Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamalungelo ezilwane namalungelo abantu sekuyisikhathi eside bekuyisihloko sempikiswano yefilosofi, yokuziphatha nezomthetho. Ngenkathi lezi zindawo ezimbili zivame ukuphathwa ngokwahlukana, kunokuqashelwa okuvelayo kokuxhumeka kwabo okujulile. Abameli bamalungelo abantu nezishoshovu zamalungelo ezilwane ezifanayo ziya ngokuya zivuma ukuthi impi yezobulungiswa nokulingana ayinqunyelwe kubantu kodwa inwebe kuzo zonke izidalwa ezinomqondo. Imigomo eyabiwe ngesithunzi, inhlonipho, nelungelo lokuphila ngokulimazeka kwakha isisekelo sazo zombili lezi zinyakazo, kuphakamisa ukuthi ukukhululwa komuntu kuhlangene kakhulu nokukhululwa kwenye.
Isimemezelo se-Universal of Human Rights (UDHR) siqinisekisa amalungelo angenzeka kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathalekile ukuthi unomjaho wabo, umbala, inkolo, ubulili, izilimi, izinkolelo zezepolitiki, isizinda sezomphakathi, isimo sezomnotho, noma yisiphi isimo. Lo mbhalo ophawulekile wamukelwa yi-United Nations General Assembly eParis ngoDisemba 10, 1948. Ngenxa yalokho, uSuku Lwamalungelo Abantu, lusungulwe ngokusemthethweni ngo-1950, lugujwa ngokusemthethweni emhlabeni wonke ukuhlonipha ukubaluleka kwesimemezelo nokukhuthaza ukuqiniswa kwalo.
Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi manje sekuvunywa kabanzi ukuthi izilwane ezingezona ezomuntu, njengabantu, ziyakwazi ukuthola imizwa - okuhle nokubi - kungafanele ukuba babe nelungelo lokuthola isithunzi ngendlela yabo ehlukile?
Izisekelo zokuziphatha ezabiwe
Womabili la malungelo ezilwane kanye namalungelo abantu isiqu senkolelo yokuthi zonke izidalwa ezinemfihlo - noma ngabe zingumuntu noma ezingezona zomuntu - zifanelwe ukuziphatha okuyisisekelo. Enhliziyweni yamalungelo abantu kungumqondo wokuthi bonke abantu banelungelo lokuphila ngokucindezelwa, ukuxhashazwa kanye nodlame. Ngokufanayo, amalungelo ezilwane agcizelela inani lemvelo lezilwane kanye nelungelo labo lokuphila ngaphandle kokuhlupheka okungadingekile. Ngokubona ukuthi izilwane, njengabantu, ziyakwazi ukubhekana nobuhlungu nemizwa, abameli bathi ukuhlupheka kwabo kufanele kuncishiswe noma kuqedwe, njengoba nje silwela ukuvikela abantu ekulimaleni.
Lolu hlaka lokuziphatha okwabiwe ngalo ludonsela kusuka kumafilosofi afanayo wokuziphatha. Imiqondo yobulungiswa kanye nokulingana okugcizelela ukunyakaza kwamalungelo abantu kubuyiswe kakhulu ekubonakaleni okukhulayo ukuthi izilwane akufanele ziphathwe njengezinto ezithengiswayo ukuze zixhashazwa ngokudla, ukuzijabulisa, noma kwabasebenzi. Imibono yokuziphatha okufana nokusebenzisa ubuthi kanye ne-deontology ixabana ngokucatshangelwa kwezilwane ezisuselwa emandleni abo okuzizwa bekwazi ukubhekana namalungelo okuvikela abantu namalungelo anikezwe abantu ezilwaneni.
Ubulungiswa bezenhlalo kanye nokuhlangana
Umqondo wokuhlukahluka, obona ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokungabi nabulungisa zihlangana futhi zihlanganiswe kangakanani, futhi ziqokomisa ukuxhumeka kwezilwane namalungelo abantu. Ukunyakaza kobulungiswa bezenhlalo kulwele ngokumelene nokungalingani okuhleliwe, njengokubandlululwa kobuhlanga, ubulili, kanye ne-classism, okuvame ukubonakaliswa ngokuxhashazwa kanye nokubeka phansi kwabantu kanye nezilwane. Ezimweni eziningi, imiphakathi yabantu ebekelwe amathuba - njengalabo abangobuphofu noma abantu bemibala - bathinteka ngokungafanele ukuxhashazwa kwezilwane. Isibonelo, ukulima efektri, okubandakanya ukwelashwa kwezilwane ngobuthakathaka, kuvame ukwenzeka ezindaweni ezinokugxila okuphezulu kwabantu ababencishwe amathuba, okungenzeka futhi ahlupheke ngokucekelwa phansi kwezimboni zemvelo ezibangelwa yizimboni ezinjalo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucindezelwa kwezilwane kuvame ukuhlanganiswa amaphethini wokucindezelwa komuntu. Ngokomlando, ukulungiselelwa kobugqila, amakoloni, kanye nokuphathwa kabi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene abantu kuye kwasuselwa ekumeni kwalawo maqembu, imvamisa ngokuqhathanisa nezilwane. Lokhu kuqubuka kwalokhu kwakha isisekelo sokuziphatha sokwelapha abantu abathile njengento ephansi, futhi akuyona into elula ukubona ukuthi le micabango efanayo ifinyelela kanjani ekwelapheni kwezilwane. Ukulwela kwamalungelo ezilwane, ke, kuba yingxenye yomzabalazo omkhulu wesithunzi somuntu nokulingana.
Ubulungiswa bezemvelo nokusimama
Ukuxhumeka kwamalungelo ezilwane namalungelo abantu nakho kucaca lapho kucatshangelwa izingqinamba zobulungiswa kanye nokusimama. Ukuxhashazwa kwezilwane, ikakhulukazi ezimbonini ezinjengezimboni ezilingana nefektri kanye nokuzingela izilwane zasendle, kunomthelela omkhulu ekuwohlokeni kwemvelo. Ukubhujiswa kwemvelo, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu yonke imithelela engafani nemiphumela yabantu, ikakhulukazi labo abasendaweni yase-Global South, abavame ukuthwala ukulimala kwezemvelo.
Isibonelo, ukusulwa kwamahlathi okulima imfuyo akugcini nje kuphela ngokugcina izilwane zasendle kodwa futhi kuphazamisa izimpilo zemiphakathi yendabuko ezithembele kulezo zinhlaka. Ngokufanayo, umthelela wezemvelo wezolimo zezimboni, njengokungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi kanye nokukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa, kubeka izinsongo eziqondile empilweni yabantu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingenacala. Ngokuxhasa amalungelo ezilwane kanye nokuzinza okuqhubekayo, imikhuba yezolimo yokuziphatha, sibhekana ngasikhathi sinye ngezinkinga zamalungelo abantu ezihlobene nobulungiswa bezemvelo, impilo yomphakathi, nelungelo lendawo ehlanzekile nephephile.
Uhlaka lwezomthetho nenqubomgomo
Kunokuqashelwa okwandayo okwakukhona amalungelo abantu namalungelo ezilwane angenangqondo kepha ancike kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlaka zezomthetho nezomhlaka. Amazwe amaningana athathe izinyathelo zokuhlanganisa inhlala-kahle yezilwane ezinhlanganweni zawo ezingokomthetho, ebona ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwezilwane kunomthelela enhlalakahleni yenhlala-kahle yomphakathi. Isibonelo, isimemezelo sendawo yonke yenhlala-kahle yezilwane, kanti okwamanje asibophezeli ngokusemthethweni, siyisinyathelo somhlaba wonke esifuna ukuqaphela izilwane njengezinto ezinobumfihlo futhi sinxusa ohulumeni ukuthi bacabangele inhlala-kahle yezilwane ezinqubomgomo zabo. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yamalungelo abantu yamazwe omhlaba, efana nesivumelwano samazwe omhlaba ngamalungelo okusebenza kwabantu kanye nezepolitiki, manje ifaka ukucatshangelwa kokuphathwa kwezilwane, okubonisa ukuvuma okukhulayo kokuxhumeka phakathi kwalokhu okubili.
Abameli babo bobabili amalungelo abantu kanye namalungelo ezilwane avame ukubambisana ukukhuthaza izinhloso zomthetho ezabiwe, njengokuvinjelwa kwesihluku sezilwane, ukuphuculwa kwezimo zokusebenza kubantu ezimbonini ezihlobene nezilwane, kanye nokusungulwa kwemvelo okunamandla kwezemvelo. Le mizamo ihlose ukudala umhlaba onobuntu obukhulu futhi onobubele kuzo zonke izidalwa, abantu nabangewona abantu ngokufanayo.
Ukuxhumeka kwamalungelo ezilwane namalungelo abantu kukhombisa ukunqwabelanisa okubanzi kobulungiswa, ukulingana kanye nokuhlonipha zonke izidalwa ezinemfihlo. Lapho umphakathi uqhubeka uvela futhi ukhule ngokwengeziwe ngemiphumela yokuziphatha kwethu ekwelashweni kwethu kwezilwane, kuya ngokuya kucaca ukuthi impi yamalungelo ezilwane ayihlukile ekulweni namalungelo abantu. Ngokubhekana nokungabi nabulungiswa okuhlelekile okuthinta bobabili abantu nezilwane, sisondela ezweni lapho isithunzi, ububele, nokulingana kudluliswa kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, noma ngabe zinjani izidalwa zazo. Kungenxa yokubona ukuxhumana okujulile phakathi kokuhlupheka komuntu nokudlalwa kwezilwane esikwazi ukuqala ukudala umhlaba onobuhle ngempela nabo bonke.
