Imithi elwa namagciwane iye yawushintsha kakhulu umkhakha wezokwelapha, yehlisa kakhulu izinga lokugula nokufa okuhlobene nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile nokusetshenziswa kabi kwama-antibiotic kuye kwaholela ekuveleni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, okubeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa komuntu kwemithi elwa namagciwane kuyisici esinomthelela, ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotics kwezolimo zezilwane kuye kwabonakala njengomthombo omkhulu wokumelana nama-antibiotic. Ukwengeza, imfucuza yezolimo yezilwane, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yokuphakelwa kwezilwane egxilile (ama-CAFO), inegalelo elikhulu ekungcoleni kwamanzi nomoya. Lokhu kungcola kuvame ukuqukatha amazinga aphezulu emithi elwa namagciwane, amahomoni, namanye amakhemikhali, angaba nomthelela omubi empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukuxhumana phakathi kokumelana nemithi elwa namagciwane kanye nokungcoliswa kwemfucuza yezilwane, kanye nemiphumela engaba khona empilweni yabantu neyezilwane. Sizophinde sixoxe ngemithethonqubo yamanje kanye nemizamo yokubhekana nalolu daba futhi sigqamise ukubaluleka kwezinqubo ezisimeme kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha ekulimeni kwezilwane.
Ukumelana nama-antibiotic: ukukhathazeka okukhulayo
Ukwenyuka kokumelana nama-antibiotic sekuyinkinga ekhulayo eyethusayo emkhakheni wezokunakekelwa kwempilo. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile nokusetshenziswa kabi kwama-antibiotics phakathi neminyaka edlule kuye kwaba nesandla ekwakhiweni kwamagciwane aqinile angasaphenduli kule mithi esindisa ukuphila. Lesi simo sibeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi njengoba sikhawulela ikhono lethu lokwelapha izifo ezivamile futhi sandisa ingozi yezinkinga nokufa. Ukuvela kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic kuye kwabangelwa izici ezifana nokunganeli kwezinqubo zokunquma, ukunamathela okungaphelele ezinhlotsheni zokwelashwa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwama-antibiotic kwezolimo zezilwane. Kubalulekile ukuthi ochwepheshe bezokunakekelwa kwempilo, abenzi bezinqubomgomo, kanye nomphakathi jikelele basebenzisane ukusebenzisa amasu nokungenelela okukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic okunesibopho, ukubhekwa, nokuvimbela ukutheleleka ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela walokhu kukhathazeka okukhulayo.
Imfucuza yokulima kwezilwane: umnikeli
Ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanele kwemfucuza yokulima kwezilwane kuye kwavela njengengxenye enkulu ekungcolisweni kwemvelo. Imikhuba yokulima ejulile embonini yezolimo yezilwane ikhiqiza imfucumfucu eningi equkethe ukungcola okuhlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amagciwane, imisoco eyeqile, nezinsalela zamakhemikhali. Uma ingelashwa kahle, le mikhiqizo kadoti ingathola indlela yayo emanzini, ibangele ukungcola futhi ibeke ubungozi empilweni yabantu nasezinhlelweni zemvelo. Ukudedelwa kwemfucumfucu yezilwane enganakiwe emithonjeni yamanzi kungaholela ekugcwalisweni kwezakhi zomzimba, kukhuthaze ukukhula kwezimbali eziyingozi ze-algal kanye nokunciphisa amazinga omoya-mpilo, okuholela ekufeni kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwemithi elwa namagciwane kanye neminye imithi yezilwane emfucumfucwini yezilwane kungaba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, kuqhubekisele phambili udaba lokumelana nama-antibiotic.
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotics emapulazini
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotics kwezolimo zezilwane kubangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu mayelana nempilo yomphakathi kanye nemvelo. Ama-antibiotics avame ukunikezwa emfuyweni ngobuningi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula nokuvimbela izifo ngaphakathi kwezimo zokulima eziminyene nezingahlanzekile. Lokhu kusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic kunomthelela ekuveleni nasekusakazekeni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, angenza le mithi ingasebenzi ekwelapheni izifo kokubili kubantu nasezilwaneni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwezinsalela zemithi elwa namagciwane emfucumfucwini yezilwane kungangcolisa umhlabathi, imithombo yamanzi, kanye nemvelo ezungezile. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokubeka engcupheni ikhwalithi yemithombo yethu yemvelo kodwa futhi kwandisa ingozi yamagciwane amelana nemithi elwa namagciwane asakazeka endaweni ezungezile.
Izindlela zamanzi ezingcolile, ukutholakala kokudla okungcolile
Ukungcoliswa kwemigudu yamanzi kanye nokuhlinzekwa kokudla ngezinto ezingcolisayo kungenye indaba ebalulekile evela ezenzweni zokulima kwezilwane. Ukugeleza okuvela emapulazini emfuyo, okuhlanganisa umquba namanyolo amakhemikhali, kungangena emithonjeni yamanzi eseduze, imifula engcolisayo, amachibi, namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Lokhu kungcola akuthinti nje kuphela imvelo yasemanzini kodwa futhi kubeka engcupheni impilo yomuntu lapho kusetshenziswa amanzi okuphuza angcolile noma ukudla kwasolwandle okungcolile. Ukwengeza, ukuba khona kwezinto ezingcolile eziyingozi ekudleni kwezilwane, njengezibulala-zinambuzane nezinsimbi ezinzima, kunganqwabelana ezicutshini zemfuyo, ekugcineni kungene ohlelweni lokudla kwabantu. Lokhu kungcola kungaba nemiphumela elimazayo empilweni yomuntu, okuhlanganisa ukwanda kwengozi yezifo nokuphazamiseka okuthile.
Imiphumela yezempilo yabantu, imiphumela emibi
Ukuphathwa ngendlela engafanele kwemfucuza yezolimo kanye nomphumela wokungcoliswa kwezilwane kungaba nemiphumela emibi empilweni yabantu. Ukuchayeka emanzini angcolile, noma ngokuwasebenzisa noma ngokuzilibazisa, kungaholela ezinkingeni zezempilo ezihlukahlukene ezifana nezifo zamathumbu, ukulunywa kwesikhumba, ngisho nezifo ezingelapheki zesikhathi eside. Ukuba khona kwamagciwane, ama-antibiotics, nezinye izinto eziyingozi emfucumfucwini yezilwane nakho kungaba nomthelela ekuveleni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, abeka usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yezilwane engcoliswe ukungcola noma ama-antibiotic kungabhebhethekisa lezi zingozi zezempilo.
Ama-antibiotics ekudleni kwemfuyo asabalele
Kuyiqiniso elaziwayo ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemithi elwa namagciwane ekudleni kwemfuyo kuwumkhuba owandile embonini yezolimo yezilwane. Le ndlela ngokuyinhloko isetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukukhula nokuvimbela izifo ezilwaneni, kodwa iphakamise ukukhathazeka mayelana nomthelela wayo empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo. Ukulawulwa okujwayelekile kwama-antibiotics ekudleni kwemfuyo kungaba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, okungenzeka enze le mithi ebalulekile ingasebenzi kahle ekwelapheni izifo ezilwaneni nakubantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona kwama-antibiotics emfucumfucwini yezilwane kungangcolisa inhlabathi nemithombo yamanzi, okuholela ekungcoleni kwemvelo kanye nokusatshalaliswa okuqhubekayo kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic. Ngakho-ke, ukubhekana nenkinga yemithi elwa namagciwane ekudleni kwemfuyo kuyisici esibalulekile ekubhekaneni nokumelana nama-antibiotic kanye nokunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemfucuza yezilwane.
Kudingeka isinyathelo esiphuthumayo ukuze kulungiswe
Kusobala ukuthi isinyathelo esiphuthumayo siyadingeka ukuze kubhekwane nezindaba ezicindezelayo ezithinta ukumelana namagciwane kanye nokungcoliswa kwemfucuza yezilwane. Lezi zinkinga zibeka engcupheni enkulu impilo yomphakathi, ukusimama kwemvelo, kanye nenhlalakahle yonke yemiphakathi yethu. Ngokuthatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu nesisheshayo, singanciphisa izingozi ezihlobene nokungazweli kwemithi elwa namagciwane kanye nokungcola, silondoloze impilo yabo bobabili abantu kanye nemvelo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Sengiphetha, kusobala ukuthi udaba lokumelana nemithi elwa namagciwane kanye nokungcoliswa kwemfucuza yezolimo yezilwane kuwukukhathazeka okukhulayo okufanele kubhekwe. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotics kwezolimo zezilwane kanye nomphumela wokungcoliswa kwemvelo yethu akubangeli nje usongo empilweni yomuntu, kodwa nasenhlalakahleni yeplanethi yethu.
FAQ
Ngabe imfucuza yezolimo yezilwane inegalelo kanjani ekwandeni kwama-antibiotic kuma-bacteria?
Udoti wezolimo wezilwane, njengomquba, uqukethe inqwaba yama-antibiotic asetshenziswa ekufuyweni kwemfuyo. Uma le mfucumfucu ilawulwa ngendlela engafanele, ingangcolisa imithombo yamanzi nomhlabathi, okuholela ekusabalaleni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic. Lawa magciwane amelana nawo angadluliselwa kubantu ngokuthintana ngokuqondile noma ngokusetshenziswa kokudla namanzi angcolile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuchayeka kaningi kuma-antibiotics emfucumfucwini yezolimo yezilwane kungakhetha futhi kukhuthaze ukukhula kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, kubangele ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwezempilo yomphakathi futhi kunciphise ukusebenza kwama-antibiotic ekwelapheni izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.
Yiziphi izinto ezingcolisa umoya ezitholakala emfuleni wezilwane futhi ziyithinta kanjani imvelo?
Ukungcola okuyinhloko okutholakala kudoti yezolimo yezilwane yi-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, namagciwane. Lezi zinto ezingcolisayo zingaba nomthelela omkhulu kwezemvelo. I-nitrogen ne-phosphorus eyeqile emfucumfucwini yezilwane kungaholela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi, kubangele ukuqhakaza kwama-algal ayingozi futhi kuqede amazinga omoya-mpilo ezindaweni eziphila emanzini. Lokhu kungalimaza izinhlanzi nezinye izinto eziphila emanzini. Amagciwane emfucumfucu yezilwane angangcolisa imithombo yamanzi, abeke engcupheni impilo yabantu futhi abe nomthelela ekusabalaleni kwezifo. Ukwengeza, ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa, njenge-methane, evela ekulima kwezilwane kunomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Sekukonke, imfucuza yezolimo yezilwane ingaba nemiphumela elimazayo kukhwalithi yamanzi, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kanye nesimo sezulu.
Ukulahlwa ngendlela engafanele kwemfucuza yezolimo yezilwane kunamthelela muni ekungcolisekeni nasekumelaneni nama-antibiotic?
Ukulahlwa ngendlela engafanele kwemfucuza yezolimo yezilwane kunomthelela ekungcolisweni nasekuphikisweni kwama-antibiotic ngokukhishwa kwezinto eziyingozi kanye namagciwane endaweni ezungezile. Imfucumfucu yezilwane iqukethe amazinga aphezulu e-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, engangcolisa imithombo yamanzi futhi iholele ekungcoleni kwezakhi, okubangela ukuqhakaza kwe-algal okuyingozi kanye nokuncipha kwe-oxygen ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini. Ukwengeza, imfucuza yezilwane iqukethe izinsalela zama-antibiotic, ezingakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic lapho ekhishwa endaweni ezungezile. Lawa magciwane angasakazekela kubantu ngamanzi, inhlabathi, noma ukudla angcolile, okwenza ama-antibiotic angasebenzi ekwelapheni izifo futhi abe usongo empilweni yomphakathi.
Yimaphi amanye amasu noma ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukiswayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcola kanye nokumelana nemithi elwa namagciwane okubangelwa udoti wezolimo wezilwane?
Amanye amasu nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukiswayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcoliswa kanye nokumelana nemithi elwa namagciwane okubangwa imfucuza yezolimo yezilwane kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwama-anaerobic digester ukuguqula umquba ube yi-biogas nomanyolo, ukuqaliswa kwamasu okulima anembayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza, ukuthuthukiswa kweminye imithombo yamaphrotheni efana nale. njengenyama esekelwe ezitshalweni kanye nelebhu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-probiotics kanye ne-phage therapy njengezinye izindlela zokulwa nama-antibiotic ekudleni kwezilwane. Ukwengeza, imithetho eqinile kanye nezinqubo zokulawulwa kwemfucuza ezithuthukisiwe ziyasetshenziswa ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela emvelweni futhi kukhuthaze ukusimama embonini yezolimo yezilwane.
Imiphi imithelela yezempilo engaba khona kubantu nasezilwaneni ezihlala eduze nezindawo ezithintekile ngenxa yokungazweli ngama-antibiotic kanye nokungcoliswa kwemfucuza yezilwane?
Imithelela yezempilo engaba khona kubantu nasezilwaneni ezihlala eduze nezindawo ezithintekile ukumelana nama-antibiotic kanye nokungcoliswa kwemfucuza yezolimo yezilwane ihlanganisa ukwanda kwengozi yokutheleleka okungazweli ngama-antibiotic, amasosha omzimba asengozini, izinkinga zokuphefumula, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi nomhlabathi, kanye nokuchayeka emagciwaneni ayingozi kanye nobuthi. Ukumelana nemithi elwa namagciwane kungaholela ezifweni okunzima ukwelapha, kuyilapho ukungcoliswa kwemfucuza yezolimo yezilwane kungaba nomthelela ekusabalaleni kwezifo kanye namagciwane ayingozi. Lokhu kubeka engcupheni enkulu impilo yabantu neyezilwane, kanye naso sonke isimiso semvelo. Izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic kwezolimo zezilwane kanye nokulawulwa kwemfucuza ngendlela efanele kuyadingeka ukuze kuncishiswe lezi zingozi zezempilo.
