Eminyakeni yamuva nje, umhlaba ubone ushintsho olukhulu emkhakheni wocwaningo lwesayensi, ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha nezimonyo. Ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kwendabuko, okuke kwabonwa njengendlela edingekayo yokuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokusebenza ngempumelelo kwemikhiqizo, kuya kuphonselwa inselelo ngokufika kwezindlela zokuhlola okungezona ezesilwane. Lezi zindlela ezintsha azithembisi nje kuphela ukuba nobuntu kodwa futhi zizoshesha, zishibhile, futhi zithembeke kakhulu kunozakwabo abasekelwe ezilwaneni.
Amasiko Eseli
Amasiko amaseli abe yithuluzi elibalulekile ocwaningweni lwesayensi lwesimanje, olwenza ososayensi bakhule futhi bafunde amaseli abantu nezilwane ngaphandle komzimba. Cishe zonke izinhlobo zamangqamuzana omuntu nezilwane, kusukela kumaseli esikhumba kuye kuma-neuron namaseli esibindi, zingakhuliswa ngempumelelo elabhorethri. Lokhu kuye kwavumela abacwaningi ukuba bahlole ukusebenza kwangaphakathi kwamaseli ngezindlela ezazingenakwenzeka ngaphambili. Amasiko amaseli atshalwa ezitsheni ze-petri noma amaflask agcwele imidiya ecebile izakhi ezisekela ukukhula nokwehlukana kwazo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lawa maseli akhulisiwe angaphindaphinda, okuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi bagcine ukutholakala okuzinzile kokuhlolwa. Le ndlela ihlinzeka ngendawo elawulwayo lapho ososayensi bengakwazi ukushintsha okuguquguqukayo okufana nezinga lokushisa, amazinga komoyampilo, kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali ukuze baqonde kangcono ukuziphatha kwamaselula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi bakwazile ukuyisa amasiko amaseli kwelinye izinga ngokunxenxa amaseli ukuze akhule abe yizakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-3D. Lawa masiko e-3D cell abaluleke kakhulu ngoba alingisa indlela amaseli azihlela ngayo ngokwemvelo ezintweni eziphilayo. Kunokuba akhule aphansi phezulu, njengakumasiko endabuko e-2D, amaseli kumasiko e-3D angakha izakhiwo ezifana nezitho noma izicubu, anikeze abacwaningi imodeli enembe kakhudlwana yebhayoloji yomuntu. Lezi zitho zomuntu ezincane, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-organoid, zingaphindaphinda inkimbinkimbi yezitho zangempela zomuntu, zinikeze ingcebo yolwazi lokuqonda izifo, ukuhlola izidakamizwa, nokuhlola ukungenelela kokwelapha.
Izitho-ku-Chips
Enye yezinhlelo ezijabulisa kakhulu neziqanjwe kabusha zobuchwepheshe be-cell culture ukwakha “ama-organ-on-chips.” Lawa madivaysi amancane, ane-microfluidic yakhelwe ukuphindaphinda umsebenzi wazo zonke izitho zomuntu ngefomethi encane. Amaseli omuntu akhuliswa ngaphakathi kwalawa ma-chips, aqukethe amashaneli namagumbi alingisa izimo zemvelo ezitholakala emzimbeni womuntu. Ama-chips aklanyelwe ukuphindaphinda ukugeleza kwegazi, imisoco, nemikhiqizo engcolile, okwenza indawo ebonisa eduze izinqubo zangaphakathi zezitho zangempela. Ama-organ-on-chips angenziwa ukuze aphindaphinde izitho ezihlukahlukene zabantu, okuhlanganisa amaphaphu, isibindi, inhliziyo, izinso, namathumbu. Lezi zixhobo zinikeza enye indlela ethembisayo yokuhlola izilwane ngoba zivumela abacwaningi ukuthi babheke imiphumela yezidakamizwa, amakhemikhali, nezifo ezicutshini ezinjengomuntu ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izilwane. Isibonelo, imodeli ye-lung-on-a-chip isetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuthi izinto ezihogelwe, njengezingcolisi komoya noma imithi, zithinta kanjani izicubu zamaphaphu. Ngokufanayo, amamodeli esibindi-on-a-chip asetshenziselwa ukutadisha ukuthi izidakamizwa zenziwa kanjani i-metabolized nokuthi zingadala kanjani ubuthi esibindini. Ngokusebenzisa amaseli omuntu esikhundleni samaseli ezilwane, ama-organ-on-chips ahlinzeka ngemiphumela enembe kakhudlwana, ehambisanayo, nebikezela impilo yomuntu. Lawa ma-chips aguqula ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa ngokunikeza indlela esheshayo, engabizi kakhulu, kanye neyobuntu yokuhlola ukuphepha nokusebenza ngempumelelo kokwelashwa okusha, okuwenza abe ithuluzi elibalulekile ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemithi.
Umthelela Ocwaningweni Lwezokwelapha kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezidakamizwa
Amasiko amaseli abambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda kwethu impilo yabantu kanye nezifo. Zibe yingxenye yentuthuko ebalulekile ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana nomdlavuza, isifo se-sepsis, isifo sezinso, kanye nengculazi. Ocwaningweni lomdlavuza, ngokwesibonelo, ososayensi basebenzisa amasiko amaseli ukutadisha amaphethini okukhula kwamaseli wesimila futhi bahlole imiphumela yemithi ehlukahlukene kulawa maseli. Lawa mamodeli avumela ukuhlolwa kwezinhlanganisela ezintsha ze-anticancer, okusiza ukukhomba izindlela zokwelapha ezingase zibe khona ngaphambi kokuhlolwa komtholampilo. Ocwaningweni lwe-sepsis nesifo sezinso, amasiko amaseli asetshenziswa ukulingisa imiphumela yezifo noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwezitho, okuvumela ososayensi ukuthi bafunde izindlela zamangqamuzana ezingaphansi kwalezi zimo. Ezifweni ezinjengengculaza, izinqubo zamaseli zenza abacwaningi bakwazi ukuhlola ukuthi igciwane lesandulela ngculaza lingena kanjani kumangqamuzana, liphindaphindeka kanjani, nokuthi ukwelashwa kungavimbela noma kulawule kanjani ukusakazeka kwalo. Lolu hlobo lokuhlola olunemininingwane, olulawulwayo lubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokwelapha ezintsha kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuqonda kwethu izifo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ngaphandle kocwaningo lwezifo, izinqubo zamaseli zisetshenziswa njalo kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa ukuhlola ukuphepha kwamakhemikhali , ukukhiqizwa kokugoma , nokuthuthukiswa kwezidakamizwa . Ekuhloleni ukuphepha kwamakhemikhali, amaseli achayeka ezintweni ezihlukahlukene ukuze ahlole ubuthi bazo, anciphise isidingo sokuhlolwa kwezilwane nokwenza abacwaningi bakwazi ukunquma ngokushesha ukuthi yimaphi amakhemikhali aphephile ukuze asetshenziswe abantu. Ukuze kukhiqizwe umuthi wokugoma, amasiko amaseli asetshenziselwa ukukhulisa amagciwane, abese esetshenziselwa ukwakha imigomo engavikela ngokuphephile ezifweni ezithathelwanayo. Le ndlela ishesha futhi iphumelela kakhulu kunezindlela zendabuko, lapho amagciwane ayevame ukutshalwa ezilwaneni. Ngokufanayo, ekuthuthukisweni kwezidakamizwa, amasiko amaseli asetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuthi izinhlanganisela ezintsha zihlangana kanjani namangqamuzana omuntu, zinikeze ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nokusebenza kwazo okungenzeka kanye nemiphumela emibi. Ngokusebenzisa amasiko amaseli kulezi zindawo ezibucayi, ososayensi bangasheshisa ijubane lokuqamba okusha kuyilapho beqinisekisa ukuthi ukwelashwa nemikhiqizo kuphephile, kuyasebenza, futhi kuhambisana nomuntu. Ngenxa yalokhu, amasu empucuko yamaseli manje athathwa njengengxenye ebalulekile yekhithi yamathuluzi e-biomedical, esiza ukuqhubekisela phambili intuthuko kwezokwelapha kanye nokwenza ngcono impilo yabantu emhlabeni jikelele.
Izicubu Zomuntu
Ukusetshenziswa kwezicubu zomuntu ocwaningweni lwesayensi kunikeza indlela efanele nenembe kakhulu yokufunda ibhayoloji yabantu nezifo kunokuhlolwa kwezilwane okujwayelekile. Izicubu zomuntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziphilile noma zigula, zibalulekile ekuqondeni ubunzima bempilo yomuntu. Enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile zokusebenzisa izicubu zomuntu ocwaningweni ukuthi inikeza ukuqonda okuqondile kokuthi umzimba womuntu usebenza kanjani nokuthi izifo ziwuthinta kanjani. Nakuba amamodeli ezilwane ngokomlando bekuyiyona ndlela yocwaningo lwezokwelapha, awakwazi ukuphindaphinda uhla oluphelele lokuhlukahluka kokuphila komuntu kanye nezakhi zofuzo, okuholela ekwehlukeni kokuthi izifo ziqhubeka kanjani nokuthi ukwelashwa kusebenza kanjani. Ngokusebenzisa izicubu ezinikelwe kumavolontiya angabantu, abacwaningi bathola ukuqonda okunembe kakhudlwana nokufanele kwebhayoloji yabantu. Lezi zicubu zingavela emithonjeni eyahlukene, zinikeze abacwaningi ingcebo yezinto zokufunda uhla lwezimo nokuthuthukisa ukwelashwa okungcono.
Izicubu zomuntu zinganikelwa ngezindlela eziningi, njengezinqubo zokuhlinzwa. Amasampula ezicubu avame ukuqoqwa ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa okufana nama-biopsies, ukuhlinzwa kwezimonyo, nokufakelwa kwezitho zomzimba. Isibonelo, iziguli ezihlinzwa ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene zingase zivume ukunikela ngezicubu ezithile ezingase zisetshenziselwe ucwaningo. Lezi zicubu, ezifana namasampula esikhumba, iso, isibindi, namaphaphu, zibaluleke ngendlela emangalisayo kososayensi abasebenzela ukuqonda izifo ezinjengomdlavuza, ukuphazamiseka kwesikhumba, nezimo zamehlo. Ikakhulukazi, amamodeli esikhumba enziwe ngesikhumba somuntu esivuselelwe abe yithuluzi elinamandla ocwaningweni lwesayensi. Lawa mamodeli avumela ukufundwa kwezifo zesikhumba, imithelela yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene, nokuhlolwa kwezimonyo noma ezinye izinto ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlola izilwane ezinonya nezidlulelwe yisikhathi, njengokuhlola ukucasula iso likanogwaja. Isikhumba somuntu esakhiwe kabusha silingisa ukwakheka nokusebenza kwesikhumba somuntu semvelo, okusenza sibe ukumelela okunembe kakhulu ngezinjongo zocwaningo kunamamodeli asuselwe ezilwaneni. Lokhu kuyintuthuko enkulu, njengoba kunciphisa isidingo sokuhlolwa kwezilwane futhi kunikeze ezinye izindlela ezinengqondo zokuziphatha.
Omunye umthombo obalulekile wezicubu zomuntu yiminikelo yokufa , lapho izicubu ziqoqwa ngemva kokushona komuntu. Izicubu ze-post-mortem, ikakhulukazi izicubu zobuchopho , zibe nesandla ekuthuthukiseni ukuqonda kwethu izifo zemizwa nokuphazamiseka. Ngokwesibonelo, ucwaningo lwezicubu zobuchopho zangemuva kokufa luye lwaholela ekuvumbululeni okubalulekile emikhakheni yokuvuselelwa kabusha kobuchopho nezifo ze-neurodegenerative, njenge- Multiple Sclerosis (MS) nesifo sika-Parkinson . Ucwaningo lwezicubu zobuchopho kubantu abashonile abake baphathwa yilezi zimo lunikeze izinkomba ezibalulekile mayelana nokuqhubeka kwalezi zifo kanye nezindlela eziyisisekelo ezidala ukulimala kwama-neurons. Ucwaningo olunjalo lusiza ukuhlonza okungase lube khona okuqondiwe kokwelapha futhi lwazisa ukuthuthukiswa kokwelashwa okuhloswe ukunciphisa noma ukubuyisela emuva umonakalo odalwe yilezi zimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutadisha izicubu zobuchopho bomuntu kuvumela abacwaningi ukuba baqonde indlela ubuchopho bomuntu obusabela ngayo ezicini ezihlukahlukene, njengokuhlukumezeka, ukuguga, nezinqubo zezifo, ngendlela imodeli yezilwane engakwazi ngayo ukuphindaphinda ngokugcwele.
Amandla okusebenza ngezicubu zomuntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi atholakala kumavolontiya aphilayo noma ngemva kokufa, amelela ukuqhubekela phambili okujulile ekuhlobaneni nokunemba kocwaningo lwezokwelapha. Le ndlela ayigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukufaneleka kokutholakele, kodwa futhi isekela ukuthuthukiswa kokwelashwa okuphumelelayo nokuphephile kwezimo zabantu. Ihlinzeka ngenye indlela elungile ekuhlolweni kwezilwane futhi inikeza amathuba emithi yomuntu siqu, lapho ukwelapha kungafanelana nezici zebhayoloji ezihlukile zesiguli ngasinye. Njengoba abacwaningi beqhubeka nokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kwezicubu zomuntu, amandla okuthola impumelelo ekuqondeni kwezifo, ukuthuthukiswa kokwelashwa, kanye nokungenelela kokwelapha kuyaqhubeka nokukhula, okwenza ucwaningo lwezicubu zomuntu lube insiza eyigugu yokuthuthukisa imiphumela yezempilo yomhlaba wonke.
Amamodeli Ekhompyutha
Intuthuko esheshayo kubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha ikhulise kakhulu amandla okusebenzisa amamodeli ekhompiyutha ukulingisa nokuphindaphinda izici ezahlukahlukene zomzimba womuntu. Njengoba amakhompyutha eba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ikhono lokudala ukulingisa okunemininingwane, okuguquguqukayo, nokunembe kakhulu kwezinhlelo zebhayoloji kungafezeka kakhulu kunangaphambili. Lawa mamodeli asuselwe kuma-algorithms ayinkimbinkimbi, amafomula ezibalo ayinkimbinkimbi, nenani elikhulu ledatha yomhlaba wangempela, okuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi bafunde ukuziphatha kwezitho, izicubu, nezinqubo zomzimba endaweni ebonakalayo. Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu zokusebenzisa amamodeli ekhompiyutha amandla azo okulingisa isayensi yezinto eziphilayo zabantu ngezindlela ezingeke zikwazi ukuhlola izilwane zendabuko. Ngokusebenzisa izethulo ezibonakalayo zomzimba womuntu noma izinhlelo zawo, ososayensi bangazama futhi babone imiphumela yemithi ehlukahlukene, izifo, noma izici zemvelo ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngesimilo noma imikhawulo yokusebenzisa izilwane eziphilayo. Ukwengeza, amamodeli ekhompiyutha anikeza ukuguquguquka kokusebenzisa izifaniso eziningi engxenyeni yesikhathi obekungasithatha ekuhloleni ngokomzimba, okusheshisa kakhulu ijubane lokutholwa.
Njengamanje, akhona kakade amakhompiyutha athuthuke kakhulu ezinhlelo eziningi zabantu ezibalulekile, njengenhliziyo , amaphaphu , izinso , isikhumba , uhlelo lokugaya ukudla , kanye nesistimu ye-musculoskeletal . Lawa mamodeli avumela ukulingiswa kwezinqubo zesikhathi sangempela njengokugeleza kwegazi, ukusebenza kwesitho, izimpendulo zamaselula, kanye nokuqhubeka kwesifo. Isibonelo, amamodeli enhliziyo angakwazi ukulingisa umsebenzi kagesi wenhliziyo nendlela esabela ngayo emithini ehlukene noma izimo ezifana ne-arrhythmia, ehlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile empilweni yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Ngokufanayo, amamodeli wamaphaphu angakwazi ukuphindaphinda indlela umoya ongena futhi uphume ngayo ohlelweni lokuphefumula, ukusiza abacwaningi baqonde izifo ezifana nesifuba somoya, inyumoniya, noma isifo esingamahlalakhona sokuvimbela amaphaphu (COPD). Ngendlela efanayo, amamodeli ezinso angakwazi ukulingisa indlela izinso ezihlunga ngayo ubuthi noma ukuthi zithinteka kanjani izifo ezifana nesifo sezinso esingalapheki, kuyilapho amamodeli esikhumba angasetshenziswa ukutadisha izimo ezihlobene nesikhumba, okuhlanganisa ukusha, ukuqubuka, kanye nomthelela wezinto zemvelo ezifana Imisebe ye-UV. Ikhono lokulingisa lokhu kusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi livumela ukuqagela okunembe kakhudlwana mayelana nokuthi ukungenelela okuthile noma ukwelapha kungase kusebenze kanjani empilweni yangempela, kunikeze enye indlela engahlaseli futhi enesimilo kakhulu ekuhloleni izilwane.
Enye intuthuko ebalulekile ekufaniseni ikhompyutha ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okumba idatha . Lawa mathuluzi asebenzisa amasethi edatha amakhulu avela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, efana nezivivinyo zaselabhorethri, nocwaningo lwangaphambilini, ukubikezela izingozi ezingaba khona zamakhemikhali, izinto, noma izidakamizwa. Ukumbiwa kwedatha kuhlaziya amanani amakhulu olwazi olukhona ukuze kuhlonzwe amaphethini nokuhlobana phakathi kwezinto ezinezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezifanayo noma imithelela yebhayoloji. Lokhu kuvumela ososayensi ukuthi babikezele ukuthi into entsha ingase iziphathe kanjani emzimbeni womuntu noma ezindaweni ezithile, nangaphambi kokuba ihlolwe. Isibonelo, uma ikhemikhali entsha ihlolelwa ukuphepha kwayo, ukumbiwa kwedatha kungasiza ukubikezela ubuthi bayo ngokuyiqhathanisa namanye amakhemikhali afanayo aseyaziwa kakade imiphumela yawo. Ngokusebenzisa le ndlela eqhutshwa idatha, ososayensi bangenza izinqumo ezinolwazi olunzulu mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinto okungenzeka ziphephe noma zibe yingozi, banciphise kakhulu isidingo sokuhlolwa kwezilwane. Ukwengeza, ukumbiwa kwedatha kungase futhi kusetshenziselwe ukuhlonza okungase kube okuhlosiwe kwezokwelapha, ukulandelela izitayela zezifo, nokuthuthukisa imiklamo yokuhlolwa komtholampilo, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusebenza kahle kocwaningo lwezokwelapha.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamamodeli ekhompiyutha namathuluzi okumba idatha kumelela isinyathelo soguquko esibheke phambili ocwaningweni lwe-biomedical, enikeza izindlela ezisheshayo, ezishibhile, nezithembeke kakhulu ezindleleni zokuhlola zendabuko. Lobu buchwepheshe abukhulisi nje kuphela ukuqonda kwethu ngebhayoloji yabantu nesifo kodwa futhi buhlinzeka ngohlaka olunezimiso ezinhle kakhulu zokuqhuba ucwaningo lwesayensi. Ngokuthembela ekulingiseni, ekubikezelweni, nasekuhlaziyeni idatha, abacwaningi banganciphisa isidingo samamodeli ezilwane, banciphise isikhathi sokuhlola, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi okutholakele kusebenza ngokuqondile empilweni yomuntu. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bamakhompiyutha buqhubeka nokuvela, amathuba okuba amamodeli athuthuke nakakhulu nanembile azokhula, enze ososayensi bakwazi ukuhlola imingcele emisha kwezokwelapha nokuthuthukiswa kwezidakamizwa kuyilapho bevikela inhlalakahle yezilwane.
Izifundo zamavolontiya: Ukuthuthukisa Ucwaningo Lwezokwelapha Ngokubamba iqhaza Komuntu kanye Nezinye izindlela Zokuziphatha Zokuhlola Izilwane
Intuthuko esheshayo kubuchwepheshe bezokwelapha inikeze abacwaningi ngamathuluzi adingekayo ukuze benze izifundo ezinembe kakhudlwana nezokuziphatha ezibandakanya amavolontiya angabantu, okunciphisa ukuthembela ekuhlolweni kwezilwane. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwemishini yokuskena kanye nezindlela zokuqopha , ososayensi manje sebengakwazi ukufunda isayensi yomzimba womuntu, ukuqhubeka kwesifo, kanye nemithelela yokwelashwa ngendlela engahlanyisi, baqinisekise ukuphepha nokunethezeka kwabahlanganyeli. Okunye okuqanjwa okusha okunomthelela omkhulu kule ndawo yikhono lokwenza izithombe zobuchopho ezinemininingwane, ngesikhathi sangempela . Imishini yokuthwebula ingqondo , efana ne -functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) kanye -positron emission tomography (PET) , ivumela ososayensi ukuthi babone ukusebenza kobuchopho, ukwakheka, nokusebenza ngemininingwane engakaze ibonwe. Lobu buchwepheshe bungasetshenziswa ukuqapha ukuqhubeka kwezifo zemizwa njenge-Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, kanye ne-multiple sclerosis, kanye nokulandelela ukuthi izindlela zokwelapha ezihlukene ziyithinta kanjani ingqondo. Ngokuqhathanisa ukuhlolwa kobuchopho kwamavolontiya anempilo nalabo abaphethwe izifo zobuchopho, abacwaningi bangathola ukuqonda okubalulekile ngezimbangela zalezi zimo futhi bahlole ukuphumelela kokungenelela kokwelapha. Lokhu kunikeza ukuqonda okuqondile nokunembe kakhudlwana kokuthi izifo zishintsha kanjani futhi zisabele kanjani ekwelashweni, okunikeza indlela enokwethenjelwa kakhulu kunokusebenzisa izinhlobo zezilwane, ezivame ukungabonisi umsebenzi wobuchopho ofanayo noma ukugula kwabantu.
Enye indlela edabukisayo esetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwamavolontiya i -microdosing , indlela evumela ososayensi ukuthi balinganise ukuthi imithamo emincane kakhulu yemithi emisha engaba khona iziphatha kanjani emzimbeni womuntu. I-Microdosing ihlanganisa ukunikeza umthamo omncane, ongaphansi kokwelapha womuthi kuvolontiya elingumuntu—ngokuvamile ezingeni eliphansi kangangokuthi alikhiqizi noma yimiphi imiphumela yokwelapha, kodwa lisanele ukukalwa. Le mithamo ivame ukulebula ngomsakazo ukuze ikwazi ukulandelelwa futhi ilandelelwe njengoba ihamba emzimbeni. Besebenzisa i-accelerator mass spectrometry —umshini ozwela kakhulu okwazi ukubona amanani amancane ezinto ezikhipha imisebe—abacwaningi bangakala ukugcwala komuthi kumasampula egazi futhi baqaphe ukusatshalaliswa kwawo, ukugayeka kokudla emzimbeni, nokuqedwa kwawo. Le nqubo ibalulekile ekuhlolweni kwezidakamizwa kwesigaba sangaphambi kwesikhathi, njengoba inikeza idatha ebalulekile mayelana nendlela umuthi omusha oziphatha ngayo kubantu ngaphandle kokudalula ababambiqhaza kumithamo engase ibe yingozi. Ngokwenza lezi zifundo kumavolontiya angabantu, ososayensi bangabikezela kangcono ukuthi umuthi ungenza kanjani ezivivinyweni ezinkulu zemitholampilo, okusiza ukuhlela inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kwezidakamizwa futhi kunciphise ingozi yokusabela okubi ezigabeni zakamuva.
Ngaphezu kwezindlela zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, kunezifundo zamavolontiya eziyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ezibaluleke ngokulinganayo ezifaka isandla kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi yezokwelapha. Lezi zifundo zigxile ezindaweni ezifana nokudla okunomsoco , ukuluthwa izidakamizwa , nokulawulwa kobuhlungu , futhi ngokuvamile zingaqhutshwa ngaphandle kwesidingo sezisetshenziswa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Isibonelo, abacwaningi bangafunda ukuthi ukudla okuhlukene kuyithinta kanjani impilo, ukuthi abantu basabela kanjani ekwelashweni okuhlukahlukene kobuhlungu obungapheli, noma ukuthi ukulutheka kuvela futhi kungelapheka kanjani. Lezi zinhlobo zocwaningo ngokuvamile zibandakanya amavolontiya anikeza imvume enolwazi futhi aqashwe eduze kuyo yonke inqubo yocwaningo. Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zokwenza izifundo kumavolontiya angabantu ukuthi angakwazi ukuveza okuhlangenwe nakho kwawo , anikeze ukuqonda okubalulekile okuzibonela mathupha ukuthi azizwa kanjani futhi aphendule ekungeneleleni. Le mpendulo eqondile yinto imodeli yezilwane engakwazi ukuyinikeza, njengoba izilwane zingakwazi ukuveza okuhlangenwe nakho kwazo ngendlela efanayo. Ikhono lokuqoqa imibiko yomuntu siqu enemininingwane evela kubahlanganyeli lithuthukisa kakhulu ukwethembeka nokufaneleka kokutholakele, njengoba abacwaningi bengaqonda kangcono ukuthi ukwelapha okuthile noma izimo zibathinta kanjani abantu ezingeni ngalinye. Lezi zinhlobo zezifundo sezibalulekile emikhakheni efana nemithi yomuntu siqu , lapho ukwelashwa kumele kwenziwe ngendlela efanele izimpendulo nezidingo zesiguli ngasinye.
Sekukonke, izifundo zokuzithandela zinikeza izinzuzo eziningi, okuhlanganisa idatha enembe kakhudlwana, ukucatshangelwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha, kanye nekhono lokuqonda izimpendulo zabantu ngokuqondile. Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obufana ne-imaging yobuchopho kanye ne-microdosing eduze nezindlela zendabuko ezengeziwe zokufunda umsoco nobuhlungu, abacwaningi bayakwazi ukuthola ukuqonda okujulile ngempilo yomuntu kanye nezifo. Lezi zifundo zinikeza enye indlela ethembeke kakhulu nelungile ekuhlolweni kwezilwane, kunciphisa isidingo samamodeli ezilwane ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa isayensi yezokwelapha kanye nokuthuthukisa ukunakekelwa kwesiguli. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka nokuvela, izifundo zamavolontiya ngokungangabazeki zizodlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kokwelashwa okusha, ukwenziwa kahle kwezindlela zokwelapha ezikhona, nokudala izixazululo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo eziqondene nawe.
Izinzuzo Zokuhlola Okungezona Izilwane
Ukushintshela ezindleleni zokuhlola okungezona ezesilwane kuletha izinzuzo ezimbalwa ezicacile:
- Imiphumela Esheshayo : Izindlela zokuhlola okungezona ezesilwane, ikakhulukazi i-in vitro ne-silico, zivumela abacwaningi ukuthi bathole imiphumela ngokushesha okukhulu. Isibonelo, nakuba ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kungase kuthathe izinyanga noma iminyaka ukukhiqiza imiphumela, ukuhlolwa kwe-in vitro kungaqedwa esikhathini esingamaviki noma ngisho nezinsuku. Lokhu kunenzuzo ikakhulukazi ezimbonini ezisheshayo njengezemithi, lapho isikhathi sibalulekile.
- Ukusebenza Kwezindleko : Ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kuyinqubo ebizayo. Kubandakanya izindleko zokunakekela amakoloni ezilwane, ukunakekelwa kwezilwane, kanye nezinsiza ezibalulekile ezidingekayo ekuqoqweni nasekuhlaziyweni kwedatha. Ngokuphambene, izindlela zokuhlola okungezona ezesilwane, ikakhulukazi amamodeli ekhompiyutha, zidinga izinsiza ezimbalwa kakhulu futhi zingenziwa ngesilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu, zehlise kakhulu izindleko.
- Idatha Ehlobene Nomuntu : Mhlawumbe inzuzo ebaluleke kakhulu yokuhlola okungezona isilwane yikhono layo lokukhiqiza idatha esebenza ngokuqondile empilweni yomuntu. Amamodeli ezilwane awahlali enikeza ukumelela okunembile kokusabela kwabantu, njengoba ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezilwane kungabangela izimpendulo ezihlukene entweni efanayo. Izindlela okungezona ezezilwane, ikakhulukazi izitho-on-chips kanye namasiko amangqamuzana omuntu, zinikeza isibikezelo esithembeke kakhulu sokuthi izinto zizoziphatha kanjani emzimbeni womuntu.
- Ukucatshangelwa Kwezimiso Zokuziphatha : Enye yezinto ezihamba phambili ezibangela ukushintshela ekuhlolweni okungezona okwesilwane ukukhathazeka kwesimilo okuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwezilwane ocwaningweni. Ukucindezela komphakathi, kanye nemithethonqubo efana nokuvinjelwa yi-European Union ekuhloleni izilwane izimonyo, kugqugquzele ukuthuthukiswa kwezinye izindlela zobuntu. Izindlela zokuhlola okungezona ezesilwane zigwema inkinga yokuziphatha yokubeka izilwane ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezingase zibe yingozi noma ezicindezelayo.
Ikusasa lokuhlolwa kwesayensi ngokungangabazeki liya ezindleleni okungezona ezezilwane. Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi nobuthembekile, izindlela zokuhlola okungezona ezezilwane zinikeza isithembiso sezinye izindlela ezisheshayo, ezishibhile, nezinobuntu kunokuhlola izilwane zendabuko. Nakuba kusenezinselele okufanele zinqotshwe, inqubekelaphambili eqhubekayo kulo mkhakha ivula indlela yenkathi entsha yocwaningo, leyo ethuthuke kakhulu ngokwesayensi futhi enomthwalo wemfanelo ngokokuziphatha.
