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ngokubambisana, singakha ikusasa lapho onogwaja baziswa khona ngokubaluleka kwabo okungaphakathi, kunokuba babhekwe njengempahla okufanele ixhashazwe ukuze kuzuze abantu.
