Ukulima efektri, owaziwa nangokuthi ezolimo zezezimboni, sekuyindlela evelele yokukhiqiza ukudla emazweni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Le ndlela ifaka ukukhulisa inani elikhulu lemfuyo ezikhaleni ezivalekile, ngenhloso eyinhloko yokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kanye nenzuzo. Ngenkathi kungabonakala njengendlela ephumelelayo yokondla inani labantu abakhulayo, imithelela emibi yokulima efektri kwimvelo yendawo yendawo kanye nemvelo yonke ingenakunakwa. Ukusuka ekungcoleni kwemithombo yamanzi kuya ekubhujisweni kwezindawo zemvelo, imiphumela yale ndlela yezolimo ethuthukile ifinyelela kude futhi ilimaze. Kulesi sihloko, sizokwehla sijule emiphumeleni emibi yokulima efektri kwimvelo yendawo, futhi sihlole izindlela esingaziqwashisa ngazo ngalolu daba lokucindezela. Ngokuqonda ubukhulu benkinga futhi uthathe isinyathelo sokuyilungisa, singasebenzela ukudala uhlelo lokudla oluzinzile futhi olunobungane bezizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo.
Inhlabathi eyonakalisiwe iholela ekuguguleni
Inhlabathi engenampilo noma eyonakalisiwe ingumthelela obalulekile ekuguguleni, ibeka usongo kwimvelo yendawo. Lapho inhlabathi ichithwa izakhi zomzimba ezibalulekile kanye nendaba ye-organic, ikhono layo lokugcina imifino nokusekela izimila zincipha. Ngenxa yalokho, imvula namanzi okunisela kungenzeka ahlanze ingaphezulu, okuholela ekuguguleni. Lokhu kuguguleka akukunciphisi kuphela ukuzala komhlaba kodwa futhi kuphazamisa ukulinganisela okubucayi kwemvelo ezungezile. Ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esinempilo yenhlabathi, izinqubo zemvelo ezisekela ukukhula kwezitshalo futhi zinikeze indawo yokuhlala yezilwane zasendle zibekelwe ukuhlehla, kukhulisa ezinye imiphumela emibi yokulima efektri ezinhlamvini zendawo.
Amanzi angcolisiwe alimaza impilo yasemanzini
Ukuba khona kwamanzi angcolisiwe kunomthelela olimazayo empilweni yasemanzini ngaphakathi kwemvelo yendawo. Ngenxa yezinto ezinjenge-runoff yezimboni, izibulala-zinambuzane zezolimo, kanye nokulahlwa kukadoti okungafanele, ikhwalithi yemizimba yamanzi ingahle ibekwe kabusha, okuholele emiphumeleni elimazayo ezintweni ezincike kubo. Izinga eliphakeme lokungcola, njengezinsimbi ezisindayo namakhemikhali, lingaphazamisa ukulingana okubucayi kwemvelo yemvelo yasemanzini, okuthinta impilo kanye nokusinda kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Izitshalo zasemanzini, izinhlanzi, nezinye izinto eziphilayo zingahlushwa amazinga we-oksijini ancishisiwe, anyuse ubuthi, kanye nokuwohloka kwendawo, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukuncipha kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuncipha kwabantu. Kubalulekile ukuqonda nokubhekana nemiphumela emibi yamanzi angcolile empilweni yasemanzini ukuze kugcinwe impilo nokusimama kwemvelo yendawo.
Amakhemikhali Runoff athinta izilimo eziseduzane
Ukusondela kwamapulazi efektri ezinkambeni zezolimo kungaholela ekutholeni okungalungile kokugeleza kwamakhemikhali ezitshalweni eziseduze. Lapho umanyolo owedlulele kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa emisebenzini yokulima efektri zigezwa yimvula noma ukunisela, zingangcolisa inhlabathi ezungezile nemithombo yamanzi. Lokhu kugijima kuthwala ngakho i-plethora yamakhemikhali ayingozi, kufaka phakathi amakhompiyutha we-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, ama-herbicides, kanye nama-antibiotic, ama-antibiotic, angenwa yizinhlelo zezimpande zezilimo eziseduzane. Ngenxa yalokhu, lawa makhemikhali awakwazi ukukuthinta kuphela ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwezilimo, kodwa futhi uthole indlela yokungena ecaleni lokudla, ngokunokwenzeka okubeka engcupheni impilo yabantu. Kubalulekile ukuqwashisa ngalolu daba futhi kuhlole izindlela ezizinzile zokulima ukunciphisa imiphumela emibi yokugeleza kwamakhemikhali ekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo kanye nempilo yonke yemvelo yemvelo yemvelo.
Ukulahleka Kwezinto Eziphilayo Kuphazamisa I-Ecosystems
Ukulahleka kwemvelo yezinto eziphilayo kusongela kakhulu e-Ecosystems emhlabeni jikelele. Izinto eziphilayo, ezibhekisele ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo nokwakheka kwalo lwafuzo endaweni enikeziwe, kudlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ibhalansi ethambile yemvelo. Uhlobo ngalunye lunendima ehlukile nomsebenzi, okuba nomthelela ekuqineni okuphelele nokusebenza kwe-ecosystem. Lapho ukwehlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo kuphazamiseka, kungaba ngembubhiso yendawo yokuhlala, ukuguqulwa kwesimo sezulu, noma imisebenzi yabantu efana nezolimo embonini, kungaba nemiphumela emide. Ukulahleka kwezinhlobo ezisemqoka kungaholela emphumeleni we-cascade, ukuphazamisa amaketanga okudla, imijikelezo yezakhi zomzimba, kanye nezinqubo zemvelo. Lokhu kuphazamiseka kungaholela ekunciphiseni ukuncishiswa kwemvelo nokukhiqizwa, ukukhulisa ubungozi ezinhlotsheni ezihlaselayo, kanye nokwehla kwezinsizakalo zemvelo, njengokulawulwa kwezinambuzane zemvelo kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane zemvelo kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane zemvelo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqwashisa ngemiphumela emibi yemisebenzi efana nokulima kwefekthri kwimvelo yendawo yokuvikela imikhuba eqhubekayo kanye nemizamo yokulondolozwa okuvikela ukwehlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo futhi ulondoloze izimo zethu zemvelo.
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic kuholela ekumelaneni
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotics sekube yinto ekhathazayo kakhulu emkhakheni wezempilo. Ama-antibiotic yimithi enamandla eguqule ukwelashwa kwezifo ezingamagciwane, ukonga izimpilo ezingenakubalwa. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa okwandile nokungafanelekile kwemithi elwa namagciwane kuye kwaphumela enkingeni ekhulayo - ukumelana namagciwane. Lapho ama-antibiotic asetshenziswa ngokweqile noma ngokungadingekile, amagciwane angaba nezinqubo ukuze ziphile futhi zimelane nalezi zidakamizwa. Lokhu kumelana kungasakazeka ngaphakathi kwezinto zamagciwane, okwenza kube nzima ukwelapha nokufaka usongo olukhulu empilweni yomphakathi. Kubalulekile ukufundisa ochwepheshe bezomphakathi nabanakekeli ngokubaluleka kokusetshenziswa kwe-antibiotic okuvikelayo ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza kwale mithi esindisa impilo futhi kunciphise ubungozi bokumelana namagciwane.
Imfucumfucu yezilwane ingcolisa izindawo ezizungezile
Ezolimo Zezilwane zingumthelela obalulekile ekungcoleni kwemvelo, ikakhulukazi ngokuya ngokungcoliswa kwemfucuza yezilwane. Imfucuza enkulu ekhiqizwa imisebenzi yokulima efekthri ibeka engcupheni enkulu ezindaweni ezizungezile. Ukubaleka okuvela kulezi zindawo, okuqukethe ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-nitrogen, phosphorus kanye namagciwane, kungabona emithonjeni yamanzi aseduze, kubangele ukuqhakaza okulimazayo kwemvelo kanye nokuyekethisa impilo yemvelo yasemanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphunga amahle akhishwe kulokhu kusebenza angathinta kabi ikhwalithi yomoya yemiphakathi engomakhelwane, eholela ezindabeni zokuphefumula kanye nekhwalithi yempilo enciphile yabahlali.
Imikhuba engalindeleki ilimaza imvelo yethu
Umthelela olimazayo wemikhuba engaphephile emvelweni wethu awunakweqiwa. Ukusuka ekuqothulweni kwamahlathi kokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamandla, le mikhuba ayigcini nje ngokucisha izinsizakusebenza zethu zemvelo eziyigugu kodwa futhi inomthelela ekucekeleni kwemvelo yemvelo emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuphishekela okungapheli kwezinzuzo zesikhathi esifushane nenzuzo kuvame ukuza ngentengo ethambile, njengoba sibona ukulahlekelwa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuphazamiseka kokungalingani kwemvelo okubucayi, kanye nokukhishwa kwezingconuko eziyingozi emoyeni, emanzini, nasenhlabathini. Kubalulekile ukuthi sisibone isidingo esiphuthumayo sokushintsha futhi samukele ezinye izindlela ezizinzile ukuqinisekisa kahle inhlala-kahle yeplanethi yethu nabo bonke abakhileyo kuyo. Ngokwamukela imikhuba yemvelo nokukhuthaza ubuphathi obufanele, singasebenzela ukubhekela okuluhlaza, okuhlanzayo, nekusasa elinempilo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Ekuphetheni, kubalulekile ukuthi sibikezela ngemiphumela emibi yokulima efektri kwimvelo yendawo. Imikhuba engaphephile yokulima efektri ayilimazi izilwane kuphela, kepha futhi inemithelela elimazayo emvelweni kanye nempilo yemiphakathi yethu. Ngokuzifundisa thina nabanye, singasebenzela ekuthuthukiseni imikhuba yokulima eqhubekayo futhi yokuziphatha engazuzisi i-ecosystem yethu kuphela, kodwa futhi iqinisekisa inhlala-kahle yazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo. Masilwele ukwenza umthelela omuhle emhlabeni wethu ngokuxhasa ushintsho embonini yezolimo.
FAQ
Ngabe ukulima efektri kufaka kanjani isandla ekungcoleni kwemvelo yendawo?
Ukulima efektri kunomthelela ekungcoleni kwemvelo yemvelo ngezindlela eziningi. Okokuqala, inani elikhulu lokudonswa kwezilwane elikhiqizwa amapulazi efektri aqukethe amazinga aphezulu eNitrogen nePhosphorus, engagibela emizimbeni yamanzi aseduze, ebangela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kanye nokuphakanyiswa kwamanzi. Okwesibili, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwemithi elwa namagciwane kanye nama-hormone okukhula efemini efektri angangena emvelweni ngokusebenzisa imfucuza, okuholela ekumelaneni nama-antibiotic kanye nokuphazamiseka kwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulahlwa kwezilwane ezifile kanye nokukhishwa okuvela ku-Frecentrate Animal feed Operations (COFOS) ukudedela okungcolisayo emoyeni, kufaka isandla ekungcoleni komoya nasekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu. Sekukonke, izindlela zokulima zasefekthri zinemithelela emibi ephakeme kwimvelo yendawo yendawo kanye nezinto eziphilayo zazo.
Yimiphi eminye imiphumela emibi yokulima efektri emithonjeni yamanzi endawo?
Ukulima efektri kunemiphumela emibi eminingana emithonjeni yamanzi endawo. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile komanyolo kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane emisebenzini yokulima ukulima efektri kungaholela ekuhambeni, kungcolise imifudlana, imifula kanye namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Amanani amakhulu okungcola kwezilwane akhiqizwa yizilwane ezivalekile nawo angafaka isandla ekungcoleni kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa ama-runoff kanye nokufakwa kwezinto eziyingozi emithonjeni yamanzi. Ngokwengeziwe, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuphezulu okufunwa amapulazi efektri kungaholela ekunciphiseni kwezinto zamanzi zasendaweni. Le miphumela emibi ingalimaza imvelo yasemanzini, iyekethise ikhwalithi yamanzi okuphuza, futhi ibe nemithelela yesikhathi eside ekusimeni kwemithombo yamanzi endawo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic efemini efektri kuthinta kanjani imvelo yendawo kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo?
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic ku-Factory Farming kungaba nemithelela emibi kwimvelo yemvelo kanye nokuhlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo. Ama-antibiotic angangena emvelweni ngokusebenzisa imfucuza yezilwane kanye nokuhamba, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwamagciwane alwa namagciwane enhlabathini nasemanzini. Lawa ma-bacterium amelana nawo angasakazekela kwezinye izidalwa, kufaka phakathi izilwane zasendle nabantu, abeka usongo empilweni yomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-antibiotic angaphazamisa ukulinganisela kwemvelo kwemiphakathi ye-microbial ku-ecosystem, okuthinta ukwehlukahlukana kanye nokusebenza kwezinto ezahlukahlukene. Lokhu kungaholela ekungabizi kwemvelo futhi kungahle kuncipha ekunciphiseni kwezinto eziphilayo, ngemiphumela efinyelela kude yempilo yonke nokuqina kosakatho lwezemvelo lwasendaweni.
Yimiphi imiphumela yokulima ifektri ngekhwalithi yenhlabathi kanye nomthelela wayo empilweni yezitshalo zasendaweni?
Ukulima efektri kunemiphumela ebalulekile yekhwalithi yenhlabathi kanye nempilo yezitshalo zasendaweni. Imikhuba yokulima ebanzi, njengokusetshenziswa komanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye nama-pesticides, kuphumela ekuwohlokeni kwenhlabathi, ukulahleka kwezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokuncipha kwenhlabathi ukuzala. Lokhu kuholela ekunciphiseni ukutholakala kwezakhi zezakhi zezitshalo futhi kungathinta kabi ukukhula kwawo nokukhiqiza kwawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulima efektri kuvame ukubandakanya monoculture, okunciphisa ukwehlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo futhi kungaphazamisa isimo semvelo sendawo. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamanzi nomhlaba wokulima efektri nakho kunomthelela ekunciphiseni kwemvelo futhi kungaholela ekunciphiseni kwezinsiza zemvelo. Sekukonke, ukulima efektri kunomthelela olimazayo ngekhwalithi yenhlabathi kanye nempilo yezitshalo zasendaweni, kubeka ubungozi besikhathi eside ekusimeni kwezolimo.
Ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu kuthinta kanjani ikhwalithi yomoya kanye nezilwane zasendle eziseduze?
Ukulahlwa kwemfucuza evela emapulazini asefekthri kungathinta kakhulu ikhwalithi yomoya kanye nezilwane zasendle eziseduze. Imfucuza, evame ukuqukethe amazinga aphezulu okungcola kanye nobuthi, ingakhipha amagesi ayingozi njenge-ammonia, i-hydrogen sulfide, ne-methane emoyeni. Lawa magesi anikela ekungcoleni komoya futhi angaba nemiphumela elimazayo empilweni yabantu nasendaweni yemvelo. Ngokwengeziwe, izindlela zokulahla, njengokusakaza imfucuza emasimini noma zigcinele ama-lagons, kungaholela ekungcoleni kwemithombo yamanzi eseduze, okuthi enye ithinta abantu basendle. Ukubaleka okuvela kule mikhuba yokulahla imfucuza kungangenisa izakhamzimba eziningi emizimbeni yamanzi, okubangela ukuqhakaza kwe-algal nokuncipha komoya-mpilo, okuholela ekufeni kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.
