Eminyakeni yamuva nje, isidingo semikhiqizo yezilwane siye sakhuphuka, okuholela ekukhuleni kokulima efektri. Le ndlela yezimboni yokukhulisa nokukhiqiza inyama, ubisi namaqanda isiwumthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwenani labantu elandayo lomhlaba wonke. Kodwa-ke, kunezindleko ezifihliwe kulolu hlelo olusebenza kahle kakhulu - umthelela wemvelo wokukhiqizwa kokuphakelayo. Inqubo yokutshala nokuvuna ukudla kwezilwane zasemafekthri inemiphumela ebalulekile emhlabeni, kusukela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi nokungcoliswa kwamanzi kuya ekukhishweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izindleko zemvelo zokukhiqiza ukudla kwezilwane zasepulazini zasefektri, sikhanyisela isici esivame ukunganakwa sokulima kwezilwane ezimbonini. Ngokuqonda umkhondo wemvelo walolu hlelo, singakwazi ukuqala ukubhekana nesidingo esiphuthumayo sezinye izindlela ezisimeme nezinokuziphatha ukuze sondle isifiso esikhulayo somhlaba semikhiqizo yezilwane.
Imikhuba yezolimo engasimeme ilimaza imvelo
Ukukhiqizwa okujulile kokuphakela kwezilwane zasepulazini zasefekthri kunemiphumela emibi yemvelo engeke ishaywe indiva. Ukuthembela ezitshalweni ze-monoculture kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kukamanyolo wamakhemikhali nezibulala-zinambuzane kuholela ekucekeleni phansi kwenhlabathi, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, nokulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Izitshalo zokulima okukodwa, njengobhontshisi wesoya nommbila, zidinga umhlabathi omkhulu, okuphumela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo. Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu komanyolo wamakhemikhali nezibulala-zinambuzane akugcini nje ngokungcolisa imithombo yamanzi kodwa futhi kunomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu ngokukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa. Le mikhuba engalawuleki ayigcini nje ngokulimaza imvelo kodwa iphinde ibeke engozini ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside kwezinhlelo zezolimo, ibeke ukuphepha kokudla engozini. Kubalulekile ukuthi sibhekane nalezi zinkinga kanye nokuguqukela ezenzweni zezolimo ezizinzile nezivuselelayo ukuze kwehliswe izindleko zemvelo ezihlobene nokukhiqizwa kokuphakela kwezilwane zasembonini.
Umthelela omubi wokulima kwasefekthri kuma-ecosystem
Ukuphishekela okuqhubekayo kwefekthri yokukhulisa umkhiqizo nenzuzo kuza ngezindleko ezinkulu kuma-ecosystem. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile nokungaphathwa kahle kwezinsiza ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zamapulazi emboni kulimaza izindawo zemvelo futhi kuphazamisa ibhalansi yemvelo ebucayi. Izinga eleqile lomquba kanye nemfucuza ekhiqizwa izilwane ezivalekile kugcina sekungcolisa imizila yamanzi, okuholela ekuqhakazeni ulwelwe, ukuncipha komoyampilo, nokufa kwezilwane eziphila emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthembela kakhulu kuma-antibiotics emapulazini efektri kunomthelela ekuveleni kwamagciwane amelana nama-antibiotic, okwenza kube usongo olukhulu empilweni yabantu neyezilwane. Ukugawulwa kwendawo ukuze kukhiqizwe ukudla kubhebhethekisa ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zemvelo, kuxoshwe izilwane zendabuko kanye nokuncipha kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Le mithelela eqoqiwe igcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo sokusuka ekulimeni kwasefekthri siye emikhubeni yezolimo eqhubekayo nevumelana nemvelo ebeka kuqala impilo ye-ecosystem.
Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu komhlaba namanzi
Omunye umphumela obalulekile wemvelo wokukhiqizwa kokuphakela kwezilwane zasefekthri ukusetshenziswa komhlaba kanye namanzi okudingayo. Ukutshalwa kwezitshalo zokudla, njengommbila nobhontshisi wesoya, kudinga indawo enkulu, okuholela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kwezimila zemvelo akugcini nje ngokunciphisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kodwa futhi kunomthelela ekwandeni kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukwengeza, ukunisela ngenkasa okukhulu okudingekayo kulezi zitshalo kuqeda izinsiza zamanzi, okufaka ubunzima ezindaweni esezinawo amanzi kakade. Ubukhulu bomhlaba namanzi adingekayo ekukhiqizeni ukudla bugqamisa imvelo engafanele yokulima kwasefekthri futhi kugcizelela isidingo esiphuthumayo sezinye izindlela ezisimeme ezinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza futhi zikhuthaze ukulingana kwemvelo.
Umanyolo wamakhemikhali ongcolisa izinga lomhlabathi
Umanyolo wamakhemikhali osetshenziswa lapho kukhiqizwa ukudla kwezilwane zasefekthri ubangela enye futhi inselele emvelweni: ukungcoliswa kwezinga lenhlabathi. Lezi zivundisi, ezivame ukucebile ngezakhi zokwenziwa, zisetshenziswa ezitshalweni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula kanye nesivuno sazo. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kanye nokuphathwa ngendlela engafanele kwala ma-fertilizer kungaholela emiphumeleni elimazayo ku-ecosystem yomhlabathi. Umanyolo wamakhemikhali ungaba nomthelela ekungalinganisweni kwezakhi, uguqule ukwakheka kwemvelo kwenhlabathi futhi uphazamise izinqubo zayo ezithambile zokujikeleza izakhi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo komanyolo wamakhemikhali kungaqeda imisoco ebalulekile yomhlabathi, kulimaze ukwakheka komhlabathi, futhi kunciphise ukuvunda kwawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugeleza kwalawa ma-fertilizer kungangcolisa izindawo zamanzi eziseduze, kubangele ukungcoliswa kwamanzi futhi kube nomthelela omubi emvelweni yasemanzini. Ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko zemvelo ezihlobene nomanyolo wamakhemikhali, izinqubo zokulima ezizinzile ezibeka kuqala umanyolo wezinto eziphilayo kanye nezindlela zokuvuselela kabusha kufanele zikhuthazwe ukuze kugcinwe izinga lomhlabathi futhi kuvikelwe imvelo yethu.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ukuze kukhiqizwe izitshalo zokudla
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okubanzi okuhambisana nokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo zokudla kubangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwemvelo. Njengoba isidingo sokudla kwezilwane sikhula ukuze kusekelwe imboni yokulima ekhulayo yasefekthri, izindawo ezinkulu zamahlathi ziyagawulwa ukuze kuvuleke indawo yokulima. Lokhu kugawulwa kwamahlathi akuholeli nje kuphela ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezibalulekile kodwa futhi kunomthelela ekukhipheleni izinqwaba zesikhutha emkhathini. Amahlathi adlala indima ebalulekile ekuthatheni isikhutha, futhi ukubhujiswa kwawo ekukhiqizeni izitshalo kubhebhethekisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu futhi konakalise nakakhulu izimiso zeplanethi yethu ezithambile nephila kuzo. Ukulahleka kwamahlathi kuphinde kuphazamise imijikelezo yamanzi endawo, okuholela ekwehleni kokutholakala kwamanzi nokwanda kokuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Kubalulekile ukubhekana nendaba yokugawulwa kwamahlathi ekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo zokudla ngokukhuthaza izindlela zezolimo ezisimeme nezinomthwalo wemfanelo ezibeka eqhulwini ukulondolozwa kwamahlathi kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo yethu.
Ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kwandisa ukungcola
Ngaphezu kokugawulwa kwamahlathi, omunye umthelela ophawulekayo wemvelo wokukhiqizwa kokuphakela kwezilwane zasembonini ukwanda okukhulu kwesisi esingcolisa umoya, okunomthelela ekungcolisweni komhlaba wonke. Imikhuba yokulima ejulile ehilelekile ekukhiqizeni ukudla kwemfuyo, njengezinkomo nezinkukhu, ikhulula inani elikhulu le-methane ne-nitrous oxide, amagesi amabili abamba ukushisa anamandla. I-methane ikhishwa ngesikhathi sokugaya kwezilwane ezelusayo, kuyilapho i-nitrous oxide iwumphumela wokuvundiswa kwenhlabathi nokuphathwa komquba. Lamagesi abamba ukushisa anamandla aphezulu okubamba ukushisa uma kuqhathaniswa ne-carbon dioxide, okuholela ekusheshisweni komphumela we-greenhouse kanye nokwanda kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukwanda okuqhubekayo kokusebenza kwefekthri kanye nokwenyuka okulandelayo kokukhiqizwa kokuphakelayo kusiza kuphela ukukhulisa lezi zimo ezikhishwayo, kuphinde kubeke engcupheni ikhwalithi yomoya wethu futhi kube nomthelela ekonakaleni kwemvelo yethu.
Ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezindawo zokuhlala
Ukukhiqizwa okubanzi kokuphakela kwezilwane zasembonini nakho kunomthelela ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezindawo zokuhlala. Ukuguqulwa kwezindawo zemvelo zibe amasimu amakhulu okulima okukodwa ukuze kutshalwe izitshalo ezifana nommbila nobhontshisi wesoya ukuze uthole ukudla kwezilwane kuholela ekucekeleni phansi kwemvelo kanye nokuxoshwa kwezitshalo zomdabu nezilwane. Lokhu kulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kunemiphumela efinyelela kude, njengoba kuphazamisa ukulinganisela okuntekenteke kwezimiso zemvelo futhi kunciphisa ukuqina kwezimiso zemvelo ukuze zivumelane nezinguquko zemvelo. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane nomanyolo ekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo zokudla kuqhubezela phambili imithelela engemihle ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokungcolisa inhlabathi, amanzi, nomoya, akuthinti kuphela izinambuzane okuhlosiwe kodwa nezinhlobo ezingahlosiwe. Ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kokuphakela kwezilwane zasepulazini zasefekthri kugqamisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sezinqubo ezisimeme nezingangeni imvelo embonini yezolimo.
Imiphumela engemihle emiphakathini yendawo
Ukwandiswa kokukhiqizwa kokuphakela kwezilwane zasembonini nakho kuba nomthelela omubi emiphakathini yendawo. Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu komhlaba ukuze kulinywe izitshalo zokudla kuvame ukuholela ekutheni abalimi abancane kanye nemiphakathi yomdabu ethembele emhlabeni ukuze iziphilise. Lokhu kufuduka kuphazamisa imikhuba yokulima, kucekela phansi amasiko endawo, futhi kunomthelela ebuphofini basemaphandleni. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa okwenyuka kwamakhemikhali ekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo zokudla, njengomanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane, kungangcolisa imithombo yamanzi endawo futhi kudale izingozi zempilo emiphakathini eseduze. Ukugcwala kwamapulazi efektri ezifundeni ezithile nakho kungaholela ezinkingeni ezifana nephunga, ukungcoliswa komsindo, nokuncipha kwekhwalithi yomoya, okunomthelela omubi kwikhwalithi yempilo yezakhamuzi zendawo. Le miphumela engemihle emiphakathini yendawo igqamisa isidingo sezindlela ezisimeme nezinesibopho emphakathini ukuze kukhiqizwe ukudla kanye nezolimo zezilwane.
Isidingo esiphuthumayo sezinye izindlela ezisimeme
Kusobala ukuthi izinqubo zamanje zokukhiqiza ukudla kwezilwane zasepulazini zasembonini zinezindleko ezinkulu zemvelo nezomphakathi. Lezi zindleko zidinga ukunakwa okuphuthumayo kanye nokushintshela kwezinye izindlela ezisimeme. Njengoba silwela ikusasa elisimeme, kubalulekile ukuhlola izixazululo ezintsha ezinciphisa umthelela oyingozi endaweni yethu nasemiphakathini. Lolu shintsho aluzuzisi nje imvelo kuphela kodwa luphinde luveze nethuba lokukhuthaza imiphakathi eqinile nethuthukayo.
Sengiphetha, izindleko zemvelo zokukhiqiza ukudla kwezilwane zasefekthri azinakuzitshwa. Isamba esikhulu semithombo kanye nomhlaba odingekayo ukuze kugcinwe lezi zilwane kunengxenye ephawulekayo ekugawulweni kwamahlathi, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, nokukhishwa kwezisisi ezingcolisa umoya. Njengabathengi, sinamandla okufuna izinqubo ezisimeme kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha embonini yokudla. Masingakhohlwa ukuthi ukukhetha kwethu njengabathengi kunomthelela omkhulu emhlabeni, futhi kukithi ukuthi senze izinqumo eziphusile zokuthuthukisa imvelo yethu.
FAQ
Yimiphi imithelela emikhulu kwezemvelo ehlobene nokukhiqizwa kokuphakela kwezilwane zasepulazini zasefekthri?
Umthelela omkhulu kwezemvelo ohambisana nokukhiqizwa kokuphakela kwezilwane zasefekthri ihlanganisa ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa, nokucekelwa phansi kwenhlabathi. Umhlaba omningi uyagezwa ukuze kutshalwe izitshalo zokudla, okuholela ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala. Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ekukhiqizeni ukudla kungangcolisa imithombo yamanzi, kulimaza imvelo yasemanzini. Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kukamanyolo namandla ekukhiqizeni ukudla nakho kunomthelela ekukhishweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa, okubhebhethekisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ukwengeza, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile komhlabathi kanye nesidingo esikhulu sezitshalo zokudla kungaholela ekugugulekeni komhlabathi nasekuwohlokeni, kunciphise ukuvunda kwawo kanye nokukhiqiza kwawo isikhathi eside.
Ukukhiqizwa kokudla kwezilwane kunomthelela kanjani ekugawulweni kwamahlathi nasekulahlekeni kwendawo yokuhlala?
Ukukhiqizwa kokudla kwezilwane kunomthelela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi kanye nokulahlekelwa indawo yokuhlala ngezindlela ezahlukene. Okokuqala, izindlela zokulima ezinkulu zidinga umhlaba omningi wokulima izitshalo ezifana nobhontshisi wesoya nommbila, okuyizingxenye eziyinhloko zokudla kwezilwane. Lokhu kuholela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi kanye nokuguqulwa kwezindawo zemvelo zibe izindawo zokulima. Okwesibili, isidingo sokudla kwezilwane siphinde siqhubekisele phambili ukwanda kokufuya, okudinga indawo eyengeziwe yokuklama noma ukwakha izindawo zokuhlala zezilwane. Lokhu kuba nengxenye nakakhulu ekugawulweni kwamahlathi nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala. Ukwengeza, ukukhishwa kwezinsiza zokukhiqiza ukudla okuphakelayo, njengamanzi namaminerali, nakho kungaba nomthelela omubi kuma-ecosystem kanye ne-biodiversity.
Imaphi amagesi abamba ukushisa ahlobene nokukhiqizwa kokuphakelayo kwezilwane zasepulazini zasembonini?
Ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa okuhlobene nokukhiqizwa kokudla kwezilwane zasepulazini zasembonini ngokuyinhloko kuvela ekutshalweni kwezitshalo zokudla, njengommbila nobhontshisi wesoya. Lezi zitshalo zidinga amanani abalulekile okufakwayo komhlaba, amanzi, namandla, okuholela ekukhishweni kwe-carbon dioxide (CO2) kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli wemishini nezinto zokuhamba, kanye nokukhishwa kwe-nitrous oxide (N2O) okuvela ekusetshenzisweni komanyolo owenziwe. Ukwengeza, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokuguqulwa komhlaba ukuze kwandiswe umhlaba wezolimo nakho kunomthelela ekukhishweni kwe-CO2. Ukukhishwa kwe-methane (CH4) kungase futhi kwenzeke ezinqubweni zokuvutshelwa ezimisweni zokugaya zezilwane ezelusayo, njengezinkomo nezimvu. Sekukonke, ukukhiqizwa kokuphakela kwezilwane zasefekthri kunomthelela omkhulu ekukhiqizweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa.
Ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane ekukhiqizweni kokuphakelayo kulithinta kanjani izinga lamanzi kanye nemvelo?
Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane ekukhiqizeni ukudla kungaba nomthelela omubi kakhulu eqophelweni lamanzi nasezinhlelweni zemvelo. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile komanyolo kungaholela ekugelezeni kwezakhi, okubangela i-eutrophication emanzini. Lokhu kuholela ekuncipheni komoyampilo, ukuqhakaza kwe-algal okuyingozi, futhi kuthinte kabi izinhlobo zasemanzini. Izibulala-zinambuzane zingaphinda zingene emithonjeni yamanzi ngokugeleza nokucwiliswa, zibe yingozi ezintweni eziphila emanzini futhi ziphazamise iketango lokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, la makhemikhali angangcolisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, angumthombo obalulekile wamanzi okuphuza. Kubalulekile ukulawula nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane ukuze kuvikelwe ikhwalithi yamanzi nokugcina imvelo enempilo.
Ingabe zikhona ezinye izindlela ezisimeme esikhundleni sezindlela ezijwayelekile zokukhiqiza ukudla okungasiza ekwehliseni izindleko zemvelo?
Yebo, kunezinye izindlela ezisimeme zezindlela zokukhiqiza ukudla ezijwayelekile ezingasiza ekwehliseni izindleko zemvelo. Okunye okunjalo ukusetshenziswa kweminye imithombo yamaprotheni ekudleni kwezilwane, njengezinambuzane noma ulwelwe, okudinga izinsiza ezimbalwa futhi kukhiqizwe ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa okumbalwa kunezithako zokudla okuvamile njengesoya noma ummbila. Ukwengeza, izinqubo zokulima ezivuselelayo, njengokuklama ngokushintshanisa kanye ne-agroforestry, zingathuthukisa impilo yenhlabathi futhi zinciphise isidingo sokwenziwa komanyolo nezibulala-zinambuzane. Amanye amasu ahlanganisa ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kokuphakelayo kanye nokunciphisa ukumoshwa kokudla. Ngokusebenzisa lezi ezinye izindlela ezisimeme, singanciphisa umthelela wemvelo wokukhiqizwa kokuphakelayo futhi sakhe uhlelo lokudla oluzinzile.
