Ukulima efektri, indlela yezolimo ezinamandla zezilwane, sekuyisikhathi eside zihlotshaniswa nezinkinga eziningi zemvelo nokuziphatha okuhle, kodwa enye yezinto ezikhohlisayo futhi ezivame ukunganakwa ukungcoliswa okukhiqizayo emoyeni. Imisebenzi yezimboni evutha izimboni, lapho izilwane zigcinwa khona eziminyene, izimo ezingezinhle, zikhiqiza inqwaba yokungcola komoya okufaka isandla ekuwohlokeni kwemvelo, izinkinga zempilo yomphakathi kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Lo mbhalo uhlola indlela ukulima kahle efektri ngqo ebhekene nokungcoliswa komoya kanye nemiphumela emide efinyelela kude empilweni yethu, imvelo kanye nenhlala-kahle yezilwane ezihilelekile.
Ukungcola kokulima efektri
Amapulazi efektri, noma ukugxila kokudla kwezilwane (ama-cafos), izinkulungwane zendlu yezilwane ezikhaleni ezivalekile lapho zikhiqiza khona imfucumfucu. Lezi zindawo zingumthombo obalulekile wokungcoliswa komoya, ekhulula amagesi ahlukahlukene ayingozi kanye nezinkinga ezingena emkhathini. Ukungcola okuvame kakhulu kufaka phakathi:
I-Ammonia (NH3): Ukungakhiqizi kwemfucuza yezilwane, ikakhulukazi ezinkomeni nasezinkuni, i-ammonia ikhishwa emoyeni ngokuqhekeka komquba. Kungacasula amasistimu wokuphefumula wazo zombili lezi zilwane nabantu, okufaka isandla ezimeni ezinjenge-asthma, i-bronchitis nezinye izifo zamaphaphu. Lapho i-ammonia ihlanganisa nezinye izinhlanganisela emoyeni, ingakha udaba olunenhlamba olunzulu olukhulisa izinkinga zokuphefumula.
IHydrogen Sulfide (H2S): Le gesi enobuthi, evame ukuchazwa njengokunuka njengamaqanda abolile, kukhiqizwa ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo ekungcoleni kwezilwane. Kubeka ubungozi obukhulu bempilo, ikakhulukazi ekugxilweni okuphezulu. Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside ku-hydrogen sulfide kungaholela ekubhekeni ikhanda, isicanucanu, isiyezi, kanye nokufa. Ukuze abasebenzi emapulazini efektri, ukuvezwa kwaleli gesi kuyingozi eqhubekayo.
I-Methane (CH4): I-Methane igesi enamandla okuvikela abamba ukushisa ekhiqizwa yimfuyo, ikakhulukazi izinkomo, njengengxenye yenqubo yabo yokugaya (i-Entermentation). Le gesi ibhekele ingxenye ebalulekile yegalelo lomkhakha wezolimo ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. IMethane isebenza ngempumelelo ka-25 ekushiseni ukushisa emkhathini kunesikhumba sekhabhoni, okwenza ukuncishiswa kwayo kubalulekile ekubhekaneni nokushisa komhlaba.
Udaba lokubandakanya (PM2.5): Amapulazi efekthri akhiqiza ubuningi bothuli kanye nodaba lokubandakanya, olungamiswa emoyeni. Lezi zinhlayiya ezincane, ezizincane kunama-micrometer angama-2,5 ububanzi, zingangena ekujuleni emaphashini bese zifaka igazi, kubangele izifo zokuphefumula kanye nenhliziyo. Lezi zinhlayiya ziyingxube yomquba omisiwe, impahla yokulala embhedeni, nokondla uthuli.
Ama-compounds ajwayelekile aphilayo (ama-Vocs): Ama-Vocs angamakhemikhali akhishwe ekungcoleni kwezilwane, okuphakelayo, nezinye izinto zasepulazini. Lezi zinhlanganisela zingaba negalelo ekwakhekeni kwe-ozone esezingeni eliphansi, ingxenye esemqoka ye-smog. Ukuvezwa kwe-Ozone kuxhunyaniswe nezinkinga ezahlukahlukene zezempilo, kufaka phakathi ukulimala kwamaphaphu, umsebenzi wamaphaphu wehlise, futhi ubungozi obukhulayo bezifo zokuphefumula.
Umthelela empilweni yomphakathi
Ukungcoliswa komoya okwenziwe amapulazi efektri kunomthelela omkhulu empilweni yomphakathi. Imiphakathi etholakala eduzane nama-cafos imvamisa yathola amanani aphezulu ezifo zokuphefumula nezifonakalo ngenxa yokuvezwa isikhathi eside kulabo abangcolisiwe abakhishwe yilezi zikhungo. Ngokusho kwe-American Lung Association, ehlala eduze kwamapulazi efektri axhumene namazinga asongeziwe esithi somoya, i-bronchitis, nezinye izimo zokuphefumula okungamahlalakhona.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-hydrogen sulfide, i-ammonia, futhi udaba lokubandakanya nangobuthinta kakhulu abantu abanjengezingane, asebekhulile, nabantu abanezimo zezempilo zangaphambi. Isibonelo, izingane eziphefumulayo emoyeni ongcolisiwe zingathola izingqinamba zentuthuko futhi zanda kakhulu ukuba nezifo zokuphefumula. Kwezinye izindawo zasemakhaya lapho kugxilwe khona amapulazi efektri, izakhamizi zibika ngokucasuka kwamehlo, ukukhwehlela, kanye nekhanda ngenxa yomoya obunobuthi.
Imiphumela Yezemvelo
Ukulima efektri akulimazi impilo yabantu kuphela - kubuye kubhebhethekisi kahle imvelo. Ngaphezu kokungcoliswa komoya, ama-cafes ababambiqhaza abakhulu kumanzi nokungcoliswa kwenhlabathi. Umquba kanye nokudonswa kwemfucuza kusuka kule misebenzi kungcolisa imithombo yamanzi yendawo, okuholela eziqhakaza ama-algal, izindawo ezifile, kanye nokusakazeka kwamagciwane ayingozi.
Ngokuya ngokungcoliswa komoya, ukuphuma kwe-methane kusuka emfuyweni kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekushiseni komhlaba. I-akhawunti ye-Livestock Methane Emissions ezungeze ama-14.5% okukhishwa kwegesi okuluhlaza okotshani, ingxenye ebalulekile yayo evela emapulazini asefekthri. Njengoba izwe liqhubeka nokulwa nesidingo esiphuthumayo sokunciphisa ukuphuma kwekhabhoni ukunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukunciphisa ukuphuma kwe-methane kwezolimo kuyisinyathelo esingukhiye esiya ngekusasa elizinzile.
Ngokwengeziwe, ukugawulwa kwamahlandla amakhulu okubangelwa ukulima efektri ukudala isikhala semfuyo kanye nezitshalo zondla futhi kwandisa inkinga yokungcoliswa komoya. Izihlahla zidlala indima ebalulekile ekutholeni i-carbon dioxide, futhi ukubhujiswa kwazo kwandisa inani eliphelele lamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini, kusheshise inqubo yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Indima kaHulumeni neNqubomgomo: Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uphendule futhi uxhase ushintsho oluqhubekayo
Ohulumeni badlala indima ebalulekile ekubhekaneni nezinkinga zezemvelo ezihambisana nokulima efektri. Ngenkathi isenzo ngasinye njengokutholwa kokudla okususelwa kwizitshalo kubalulekile, kungenxa yenqubomgomo ephelele yenqubomgomo kanye nezindlela zokulawula esingakwazi ukubhekana nezimbangela zokungcoliswa komoya kanye nesihluku sezilwane esisezingeni eliphakeme.
Imithethonqubo yezemvelo enamandla: Ohulumeni kumele basebenzise futhi basebenzise imithethonqubo eqinile ukukhawulela ukungcoliswa okukhiqizwa yizolimo efekthri. Lokhu kufaka ukubeka imingcele ku-methane ne-ammonia ukuphuma, ukulawula ukugibela kusuka emathangeni imfucuza, kanye nokunciphisa udaba lokulwa ne-airborne. Izinqubomgomo Zokuqinisa Imvelo zizosiza ukunciphisa imiphumela elimazayo yokulima ifektri, okungeyona kuphela umthelela wekhwalithi yomoya kodwa futhi nomthelela ezindabeni ezibanzi zezemvelo ezinjengokungcola kwesimo sezulu.
Ukusobala kanye nokuziphendulela: Ukusobala esobala embonini yezolimo kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amapulazi efektri anamathela ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha nezemvelo. Ohulumeni kufanele badinge ukuthi amapulazi efektri adalule umthelela wabo wezemvelo, imikhuba yezenhlalo yezilwane, kanye namazinga wokungcola. Ngokwenza lolu lwazi lutholakale emphakathini, abathengi bangenza izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokuthi bazosebenzisa kuphi imali yabo, ngenkathi bebambe izinhlangano ziphendula ngemikhuba yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohulumeni kufanele bakhuphule ukuhlolwa kwamapulazi efektri ukuze aqinisekise ukuhambisana nemithetho yezenhlalo yezemvelo ekhona kanye nezilwane.
Ukugqugquzelwa kwezindlela ezisuselwa kwizitshalo: Ohulumeni bangasiza futhi nomthelela wokulima ifektri ngokuxhasa ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokutholakala kwezinye izindlela ezenzelwe izitshalo kanye nezindlela ezikhule ngelebhu emikhiqizweni yezilwane. Ngokuhlinzeka ngezimali zocwaningo, uxhaso kanye nengqalasizinda yezinkampani zokudla ezisuselwa kwizitshalo, ohulumeni bangasiza ukwenza lezi zinye izindlela ezingabizi kakhulu futhi zitholakale kabanzi. Lokhu kuzodala isisusa kubathengi ukuthi bashintshele ekukhetheni kokudla okuqhubekayo, ukunciphisa isidingo semikhiqizo elimale embonini kanye nokwehlisa amazinga okungcola.
Ukusebenzisana kwamanye amazwe: Ukungcoliswa komoya okubangelwa ukulima efektri kuyinkinga yomhlaba wonke, futhi ukubhekana nakho kudinga ukubambisana kwamanye amazwe. Ohulumeni kufanele basebenze ngokubambisana ukusetha amazinga wezemvelo emhlabeni wonke futhi bahlanganyele imikhuba emihle yokunciphisa ukungcoliswa nokukhuthaza ukulima okuzinzile. Lokhu kungafaka izivumelwano zokunciphisa ukuphuma kwemisebenzi yemfuyo, dala izinqubomgomo zokuhweba eziqinisa ukulima okunobungane kwemvelo, futhi zisebenzise izinhlelo zesitifiketi zamazwe omhlaba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izindinganiso zokuziphatha zihlangane emhlabeni wonke.
Ngokusebenzisa lezi zinqubomgomo, ohulumeni ngeke banciphise ukulimala kwezemvelo okubangelwa ukulima efektri kodwa futhi bavule indlela yohlelo lokudla oluzinzile, lokuziphatha, nolwempilo. Kungumzamo ohlanganyelwe wohulumeni, amabhizinisi, kanye nabantu abakwazi ukuletha ushintsho oluhlala njalo futhi bakhe ikusasa elihlanzekile, elinozwela oluhlanzekile lweplanethi nezakhamuzi zalo.
