Abatagwa mu Kuroba mu Kanyaga: Ingaruka z'Uburobyi bw'Inganda

Gahunda y'ibiribwa muri iki gihe niyo nyirabayazana w'impfu z’inyamaswa zirenga miliyari 9 buri mwaka. Nyamara, iyi mibare itangaje yerekana gusa imibabaro myinshi muri gahunda yacu y'ibiribwa, kuko ivuga gusa ku nyamaswa zo ku butaka. Usibye umubare w’abantu ku isi, inganda z’uburobyi zangiza ubuzima bw’inyanja, zihitana ubuzima bw’amafi y’amafi n’ibindi binyabuzima byo mu nyanja buri mwaka, haba mu buryo butaziguye kugira ngo abantu babone cyangwa bahitanwa n’ubushake bw’uburobyi.

Bycatch bivuga gufata nkana ubwoko butagenewe mugihe cyo kuroba mubucuruzi. Aba bahohotewe batateganijwe akenshi bahura ningaruka zikomeye, uhereye ku gukomeretsa no gupfa kugeza guhungabanya ibidukikije. Iyi nyandiko iragaragaza ibipimo bitandukanye byacatch, itanga urumuri ku byangiritse ku ngwate zatewe n’uburobyi bw’inganda.

Kuki inganda zuburobyi ari mbi?

Inganda z’uburobyi zikunze kunengwa imikorere myinshi igira ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije byo mu nyanja n’ibinyabuzima. Dore zimwe mu mpamvu zituma inganda zuburobyi zifatwa nkikibazo:

Gukurura Hasi: Gukurikira hasi bikurura inshundura ziremereye hejuru yinyanja kugirango ufate amafi nandi moko yo mu nyanja. Iyi myitozo yangiza cyane aho ituye mu nyanja, kuko ishobora kwangiza urusobe rwibinyabuzima byoroshye nka korali ref, ibitanda byo mu nyanja, nubusitani bwa sponge. Gukurikira hasi birashobora kandi kuvamo gusenya ahantu h'ingenzi ku moko menshi yo mu nyanja, bigatuma igabanuka ry’ibinyabuzima n’ubuzima bw’ibinyabuzima.

Ibyangiritse ku nyanja: Gukoresha ibikoresho biremereye byo kuroba, harimo imitambiko yo hepfo hamwe n’imyobo, birashobora kwangiza cyane inyanja. Ubu buryo bwo kuroba burashobora guhungabanya imyanda, guhagarika intungamubiri zintungamubiri, no guhindura imiterere yumubiri winyanja, biganisha ku ngaruka ndende z’ibidukikije. Kwangirika kwinyanja birashobora no kugira ingaruka mubindi bikorwa byo mu nyanja, nko kohereza ibicuruzwa mu bucuruzi no kwibira mu myidagaduro.

Uburobyi burebure: Uburobyi burebure burimo gushyiraho imirongo hamwe nudukoni twafashe intera ndende kugirango ufate amafi nka tuna, amafi yinkota, ninyanja. Nubwo ubu buryo bushobora kuba bwiza cyane, bufitanye isano n’urwego rwo hejuru rw’ibisambo, harimo amoko adateganijwe nk'inyenzi zo mu nyanja, inyoni zo mu nyanja, n’inyamabere z’inyamabere. Uburobyi burebure burashobora kandi kugira uruhare mu kuroba cyane no kugabanuka kw’amafi, bikabangamira ubuzima bw’ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja ndetse n’imibereho y’abaturage baroba.

Bycatch: Bycatch bivuga gufata nkana gufata amoko adateganijwe mugihe cyo kuroba. Bycatch nikibazo gikomeye muburobyi, biganisha ku rupfu rudakenewe rwa miriyoni zinyamaswa zo mu nyanja buri mwaka. Bycatch irashobora gushiramo amoko nka dolphine, inyenzi zo mu nyanja, inyoni zo mu nyanja, hamwe n’inyanja, inyinshi muri zo zikaba zibangamiwe cyangwa zibangamiwe. Ifatwa ridasobanutse rifatwa rishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye z’ibidukikije, guhagarika imiyoboro y’ibiribwa byo mu nyanja no guhungabanya guhangana n’ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja.

Muri rusange, inganda z’uburobyi ziranengwa imikorere yazo idashoboka, igira uruhare mu kwangiza aho gutura, gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, no kugabanuka kw amoko yo mu nyanja.

Niki Kuroba Bycatch

Uburobyi bycatch bivuga gufata nkana no gupfa kw’ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja bidafite intego mu bikoresho byo kuroba. Iyi phenomenon ibaho mugihe ibikorwa byuburobyi byibasiye amoko yihariye ariko utabishaka ufata ibindi binyabuzima byo mu nyanja. Bycatch irashobora kuba ikubiyemo ubuzima butandukanye bwo mu nyanja, harimo ubwoko bw’amafi butateganijwe, inyamaswa z’inyamabere z’inyamabere, inyenzi zo mu nyanja, inyoni zo mu nyanja, igikona, hamwe n’inyamaswa zinyamaswa zo mu nyanja.

Ikibazo cyuburobyi bycatch cyerekana ibibazo byingenzi byimyitwarire no kubungabunga ibidukikije. Mu myitwarire, itera kwibaza ku byangiritse bidakenewe byatewe n’ibinyabuzima bitewe n’ibikorwa by’uburobyi by’ubucuruzi. Inyinshi mu nyamaswa zafashwe nkizifata zikomeretsa cyangwa zipfa kubera kwizirika mu bikoresho byo kuroba cyangwa guhumeka iyo zajugunywe mu mazi. Kubungabunga ibidukikije, bycatch ibangamira ubuzima bwibinyabuzima bigenda byangirika kandi byugarije. Ubwoko nk'inyenzi zo mu nyanja, inyamaswa z’inyamabere z’inyamabere, hamwe n’inyoni zimwe na zimwe zo mu nyanja zibasirwa cyane n’impfu ziterwa n’inyongera, bikongera umubare w’abaturage basanzwe bafite ibibazo.

Imbaraga zo gukemura uburobyi bycatch mubisanzwe zirimo iterambere no gushyira mubikorwa ingamba zo kugabanya bycatch. Ibi bishobora kuba bikubiyemo gukoresha ibikoresho byuburobyi kabuhariwe hamwe nubuhanga bugamije kugabanya gufata abantu batabigambiriye, nkibikoresho byo gukumira inyenzi (TED) muri tramp tramp cyangwa imirongo itera ubwoba inyoni kumato maremare yuburobyi. Byongeye kandi, ingamba zifatika nko kwishyiriraho uburobyi, kubuza ibikoresho, no gufunga uturere zishobora gushyirwa mu bikorwa kugira ngo hagabanuke ingaruka ziterwa n’ibinyabuzima ku binyabuzima byoroshye ndetse n’ibinyabuzima.

Gutakaza ubuzima bwinyanja binyuze muburobyi bycatch birashobora guterwa nibintu byinshi, buri kimwe kigira uruhare mubibazo byikibazo:

• Ibikoresho byo kuroba bidatoranijwe: Ubwoko bumwebumwe bwibikoresho byo kuroba, nka gillnet na trawles, bizwiho imiterere itavangura. Ubu bwoko bwibikoresho bugusha mu mutego inyamaswa zo mu nyanja, tutitaye ko ari ubwoko bwibasiwe. Kubera iyo mpamvu, amoko adafite intego, harimo nayangirika cyangwa yangiritse, akenshi aba yibasiwe nuburobyi atabigambiriye.
• Imicungire mibi y’uburobyi: Imikorere idahagije yo gucunga uburobyi igira uruhare runini mu gukaza umurego ikibazo cya bycatch. Imicungire mibi irashobora gutuma umuntu aroba cyane, aho umuvuduko w’uburobyi urenze urwego rurambye, ukagabanya ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima no guhungabanya urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja. Kuroba cyane ntibigabanya gusa kuboneka kw amoko yabigenewe ahubwo binagira uruhare mukwiyongera kwinyanja kuko abarobyi bashobora gukoresha uburyo buke bwo guhitamo kugirango barinde urwego. Byongeye kandi, amabwiriza adakorwa hamwe nuburyo bwo kubahiriza binanirwa gukemura bihagije ikibazo cyacatch, bikemerera gukomeza no kwiyongera.
• Kutabimenya cyangwa guhangayikishwa: Kutamenya cyangwa guhangayikishwa n’abarobyi ku bijyanye n’uburemere bw’ikibazo cy’inyongera bikomeza kubaho. Abarobyi benshi ntibashobora gusobanukirwa neza n’ingaruka z’ibidukikije ziterwa no gufatwa cyangwa bagashyira imbere inyungu z’ubukungu mu gihe gito kuruta kuramba. Byongeye kandi, kubona amakuru make cyangwa ibikoresho kubindi bikorwa byuburobyi bigabanya bycatch birashobora kubangamira imbaraga zo gukemura iki kibazo. Hatabayeho ihinduka ryibanze ryimyumvire nubukangurambaga mubikorwa byuburobyi, imbaraga zo kugabanya bycatch zirashobora guhura nuburwanya nubusembure.

Uburyo bubi bwo Kuroba Kubijyanye na Bycatch

Bumwe muburyo bwo kuroba bukunze kuvamo bycatch ni muremure, gukurura, na gillnetting.

Longlining , izwi kandi nka trolling, ikubiyemo kohereza amagana cyangwa ibihumbi n'ibihumbi bifata umurongo ku murongo umwe w'uburobyi, ubusanzwe ukagera ku bilometero 28 uvuye mu mato manini akajya mu nyanja. Ubu buryo bufata amoko atandukanye yo mu nyanja, harimo inyenzi zo mu nyanja, inyanja, amafi adateganijwe, hamwe na tunas. Kubwamahirwe, inyamaswa zo mu nyanja zafatiwe kuriyi mirongo akenshi zirakomereka byica, haba kuva amaraso kugeza apfuye mugihe amanitse ku nkoni cyangwa apfa gukururwa mu bwato. Bycatch, harimo amafi yafashwe mu bice by'umubiri wabo atari umunwa, akenshi bikomeretsa abantu kandi akenshi bikajugunywa mu nyanja. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko umubare munini w’abapfa bapfa mu bwoko bw’inyamanswa, aho salmon ya Chinook ihura na 85% by’impfu nyuma yo gufatwa ku murongo utwara abagenzi kuri Alaska, 23% muri bo bakaba bafatishijwe ijisho. Igitangaje, hafi imwe mu nyamaswa eshanu zafatiwe ku murongo wikurikiranya ni inyanja, inyinshi muri zo zikaba zihanganira ibikorwa by'ubugome byo gukuramo amababa kugira ngo isupu ya shark fin mbere yo kujugunywa mu nyanja kugira ngo ihure n'urupfu rurerure kandi rubabaza.

Gukurura bikurura inshundura nini ku nyanja, gufata ibintu hafi ya byose munzira zabo, harimo amabuye ya korali ninyenzi zo mu nyanja. Urushundura, akenshi rukururwa hagati yubwato bunini, bugusha mu mutego inyamaswa zose zo mu nyanja. Iyo inshundura zimaze kuzuzwa, zizamurwa mu mato, biganisha ku guhumeka no guhonyora urupfu rw'inyamaswa nyinshi. Abarobyi baca batondekanya kuroba, kugumana ubwoko bwifuzwa no guta inyamaswa zidafite intego, zishobora kuba zarapfuye mugihe zijugunywe mu nyanja.

Gillnetting ikubiyemo gushyiramo panneaux ya neti mumazi, ishobora guhuza amoko atandukanye yinyanja nka cetaceans, inyoni zo mu nyanja, kashe, na elasmobranchs. Bitandukanye n'ubundi buryo bwo kuroba, gillnets zomekwa ku nyanja, zibemerera kureremba mu mazi. Nubwo yagenewe gufata amafi manini gusa mu kuyashyira mu mitsi, ibikoresho byoroheje bikoreshwa mu gukora gillet bituma bituma hafi y’andi matungo atagaragara. Ibi biteza akaga gakomeye kubaturage b’inyoni zo mu nyanja, cyane cyane mu turere aho umubare munini wazo uruhukira cyangwa ushonga, kubera ko akenshi nta gihinduka cyo kugabanya inyoni zo mu nyanja zagaragaye ko ari ingirakamaro.

Kuki bycatch ishobora kuba ikibazo?

Bycatch itera ikibazo cyibice byinshi, bigira ingaruka kubidukikije ndetse nubukungu bwibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja hamwe n’uburobyi:

• Ingaruka ku bidukikije: Bycatch irashobora guhungabanya urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja ikuraho amoko adateganijwe kurubuga rwibiryo. Inyamaswa zajugunywe akenshi zirapfa, biganisha ku gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima no guhungabanya ibidukikije. Bycatch irashobora kandi kwangiza ahantu h'ingenzi, nka korali ref nubusitani bwa sponge, bikabangamira ubuzima bwibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja.
• Ingaruka zubukungu: Bycatch irashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye mubukungu kubarobyi nabaturage babo. Urwego rwo hejuru rwa bycatch rushobora gutuma uburobyi buhagarikwa cyangwa hashyirwaho ibipimo, bikagabanya amoko yabigenewe kandi bikagabanya amafaranga y’abarobyi. Byongeye kandi, bycatch irashobora kugira uruhare mukuroba cyane mugukuraho amoko y’amafi atagenewe, kugabanya imbaraga zo kongera kubaka amafi no guhungabanya uburobyi burambye bw’uburobyi.
• Ingaruka ku bwoko bwarinzwe: Bycatch ibangamira cyane amoko akingiwe nka dolphine, inyenzi zo mu nyanja, na baleine. Izi nyamaswa zirashobora kwishora mu bikoresho byo kuroba cyangwa gukomeretsa biturutse ku gufatwa, bigatuma umubare w’abaturage ugabanuka kandi bikabangamira ibikorwa byo gukira. Kwiyongera kw'ibinyabuzima bikingiwe birashobora kandi kuvamo ingamba zo kugenzura no gucibwa amande ku barobyi, bikarushaho kwiyongera ku bukungu bw’ubukungu ku baturage baroba.

Muri rusange, bycatch yerekana ikibazo gikomeye kandi kigaragara gisaba imbaraga zihuriweho kugirango gikemuke. Ingamba zifatika zo kugabanya ibicuruzwa bigomba gutekereza ku bidukikije ndetse n’ubukungu, hagamijwe kugabanya ingaruka z’ibikorwa by’uburobyi ku bwoko butagenewe kubaho mu gihe harambye igihe kirekire cy’ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja ndetse n’imibereho y’abaturage baroba.