Igitekerezo cy'uko amafi ari ibiremwa bidahwitse, bidashobora kumva ububabare, bimaze igihe kinini bigira uruhare mu kuroba no mu bworozi bw'amafi. Nyamara, ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi buherutse kunenga iki gitekerezo, butanga ibimenyetso bifatika byerekana ko amafi afite uburyo bwimitsi n’imyitwarire ikenewe mu kubabara. Uku guhishurwa kuduhatira guhangana ningaruka zimyitwarire yuburobyi bwubucuruzi, kwidagadura kwidagadura, hamwe n’ubworozi bw’amafi, inganda zigira uruhare mu kubabara amamiliyaridi y’amafi buri mwaka.
Ubumenyi bw'ububabare bw'amafi
Ibimenyetso bya Neurologiya
Amafi afite nociceptors, akaba ari reseptor yihariye yakira ibyiyumvo byerekana ingaruka mbi cyangwa zishobora kwangiza, bisa nibiboneka mu nyamaswa. Iyi nociceptors nigice cyingenzi muri sisitemu yuburobyi bwamafi kandi irashobora gutahura imashini itera imbaraga, ubushyuhe, nubumara. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwatanze ibimenyetso bifatika byerekana ko amafi yitabira ibikomere byumubiri hamwe nigisubizo cyumubiri nimyitwarire yerekana ububabare. Kurugero, ubushakashatsi bujyanye numukororombya bwerekanye ko iyo uhuye nibitera imbaraga nka acide cyangwa ubushyuhe bwinshi, amafi yerekanaga kwiyongera kwa cortisol - byerekana guhangayika nububabare - hamwe nimpinduka zigaragara mumyitwarire. Ibi bisubizo byimyitwarire birimo gukanda ahantu hafashwe hejuru yubuso cyangwa koga bidakwiye, imyitwarire ijyanye numubabaro no kugerageza nkana kugabanya ibibazo. Kubaho kw'ibi bimenyetso birashigikira cyane igitekerezo kivuga ko amafi afite inzira zifata imitsi ikenewe kugirango ababare.
Ibipimo by'imyitwarire
Usibye ibimenyetso bifatika, amafi yerekana imyitwarire itandukanye itanga ubushishozi mubushobozi bwabo bwo kumva ububabare. Nyuma yo gukomeretsa cyangwa guhura nibitera ingaruka mbi, amafi ubusanzwe agaragaza igabanuka ryibiryo, kongera ubunebwe, hamwe n’umuvuduko w’ubuhumekero, ibyo byose bikaba ari ibimenyetso biranga amahwemo cyangwa umubabaro. Iyi myitwarire yahinduwe irenze ibikorwa byoroheje byoroshye, byerekana ko amafi ashobora kuba afite imyumvire yububabare aho kwitabira gusa ibitera imbaraga. Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bujyanye no gusesengura - nka morphine - bwerekanye ko amafi avurwa n’imiti igabanya ububabare asubira mu myitwarire yabo isanzwe, nko kongera kugaburira no kwerekana ibimenyetso bigabanya imihangayiko. Uku gukira kurashimangira kandi kuvuga ko amafi, kimwe nizindi nyababyeyi nyinshi, zishobora kugira ububabare muburyo bugereranywa n’inyamabere.
Hamwe na hamwe, ibimenyetso by’imyakura n’imyitwarire bishyigikira umwanzuro w'uko amafi afite uburyo bukenewe bwa biologiya bwo kumva no gusubiza ububabare, bikanga ibitekerezo bishaje ko ari ibinyabuzima biterwa na refleks.
Ibimenyetso byububabare nubwoba mumafi: Umubiri ukura wubushakashatsi uhura nibitekerezo bishaje
Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse mu kinyamakuru Applied Animal Behavior Science bwerekanye ko amafi ahura n’ubushyuhe bubabaza bwerekana ubwoba n’ubwoba, bishimangira igitekerezo kivuga ko amafi atagira ububabare gusa ahubwo akanagumana kwibuka. Ubu bushakashatsi bwibanze bugira uruhare mu kwagura ibimenyetso byerekana ibibazo bimaze igihe bivugwa ku mafi n'ubushobozi bwabo bwo kumva ububabare.
Bumwe mu bushakashatsi bukomeye bwakozwe n'abashakashatsi bo muri kaminuza ya Mwamikazi ya Belfast bwerekanye ko amafi, kimwe n'andi matungo, ashoboye kwiga kwirinda ububabare. Rebecca Dunlop, umuhanga ukomeye muri ubwo bushakashatsi, yabisobanuye agira ati: "Uru rupapuro rwerekana ko kwirinda ububabare bw’amafi bidasa nkaho ari igisubizo cyoroshye, ahubwo ko ari icyigishijwe, cyibukwa, kandi kigahuza n’ibihe bitandukanye. Kubwibyo rero, niba amafi ashobora kubona ububabare, ubwo rero inguni ntishobora gukomeza gufatwa nkimikino itari ubugome." Ubu bushakashatsi bwibajije ibibazo bikomeye ku bijyanye n’imyitwarire y’inguni, byerekana ko imyitozo iyo umuntu yatekereje ko ntacyo itwaye ishobora guteza imibabaro ikomeye.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, abashakashatsi bo muri kaminuza ya Guelph muri Kanada bakoze ubushakashatsi bwanzuye ko amafi agira ubwoba iyo yirukanwe, avuga ko imyitwarire yabo irenze refleks yoroshye. Umushakashatsi mukuru, Dr. Duncan, yagize ati: "Amafi agira ubwoba kandi… bahitamo kutagira ubwoba," ashimangira ko amafi, kimwe n’andi matungo, agaragaza amarangamutima akomeye. Ubu bushakashatsi ntabwo bugora gusa ku myumvire y’amafi nkibiremwa biterwa nubushake ahubwo binashimangira ubushobozi bwubwoba ndetse nicyifuzo cyo kwirinda ibihe bibabaje, bikagaragaza kandi ko ari ngombwa gutekereza kumibereho yabo mumarangamutima no mumitekerereze.
Muri raporo yo mu 2014, komite ishinzwe imibereho myiza y’amatungo (FAWC), urwego ngishwanama kuri guverinoma y’Ubwongereza, yemeje ati: “Amafi arashobora gutahura no guhangana n’ibitera ubumara, kandi FAWC ishyigikiye ubwumvikane buke bwa siyansi bumva ko bafite ububabare.” Aya magambo ahuza nubushakashatsi bugenda bwiyongera bwerekana ko amafi afite ubushobozi bwo kubona ibitera ingaruka mbi, bigoye ibitekerezo bishaje byahakanye amafi ubushobozi bwo kubabara. Mu kumenya ko amafi ashobora kugira ububabare, FAWC yifatanije n’umuryango mugari wa siyanse mu gusaba ko twakongera gusuzuma uburyo dufata aya matungo yo mu mazi, haba mu bushakashatsi bwa siyansi ndetse no mu bikorwa bya buri munsi bya muntu.
Dr. Culum Brown wo muri kaminuza ya Macquarie, wasuzumye inyandiko zigera kuri 200 z’ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye n’ubushobozi bw’amafi n’imyumvire y’imyumvire, avuga ko uburambe bw’amafi iyo akuwe mu mazi bushobora kurenga kurohama kwabantu, kuko bihanganira urupfu rurerure, rutinda kubera kutabasha guhumeka. Ibi birerekana akamaro ko gufata amafi cyane.
Ashingiye ku bushakashatsi bwe, Dr. Culum Brown yanzuye avuga ko amafi, kuba ibiremwa bifite ubwenge ndetse n’imyitwarire igoye, adashobora kubaho adafite ubushobozi bwo kumva ububabare. Yashimangiye kandi ko urwego rw’ubugome abantu bashira ku mafi rwose rutangaje.
Ubugome bwo Kuroba Ubucuruzi
Bycatch and Overfishing
Uburobyi bwubucuruzi, nko gukurura no kurambura, ni ubumuntu kandi bitera imibabaro myinshi mubuzima bwinyanja. Mu gukurura, inshundura nini zikururwa hejuru yinyanja, zifata ibintu byose mu nzira zabo, harimo amafi, inyamaswa zidafite ubuzima, n’ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja byoroshye. Kurambura, aho udufuni twafashe dushyirwa kumurongo munini ureshya n'ibirometero, akenshi usanga uhuza amoko adafite intego, harimo inyoni zo mu nyanja, inyenzi, ninyanja. Amafi yafashwe muri ubu buryo akunze guhumeka igihe kirekire cyangwa guhahamuka gukabije. Ikibazo cya bycatch - gufata utabishaka gufata amoko adafite intego - byongera ubu bugome, biganisha ku rupfu rudakenewe rwa miriyoni zinyamaswa zo mu nyanja buri mwaka. Ubu bwoko butagenewe intego, harimo amafi y’abana bato n’ubuzima bwo mu nyanja bugeramiwe, akenshi bajugunywa bapfuye cyangwa bapfa, bikarushaho kwiyongera ku ngaruka mbi ku binyabuzima byo mu nyanja.
Imyitozo yo Kwica
Kwica amafi yafashwe kugirango abantu barye akenshi bikubiyemo imyitozo iri kure yubumuntu. Bitandukanye n’inyamaswa zo ku isi zishobora kunyura mu bundi buryo butangaje cyangwa bugabanya ububabare, amafi akunze guterwa, akava amaraso, cyangwa agasigara ahumeka mugihe agifite ubwenge. Iyi nzira irashobora kumara iminota mike kugeza kumasaha, bitewe nubwoko n'imiterere. Kurugero, amafi menshi akururwa mumazi, gilles zayo zihumeka umwuka, mbere yo kugirirwa nabi. Mugihe hatabayeho kugenzura amabwiriza ahoraho, ubu buryo burashobora kuba ubugome bukabije, kuko birengagije ubushobozi bwamafi yo kubabara hamwe nihungabana ryibinyabuzima bihanganira. Kutagira uburyo busanzwe bwo kubaga amafi bwerekana amafi byerekana ko abantu batitaye ku mibereho yabo, nubwo abantu benshi bagenda bamenya ko hakenewe imyitwarire iboneye y’ibinyabuzima byose.
Hamwe na hamwe, ibyo bikorwa byerekana ibibazo by’imyitwarire n’ibidukikije biterwa n’uburobyi bw’ubucuruzi, bisaba ko hitabwa cyane ku buryo burambye kandi bw’ikiremwamuntu mu nganda.
Imyitwarire yimyitwarire mu bworozi bw'amafi
Ubucucike bwinshi hamwe na Stress
Ubworozi bw'amafi, cyangwa ubworozi bw'amafi, ni umwe mu nzego ziyongera cyane mu nganda z’ibiribwa ku isi, ariko zuzuyemo ibibazo bikomeye by’imyitwarire. Mu bigo byinshi by’amafi, amafi agarukira gusa ku bigega cyangwa amakaramu byuzuyemo abantu benshi, biganisha ku bibazo bitandukanye by’ubuzima n’imibereho. Ubwinshi bw’amafi muri utwo duce twifunguye butera ibidukikije byo guhora duhangayitse, aho usanga kwibasirwa hagati yabantu ku giti cyabo, kandi amafi akunze kwiyangiza cyangwa gukomeretsa kuko ahatanira umwanya nubutunzi. Ubu bucucike kandi butuma amafi ashobora kwibasirwa n'indwara, kuko virusi ikwirakwira vuba mubihe nkibi. Gukoresha antibiyotike n’imiti kugira ngo bikemure ibyo byorezo byongera ibibazo by’imyitwarire, kuko gukoresha cyane ibyo bintu bitabangamira ubuzima bw’amafi gusa ahubwo bishobora no gutuma antibiyotike irwanya, amaherezo bikaba byangiza ubuzima bw’abantu. Ibi bintu byerekana ubugome bwihariye bwa gahunda yo guhinga amafi akomeye, aho imibereho y’inyamaswa ihungabana hagamijwe kongera umusaruro.
Gusarura Ubumuntu
Uburyo bwo gusarura bukoreshwa mu bworozi bw'amafi akenshi bwongeraho urundi rugomo rw'ubugome mu nganda. Ubuhanga busanzwe burimo amafi atangaje afite amashanyarazi cyangwa kuyashyira hejuru ya dioxyde de carbone. Ubwo buryo bwombi bugamije gutuma amafi atamenya ubwenge mbere yo kubagwa, ariko ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko akenshi bidakora. Kubera iyo mpamvu, amafi akunze guhura nigihe kirekire nububabare mbere yurupfu. Uburyo butangaje bw'amashanyarazi burashobora kunanirwa gutera ubwenge bukwiye, bigatuma amafi agira ubwenge kandi akagira ububabare mugihe cyo kubaga. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, guhura na dioxyde de carbone birashobora gutera impungenge no guhangayika, kubera ko amafi arwanira guhumeka ahantu umwuka wa ogisijeni ubuze. Kutagira uburyo buhoraho kandi bwizewe bwo kwica abantu bwamafi yororerwa bikomeje kuba ikibazo cyimyitwarire myiza mu bworozi bw’amafi, kubera ko ibyo bikorwa bitananirwa kubara ubushobozi bw’amafi.
Icyo ushobora gukora
Nyamuneka usige amafi ku gihuru cyawe. Nkuko twabibonye binyuze mu bimenyetso bigenda byiyongera mu bumenyi, amafi ntabwo ari ibiremwa bitagira ubwenge bigeze gutekereza ko bidafite amarangamutima n'ububabare. Bagira ubwoba, guhangayika, nububabare muburyo bwimbitse, kimwe nandi matungo. Ubugome bwakorewe, haba mubikorwa byo kuroba cyangwa kubikwa ahantu hafunzwe, ntabwo ari ngombwa gusa ahubwo ni ubumuntu bukabije. Guhitamo ubuzima bushingiye ku bimera, harimo no kujya mu bimera, ni bumwe mu buryo bukomeye bwo guhagarika kugira uruhare muri ibi bibi.
Mugukurikiza ibikomoka ku bimera, dufata icyemezo cyo kubaho muburyo bugabanya imibabaro yibinyabuzima byose birimo amafi. Ubundi buryo bushingiye ku bimera butanga uburyohe kandi bwintungamubiri nta kibazo cyimyitwarire ijyanye no gukoresha inyamaswa. Numwanya wo guhuza ibikorwa byacu nimpuhwe no kubaha ubuzima, bikadufasha guhitamo kurengera imibereho yibiremwa byisi.
Guhindura ibikomoka ku bimera ntabwo ari ibiryo biri ku isahani yacu gusa; nijyanye no gufata inshingano ku ngaruka tugira ku isi idukikije. Mugusiga amafi kumatongo, tuba duharanira ejo hazaza aho inyamaswa zose, nini cyangwa nto, zifatwa nubuntu bukwiye. Wige uburyo bwo kujya kurya ibikomoka ku bimera muri iki gihe, kandi winjire mu rugendo rugana ku isi yuzuye impuhwe, zirambye.
