Ukulima kwasefekthri, okwakwaziwa nangokuthi ezolimo zezimboni, sekuyindlela ehamba phambili yokukhiqiza ukudla emazweni amaningi. Le ndlela ihlanganisa ukukhulisa imfuyo noma izinkukhu eziningi ezindaweni ezivalekile, ngenhloso eyinhloko yokwandisa umkhiqizo kanye nenzuzo. Nakuba lokhu kungase kubonakale kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokondla inani labantu elandayo, imiphumela yemvelo yokulima efekthri ayinakushaywa indiva. Ikakhulukazi, umthelela emanzini nasenhlabathini ube yimbangela yokukhathazeka phakathi kwezazi zemvelo nososayensi. Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu komanyolo, izibulala-zinambuzane, kanye nemithi elwa namagciwane, kanye nenani elikhulu lemfucuza ekhiqizwa amapulazi efektri, kuye kwaholela ekungcolisweni okukhulu kwamanzi ethu nemithombo yomhlabathi. Lesi sihloko sizodingida umthelela wemvelo wokulima kwefekthri emanzini nasenhlabathini, sigqamisa izindaba ezibalulekile futhi sixoxe ngezixazululo ezingase zibe khona. Ngokuqonda imiphumela efinyelela kude yalolu hlobo lwezolimo oluthuthukisiwe, singaqala ukuhlola ezinye izindlela ezisimeme ezibeka kuqala impilo yeplanethi yethu nemithombo yayo.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kusongela imvelo yasemanzini
Ukuba khona kokungcoliswa kwamanzi kubangela usongo olukhulu ekulinganiseni okuntekenteke kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Lapho ukungcola okunjengodoti wezimboni, izibulala-zinambuzane, nokungcola kwamakhemikhali kungena emanzini, kungaba nemiphumela elimazayo ezitshalweni, ezilwaneni, nasezilwanyaneni ezincane ezithembele kulezi zimiso zemvelo ukuze ziphile. Lokhu kungcola kungaphazamisa uchungechunge lokudla kwemvelo futhi kuholele ekwehleni noma ekushabalaleni kwezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane. Ukwengeza, ukunqwabelana kobuthi emizimbeni yamanzi kungaba nemiphumela yesikhathi eside, njengoba bungaphikelela futhi buqongelele ezicutshini zezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, ekugcineni bubeke izingozi kubantu abathembele kulezi zindawo zemvelo ukuze bathole amanzi okuphuza nemithombo yokudla. Ukulondolozwa kwezinga lamanzi kubalulekile ekugcineni impilo kanye nokusimama kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, njengoba zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezibalulekile ze-ecosystem.
Ukuncipha komhlabathi ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokukhiqiza ngokweqile
Ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwezitshalo kanye nemikhuba yokulima eqinile kuye kwaholela ekukhuleni kokukhathazeka mayelana nokuncipha komhlabathi. Umhlabathi uyisisetshenziswa esinomkhawulo esidlala indima ebalulekile ekusimamiseni umkhiqizo wezolimo kanye nokweseka imvelo. Kodwa-ke, ukutshala nokuvuna okuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokugcwalisa izakhi ezifanele kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha umhlabathi kungaqeda imisoco ebalulekile, kulimaze ukwakheka komhlabathi, futhi kunciphise ukuvunda kwawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuncipha akuthinti kuphela izivuno zezitshalo kanye nekhwalithi kodwa futhi kuphazamisa ibhalansi yamagciwane kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezizuzisayo zomhlabathi ezifaka isandla empilweni yenhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, omunye umphumela wokukhiqiza ngokweqile, kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwenhlabathi evundile engaphezulu kanye nokungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi eseduze ngenhlabathi namakhemikhali ezolimo. Ukuwohloka kwempilo yenhlabathi kanye nekhwalithi ngenxa yokukhiqiza ngokweqile kubangela inselele enkulu kwezolimo esimeme kanye nokuvikeleka kokudla isikhathi eside. Kuphoqelekile ukuthi kusetshenziswe amasu asebenzayo okongiwa komhlaba kanye nokuphatha, okuhlanganisa ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo, ukutshala izitshalo ezimboziwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nomanyolo wemvelo, ukuze kuncishiswe imithelela emibi yokukhiqiza ngokweqile empilweni yomhlabathi futhi kugcinwe ubuqotho bezinhlelo zethu zezolimo.
Izibulala-zinambuzane nezibulala-magciwane zilimaza izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nemithi elwa namagciwane emisebenzini yokulima efektri kutholakale ukuthi kunemiphumela eyingozi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Izibulala-zinambuzane, ezifana nezibulala-khula nezibulala-zinambuzane, zivame ukufuthwa ezitshalweni ukuze zilawule izinambuzane futhi andise isivuno. Kodwa-ke, lawa makhemikhali angaba nemiphumela engahlosiwe ezintweni ezingahlosiwe, okuhlanganisa izinambuzane ezinenzuzo, izinyoni, nezilwane ezihlala emanzini nasezweni, ezidlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ibhalansi ye-ecosystem. Ngokuphazamisa uchungechunge lokudla kwemvelo kanye nokulimaza lezi zinambuzane, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zendawo ezungezile ziba sengozini. Ngokufanayo, ukusetshenziswa njalo kwama-antibiotics ekufuyweni kwemfuyo kunomthelela ekwakhiweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, okwenza kube usongo olukhulu empilweni yabantu neyezilwane. Njengoba lawa magciwane amelana nemvelo esakazeka endaweni ezungezile, angaphazamisa ukulingana kwemvelo okuntekenteke futhi aqhubeke ecekela phansi izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Imiphumela eyingozi yezibulala-zinambuzane nemithi elwa namagciwane ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo igqamisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sezinqubo zokulima ezisimeme futhi ezinobungani nemvelo.
Ukulahleka kwezindawo zemvelo kuyashesha
Ukulahleka kwezindawo zemvelo kuyashesha njengomphumela oqondile wemikhuba yokulima efekthri. Ukwandiswa kwamapulazi ezimboni kudinga ukugawulwa kwezindawo ezinkulu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esikhulayo sokulima kwezilwane. Lokhu kugawulwa kwezindawo zemvelo, njengamahlathi nezithako, kuphazamisa imvelo futhi kuxoshe inqwaba yezitshalo nezilwane. Ukucekelwa phansi kwalezi zindawo akuholeli nje kuphela ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kodwa futhi kuphazamisa nezinqubo ezibalulekile zemvelo, njengokuhamba ngebhayisikili izakhi kanye nokuhlunga kwamanzi. Ukwengeza, ukuguqulwa kwezindawo zemvelo zibe umhlaba wokulima kunomthelela ekwehlukaneni kwezinhlelo zemvelo, kuphinde kuhlukaniseke futhi kunciphise ukusebenza kwenani lezilwane zasendle ezisele. Lokhu kulahlekelwa ngokushesha kwezindawo zemvelo kubeka engcupheni ukulingana okuntekenteke kwezimiso zemvelo, okwenza kube inselele ngokwengeziwe ngezilwane zasendle ukuba zichume futhi zizivumelanise nezimo zemvelo ezishintshayo.
Ukugeleza kukadoti kungcolisa imizila yamanzi eseduze
Izindlela zokulima zasefekthri kutholakale ukuthi zinomthelela omkhulu emigwaqweni yamanzi eseduze ngokungcoliswa okubangelwa ukugeleza kwemfucuza. Ukukhiqizwa okukhulu nokugcwala kwemfuyo ezindaweni ezivalekile kudala imfucuza eningi, okuhlanganisa ubulongwe, umchamo, nezinye izinto ezikhiqizwayo. Ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zokuphatha ezifanele, lezi zinto ezilahlwayo zingangena emhlabathini ozungezile futhi ekugcineni zithole indlela yazo emifudlaneni eseduze, emifuleni, nakwezinye izindawo zamanzi. Uma sekusemanzini, imisoco eyeqile kanye nokungcola okuvela kumfucumfucu kungaholela emiphumeleni eminingi engemihle, njengokuqhakaza kwe-algal, ukuncipha komoyampilo, nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo yasemanzini. Lokhu kungcola akugcini nje ngokuba usongo empilweni nasekuphileni kwezitshalo zasemanzini nezilwane kodwa futhi kubeka engcupheni izinga nokuphepha kwemithombo yamanzi emiphakathini yabantu ethembele kuyo ukuze iphuze amanzi nezinye izinjongo. Ukungcoliswa kwemigwaqo yamanzi eseduze ngokugeleza kukadoti kuyindaba ecindezelayo edinga ukunakwa nezisombululo ezisebenzayo ukuze kuncishiswe imithelela yemvelo yokulima kwefekthri emanzini nasenhlabathini.
Ukuguguleka kuyanda ngenxa ye-monoculture
Omunye umthelela obalulekile wemvelo wokulima kwamafekthri emanzini nasenhlabathini ukwanda kokuguguleka okubangelwa imikhuba yokulima okukodwa. I-Monoculture isho ukutshalwa okubanzi kwesilimo esisodwa endaweni enkulu, okuvame ukubonakala emisebenzini yokulima efektri ukuze kwandiswe ukukhiqiza kanye nokwenza lula inqubo yokuvuna. Nokho, lo mkhuba unemiphumela elimazayo empilweni yenhlabathi nokuzinza. Ngokuqhubeka nokutshala isilimo esifanayo unyaka nonyaka, inhlabathi iyancipha imisoco ebalulekile, okuholela ekwehleni kokuvunda kanye nokuba sengozini enkulu yokuguguleka. Ngaphandle kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezihlinzekwa ngokushintshanisa nokutshala izitshalo ezihlukahlukene, isakhiwo senhlabathi siba buthaka, okwenza kube lula ukuguguleka komoya namanzi. Lokhu kuguguleka akusheshisi nje kuphela ukulahleka kwenhlabathi engaphezulu kodwa futhi kunomthelela ekwakhiweni kwenhlabathi emanzini aseduze, okuqhubekisela phambili ukwehlisa izinga lamanzi kanye nezindawo ezihlala emanzini. Imiphumela engemihle yokuguguleka komhlaba ngenxa yokulima i-monoculture igqamisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sezinqubo zezolimo ezisimeme ezibeka eqhulwini ukongiwa kwenhlabathi kanye nokulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuphezulu kunciphisa izinsiza
Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuphezulu kuphazamisa izinsiza emisebenzini yokulima efekthri, okwenza kube nzima umthelela wemvelo emanzini nasenhlabathini. Ukujula kwalokhu kusebenza kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okubalulekile ngezinjongo ezahlukahlukene, njengokunisela imfuyo, ukuhlanza, nokunisela izitshalo zokudla. Lokhu kuthembela kakhulu emanzini kubangela ubunzima emithonjeni yamanzi endawo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni esezibhekene nokushoda kwamanzi noma izimo zesomiso. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngokweqile kuholela ekuncipheni kwemithombo yamanzi futhi kungaba nomthelela ekungcolisweni kwemithombo yamanzi ngokugeleza okuqukethe amakhemikhali ayingozi namagciwane. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwamanzi okungalawuleki akugcini nje ngokusongela ukutholakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile kubantu nezilwane kodwa futhi kuphazamisa ibhalansi yemvelo yezinto eziphilayo ezizungezile. Kubalulekile ukuthi kuqaliswe izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa izindlela zokuphatha amanzi ngendlela efanele ekulimeni kwasefemini ukuze kuncishiswe ubunzima emithonjeni yamanzi futhi kuvikelwe ubuqotho bamanzi ethu kanye nezinhlelo zomhlabathi.
Ama-nitrate nama-phosphates abangela ukuqhakaza kwe-algae
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-nitrate nama-phosphates emikhubeni yokulima yasefekthri kunomthelela omkhulu ekushiseni ukuqhakaza kwe-algae, kubhebhethekise nakakhulu umthelela wemvelo emanzini nasenhlabathini. Ama-nitrate nama-phosphates avame ukutholakala kumanyolo osetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo nokudla kwemfuyo. Nokho, lapho lezi zakhi zomsoco zikhukhuleka ngokunisela noma ngokuna kwemvula, zingena emanzini aseduze, njengemifula namachibi. Uma sekusemanzini, ama-nitrate nama-phosphates asebenza njengamafutha okukhula ngokushesha kolwelwe, okuholela ekuqhumeni kwe-algal ngokweqile. Lezi zimbali zingaba nemiphumela elimazayo kuzinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, njengoba ziqeda amazinga omoya-mpilo, zivimbe ukukhanya kwelanga, futhi zidale izimo ezinobuthi kwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ukukhula okungalawuleki kolwelwe akuphazamisi nje kuphela ukulingana kwemvelo yasemanzini kodwa futhi kubangela izingozi empilweni yomuntu lapho imithombo yamanzi angcolile isetshenziselwa ukuphuza noma ukuzijabulisa. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izindlela zokulima ezisimeme ezinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-nitrate nama-phosphates, ukuze kuncishiswe ukwenzeka kokuqhakaza kwe-algae eyingozi futhi kuncishiswe imithelela yazo eyingozi emanzini nasekhwalithini yomhlabathi.
Umanyolo wamakhemikhali uqeda impilo yomhlabathi
Umanyolo wamakhemikhali, ovame ukusetshenziswa ekulimeni kwefekthri, unomthelela omubi empilweni yenhlabathi. Lawa ma-fertilizer ngokuvamile akhiwa ama-synthetic compounds ahlinzeka ngezakhi ezitshalweni. Nakuba zingase zandise isivuno sezitshalo esikhathini esifushane, imiphumela yazo yesikhathi eside eqophelweni lomhlabathi iphathelene. Umanyolo wamakhemikhali uvame ukuba namazinga aphezulu e-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, ne-potassium, amuncwa izitshalo kalula. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile nokuqhubekayo kwalezi zivundisi kungaholela ekungalinganini kwezakhi zomhlabathi. Ukuthembela ngokweqile kumanyolo wamakhemikhali kungaqeda ama-micronutrients abalulekile, kuphazamise i-microbiome yemvelo yomhlabathi, futhi kunciphise ukuvunda kwayo yonke. Lokhu konakala kwempilo yenhlabathi kungaholela ekwehleni komkhiqizo wezitshalo, ukwanda kokuthembela kumanyolo, futhi ekugcineni kube nomthelela ekucekeleni phansi kwemvelo. Ukwamukela izinqubo zokulima eziphilayo nezisimeme, ezifana nokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo, ukutshala izitshalo ezimboziwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa komquba wemvelo, kungasiza ukubuyisela nokugcina impilo yenhlabathi ukuze ukulima kuqhubeke isikhathi eside.
Sengiphetha, umthelela wokulima kwefekthri emanzini nasenhlabathini yindaba enzima edinga ukunakwa nokwenziwa. Kusukela ekungcolisweni kwemizila yethu yamanzi kuya ekucekeleni phansi kwenhlabathi yethu, imiphumela yale mboni mikhulu futhi ngeke ishaywe indiva. Njengabathengi, sinamandla okwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi futhi sisekele izindlela zokulima ezizinzile. Kukithi ukuthi sifune ushintsho futhi senze izinkampani ziphendule ngezenzo zazo. Ngokubambisana, singasebenzela ikusasa elinempilo nelizinzile leplanethi yethu.
FAQ
FAQUkulima kwasefemini kunamthelela muni ekungcolisweni kwamanzi futhi yiziphi izinto ezingcolisayo ezihilelekile?
Ukulima emafekthri kunomthelela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi ngokukhipha izinto ezingcolisa imvelo ezinhlobonhlobo. Lokhu kufaka imisoco eyeqile njenge-nitrogen ne-phosphorus ephuma emfuleni wezilwane, okungaholela eutrophication kanye nokuqhakaza kwe-algal okuyingozi. Ukwengeza, ama-antibiotics nama-hormone asetshenziswa ekudleni kwezilwane angangcolisa imithombo yamanzi futhi abe nomthelela ekwandeni kwama-antibiotic. Ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo zihlanganisa amagciwane, izinsimbi ezisindayo, nezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziselwa ukutshala ukudla kwezilwane. Ukugeleza okuphuma emapulazini efekthri, aqukethe lokhu kungcola, kungangena ezindaweni zamanzi eziseduze ngokulondoloza okungafanele kanye nezinqubo zokulahlwa, okubangela ukulimala okukhulu ezindaweni eziphila emanzini futhi okungase kube yingozi empilweni yabantu.
Iyini imiphumela yesikhathi eside yokulima efekthri eqophelweni lomhlabathi futhi ithinta kanjani umkhiqizo wezolimo?
Izindlela zokulima zasefekthri zinemiphumela ephawulekayo yesikhathi eside kukhwalithi yenhlabathi kanye nokukhiqiza kwezolimo. Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu komanyolo wamakhemikhali nezibulala-zinambuzane ekulimeni kwefekthri kuholela ekulimaleni kwenhlabathi, njengoba lezi zinto zingaphazamisa ibhalansi yemvelo yezakhi kanye nama-microorganisms emhlabathini. Lokhu konakala kubangela ukuncipha kokuvunda kanye nokuncipha kwamandla okugcina amanzi enhlabathini, okwenza umhlabathi ungalungeli ukulima. Ukwengeza, izinqubo zokulima zasefekthri zivame ukubandakanya ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kanye nokuphathwa ngendlela engafanele kokulahlwa kwemfuyo, okungaholela ekungcolisweni kwemithombo yenhlabathi nemithombo yamanzi ngamagciwane ayingozi kanye nokungcola. Ekugcineni, le mithelela engemihle eqophelweni lomhlabathi iholela ekwehleni komkhiqizo wezolimo futhi ibe yingozi ekuvikelekeni kokudla isikhathi eside.
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotics ekulimeni kwefekthri kuwathinta kanjani izinga lamanzi futhi kunomthelela ekwakhiweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic?
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotics ekulimeni kwefekthri kunomthelela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic. Lapho izilwane zinikezwa ama-antibiotics ngobuningi, zikhipha inani elikhulu lama-antibiotics kanye nama-metabolites azo endaweni ezungezile ngokungcola kwazo. Lawa ma-antibiotics athola indlela yawo emithonjeni yamanzi, awangcolise futhi aphazamise ibhalansi yemvelo yamagciwane ezindaweni eziphila emanzini. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-antibiotic kuholela ekwakhiweni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, njengoba amabhaktheriya asaphila eguquguquka ukuze amelane nemithi. Lawa magciwane amelana nawo angasakazeka ngezinhlelo zamanzi, abe usongo empilweni yomuntu futhi enze izifo kube nzima kakhulu ukwelapha.
Yiziphi ezinye izinqubo zokulima ezisimeme ezinganciphisa umthelela wemvelo wokulima kwefekthri emanzini nasenhlabathini?
Ezinye izinqubo zokulima ezisimeme ezinganciphisa umthelela wemvelo wokulima kwefekthri emanzini nasenhlabathini zihlanganisa ukusebenzisa ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo ukunciphisa ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi nokuncipha kwezakhi, ukusebenzisa umanyolo wemvelo nemvelo esikhundleni sowokwenziwa ukuze kugwenywe ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, ukwenza izindlela zokunisela ezinembayo ukuze kuncishiswe amanzi. ukumoshakala, ukusebenzisa izindlela ze-agroforestry ukuthuthukisa impilo yenhlabathi kanye nokugcinwa kwamanzi, kanye nokuqalisa izinhlelo ezifanele zokulawula imfucuza ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi. Ukwengeza, ukukhuthaza izinqubo zezolimo ezivuselelayo ezigxile ekwakhiweni kwenhlabathi enempilo nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nakho kungaba nomthelela ekwehliseni umthelela wemvelo wokulima kwasefekthri.
Ukulima kwasefekthri kunomthelela kanjani ekuncipheni kwemithombo yamanzi, futhi imiphi imiphumela engaba khona emiphakathini yendawo kanye nemvelo?
Ukulima emafekthri kunomthelela ekuncipheni kwemithombo yamanzi ngokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngokweqile ukuchelela izitshalo, ukuhlanzwa kwezinsiza, nokuhlinzeka ngamanzi okuphuza ezilwaneni. Ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo nemfuyo ngezinga elikhulu kudinga amanzi amaningi, okuholela ekwandeni kobunzima emithonjeni yamanzi endawo. Lokhu kuncipha kungase kube nemiphumela emibi kakhulu emiphakathini yendawo, njengoba ukutholakala kwamanzi okuncishisiwe kungase kube nomthelela kwezolimo, ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okuphuza, kanye nempilo yonke ye-ecosystem. Ukwengeza, ukulima kwasefekthri kuvame ukuholela ekungcolisweni kwemithombo yamanzi ngokugeleza komquba namakhemikhali, kuqhubekisele phambili imithelela engemihle ezimisweni zemvelo futhi okungase kubeke engozini impilo yemiphakathi eseduze.
