Ubuhinzi bwuruganda, uburyo bwateye imbere cyane kandi bukomeye bwo korora amatungo kubyara umusaruro, byabaye ikibazo cyibidukikije. Inzira yinyamanswa itanga ibiryo ntabwo itera gusa ibibazo byimyitwarire yimibereho yinyamaswa ahubwo inagira ingaruka mbi kwisi. Hano hari ibintu 11 byingenzi byerekeranye nimirima yinganda ningaruka zabyo kubidukikije:
1- Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere
Imirima y’uruganda nimwe mu bigira uruhare runini mu kwangiza imyuka ihumanya ikirere ku isi, ikarekura metani nyinshi na aside nitide mu kirere. Iyi myuka irakomeye cyane kuruta dioxyde de carbone mu ruhare rwayo mu bushyuhe bw’isi, metani ikaba ifite inshuro zigera kuri 28 mu gufata ubushyuhe mu gihe cy’imyaka 100, na okiside ya nitrous ikubye inshuro 298. Inkomoko yambere y’ibyuka bya metani mu buhinzi bw’uruganda ikomoka ku nyamaswa zororoka, nk'inka, intama, n'ihene, zitanga metani nyinshi mu gihe cyo gusya binyuze mu nzira izwi nka fermentation enteric. Iyi metani noneho irekurwa mukirere cyane cyane inyuze mu nyamaswa.
Byongeye kandi, okiside ya nitrous nigicuruzwa cyo gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda, ikoreshwa cyane muguhinga ibiryo byamatungo bikoreshwa nizi nyamaswa zororerwa mu ruganda. Azote iri muri iyo fumbire ikorana nubutaka na mikorobe, ikabyara aside nitide, hanyuma ikarekurwa mu kirere. Inganda zinganda zubuhinzi bwuruganda, zifatanije n’ibiryo byinshi bisabwa kugira ngo ibyo bikorwa bikomeze, bituma urwego rw’ubuhinzi ruba imwe mu masoko manini yangiza imyuka ya azote.
Ingaruka z’ibi byuka ku bidukikije ntizishobora kuvugwa. Nkuko imirima yinganda yiyongera kandi ikaguka, ni nako uruhare rwabo mu mihindagurikire y’ikirere. Mu gihe imbaraga z’abantu ku giti cyabo zo kugabanya ibirenge bya karubone zishobora kwibanda ku mbaraga n’ubwikorezi, urwego rw’ubuhinzi - cyane cyane ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa - byagaragaye ko ari imwe mu mpamvu zikomeye z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ibintu bikunze kwirengagizwa mu biganiro bigari by’ibidukikije. Ubwinshi bw’umusaruro w’amatungo, ubwinshi bwibiryo bisabwa, hamwe n’imyanda ituruka mu mirima y’uruganda bituma uyu murenge ugira uruhare runini mu kibazo cy’ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi.
2- Gutema amashyamba yo kugaburira amatungo
Gukenera ibikomoka ku nyamaswa, nk'inyama, amata, n'amagi, ni byo bitera amashyamba ku isi. Uko abatuye isi bagenda biyongera uko imirire igenda ihinduka, hakenewe ibiryo by'amatungo - cyane cyane soya, ibigori, n'ibindi binyampeke - byiyongereye. Kugira ngo iki cyifuzo gikemuke, ahantu hanini h’amashyamba hasukuwe kugira ngo habeho umusaruro w’ibihingwa nganda. By'umwihariko, uturere nk'amashyamba ya Amazone yibasiwe cyane no gutema amashyamba kugira ngo dukure soya, inyinshi muri zo zikaba zikoreshwa nk'ibiryo by'amatungo ku matungo.
Ingaruka z’ibidukikije zatewe no gutema amashyamba ni ndende kandi igera kure. Amashyamba, cyane cyane amashyamba yimvura yo mu turere dushyuha, ni ingenzi mu kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ku isi. Batanga inzu yubwoko butabarika, inyinshi muri zo zikaba zanduye kandi nta handi ku isi. Iyo ayo mashyamba asibwe kugirango habeho uburyo bwo guhinga, amoko atabarika atakaza aho atuye, bigatuma igabanuka ryibinyabuzima bigabanuka. Uku gutakaza urusobe rwibinyabuzima ntabwo bibangamira amoko yabantu gusa ahubwo binabangamira uburinganire bworoshye bwibinyabuzima byose, bigira ingaruka kubintu byose kuva mubuzima bwibimera kugeza kubyangiza.
Byongeye kandi, amashyamba afite uruhare runini mugukurikirana karubone. Ibiti bikurura kandi bikabika byinshi bya dioxyde de carbone, imwe mu myuka ya parike ya parike itera imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Iyo amashyamba yangiritse, ntabwo ubwo bushobozi bwo kubika karubone butakara gusa, ahubwo karubone yari yarabitswe mbere mu biti irekurwa igasubira mu kirere, bigatuma ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi. Iyi nzira ireba cyane cyane mu mashyamba yo mu turere dushyuha nka Amazone, bakunze kwita “ibihaha by'isi,” kubera ubushobozi bwabo bwo gufata CO2.
Kurandura ubutaka bwo kugaburira amatungo byabaye kimwe mu bitera amashyamba ku isi. Dukurikije ibigereranyo bimwe, igice kinini cy’amashyamba mu turere dushyuha gishingiye ku kwagura ubuhinzi kugira ngo buhinge ibihingwa by’amatungo. Mugihe inganda zinyama n’amata zikomeje kwaguka kugira ngo zuzuze ibisabwa, umuvuduko w’amashyamba uragenda wiyongera. Mu turere nka Amazone, ibi byatumye habaho igipimo giteye ubwoba cyo gutema amashyamba, buri mwaka hakaba harahanagurwa amashyamba menshi y’imvura.
3- Umwanda
Imirima yinganda ishinzwe kwanduza amazi cyane kubera imyanda myinshi y’inyamaswa zitanga. Amatungo nk'inka, ingurube, n'inkoko bitanga ifumbire nini cyane, iyo idacunzwe neza, ishobora kwanduza imigezi, ibiyaga, n'amazi yo mu butaka. Rimwe na rimwe, imyanda ibikwa muri lagoons nini, ariko irashobora kurengerwa cyangwa gutemba byoroshye, cyane cyane mugihe cyimvura nyinshi. Iyo ibi bibaye, imiti yangiza, virusi, nintungamubiri zirenze urugero nka azote na fosifore biva mu ifumbire bitemba biva mumazi, bikagira ingaruka zikomeye kubidukikije.
Imwe mungaruka zijyanye ningaruka zaya mazi ni eutrophication. Ubu buryo bubaho iyo intungamubiri zirenze urugero-akenshi ziva mu ifumbire cyangwa imyanda y’inyamaswa-zegeranya mu mazi y’amazi. Izi ntungamubiri ziteza imbere gukura vuba kwa algae, izwi ku izina rya algal. Mu gihe algae ari igice gisanzwe cy’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi, gukura guterwa nintungamubiri nyinshi bituma ogisijeni igabanuka mu mazi. Iyo algae ipfa kandi ikangirika, ogisijeni ikoreshwa na bagiteri, igasiga amazi hypoxique, cyangwa ikabura ogisijeni. Ibi birema "uduce twapfuye" aho ubuzima bwo mu mazi, harimo n'amafi, budashobora kubaho.
Ingaruka za eutrophasique ku bidukikije byo mu mazi ni ndende. Kugabanuka kwa ogisijeni byangiza amafi n’ubundi buzima bwo mu nyanja, bigahungabanya ibiryo kandi bikangiza ibidukikije igihe kirekire. Ubwoko bushingiye ku gipimo cyiza cya ogisijeni, nk'inyamaswa zo mu mazi n’amafi, akenshi usanga ari ubwa mbere bibabazwa, aho amoko amwe ahura n’impanuka z’abaturage cyangwa kuzimira kwaho.
Byongeye kandi, amazi yanduye arashobora kugira ingaruka kubantu. Imiryango myinshi yishingikiriza kumazi meza ava mumigezi n'ibiyaga kugirango anywe, kuhira, nibikorwa byo kwidagadura. Iyo ayo masoko y’amazi yandujwe n’amazi y’uruganda, ntabwo byangiza ubuzima bw’inyamanswa zaho gusa ahubwo binabangamira umutekano w’ibikoresho byo kunywa. Indwara ya virusi na bagiteri zangiza nka E. coli, zishobora gukwirakwira mu mazi yanduye, bikaba byangiza ubuzima rusange. Mugihe umwanda ukwirakwira, sisitemu yo gutunganya amazi irwana no gukuraho ibintu byose byangiza, biganisha ku biciro byinshi kandi bishobora guteza ubuzima bwabantu.
Byongeye kandi, intungamubiri zirenze urugero mu mazi, cyane cyane azote na fosifore, zishobora gutuma habaho uburabyo bw’ubumara bwa algal butanga uburozi bwangiza, buzwi ku izina rya cyanotoxine, bushobora kugira ingaruka ku nyamaswa ndetse no ku bantu. Ubu burozi bushobora kwanduza amazi yo kunywa, biganisha ku buzima nk’indwara zo mu gifu, kwangirika kw umwijima, n’ibibazo by’imitsi ku bakoresha cyangwa bahura n’amazi.
4- Gukoresha Amazi
Inganda z’ubworozi ni umwe mu bakoresha umutungo w’amazi meza, aho imirima y’uruganda igira uruhare runini mu kubura amazi ku isi. Gukora inyama, cyane cyane inyama zinka, bisaba amazi atangaje. Kurugero, bisaba hafi litiro 1.800 z'amazi kugirango ubyare ikiro kimwe gusa cy'inka. Uku gukoresha amazi menshi gutwarwa ahanini namazi akenewe kugirango akure ibiryo byamatungo, nk'ibigori, soya, na alfalfa. Ibi bihingwa ubwabyo bisaba amazi menshi, iyo, iyo bihujwe n’amazi akoreshwa mu kunywa amatungo, gusukura, no kuyatunganya, bituma ubuhinzi bw’uruganda bukora amazi adasanzwe.
Mu turere tumaze guhura n’ibura ry’amazi, ingaruka z’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda ku mutungo w’amazi meza zirashobora kuba mbi. Imirima myinshi yinganda iherereye ahantu hashobora kuboneka amazi meza cyangwa aho ameza yamazi asanzwe afite igitutu kubera amapfa, ibisabwa cyane, hamwe nubuhinzi bukenewe. Kubera ko amazi menshi anyuzwa mu kuhira imyaka yo kugaburira amatungo no gutanga amazi ku matungo, abaturage baho ndetse n’ibinyabuzima bisigaye bifite amikoro make yo kwibeshaho.
Mu bice bimwe na bimwe by’isi, ubuhinzi bw’uruganda bwakajije umurego mu mazi, bigatuma ibura ry’amazi haba ku bantu ndetse n’ibinyabuzima. Kugabanuka k'umutungo w'amazi meza birashobora gukurura ingaruka nyinshi. Kurugero, abaturage bashingiye ku nzuzi n’amazi yo mu butaka barashobora guhura n’amazi make yo kunywa, guhinga, n’isuku. Ibi birashobora kongera amarushanwa kumazi asigaye, biganisha ku makimbirane, ihungabana ry'ubukungu, nibibazo byubuzima rusange.
Ingaruka ku bidukikije nazo zirareba. Mugihe inzuzi, ibiyaga, n’amazi yo mu butaka bigabanuka kubera gukoresha amazi menshi mu mirima y’uruganda, urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima kamere nk'ibishanga, amashyamba, n’ibyatsi birababara. Amoko menshi y’ibimera n’inyamaswa yishingikiriza kuri urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima kugira ngo abeho abangamiwe no gutakaza umutungo w’amazi. Rimwe na rimwe, ahantu hose hashobora gusenywa, bigatuma ibinyabuzima bigabanuka ndetse no gusenyuka kw'iminyururu yaho.
Byongeye kandi, gukoresha amazi menshi mumirima yinganda bigira uruhare mu kwangirika kwubutaka no mu butayu. Mu turere aho kuhira hashingiwe cyane ku guhinga ibihingwa, gukoresha amazi menshi bishobora gutuma umunyu wangirika, bigatuma utabyara cyane kandi ukaba udashobora gutunga ubuzima bw’ibimera. Igihe kirenze, ibi birashobora gutuma ubutaka budatanga umusaruro kandi ntibushobora gutera inkunga ubuhinzi, bikongerera ingufu gahunda zubuhinzi zimaze guhangayika.
Ikirenge cyamazi yubuhinzi bwuruganda kirenze kure amatungo ubwabo. Kuri buri pound yinyama zakozwe, amazi akoreshwa mubihingwa bigaburira hamwe n’ibiciro bijyanye n’ibidukikije bigenda bigaragara. Mw'isi ihura n’impungenge z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, amapfa, n’ibura ry’amazi, gukoresha amazi mu buryo budasubirwaho mu buhinzi bw’uruganda biragenda biba ikibazo cyihutirwa.
5- Kwangirika k'ubutaka
Gukoresha cyane ifumbire mvaruganda n’imiti yica udukoko ku bihingwa bihingwa ku biryo by’amatungo, nk'ibigori, soya, na alfalfa, bigira uruhare runini mu kwangiza ubuzima bw’ubutaka. Iyi miti, nubwo ifite akamaro mukongera umusaruro wibihingwa mugihe gito, igira ingaruka mbi zigihe kirekire kumiterere yubutaka. Ifumbire, cyane cyane ikungahaye kuri azote na fosifore, irashobora guhindura intungamubiri karemano mu butaka, bigatuma iterwa n’inyongeramusaruro kugira ngo ikure neza. Igihe kirenze, ibi biganisha ku gutakaza uburumbuke bwubutaka, bigatuma bigora ubutaka gukomeza ubuzima bwibimera buzira umuze nta kongera imiti ikoreshwa.
Imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa ku bihingwa by’ibiryo nayo igira ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije. Ntabwo yica udukoko twangiza gusa ahubwo inangiza udukoko twiza, mikorobe, ninzoka zo mwisi, zikenerwa mukubungabunga ubutaka bwiza, butanga umusaruro. Ibinyabuzima byubutaka bigira uruhare runini mu kubora ibinyabuzima, kunoza imiterere yubutaka, no gufasha gusiganwa ku magare. Iyo ibyo binyabuzima byiciwe, ubutaka ntibushobora kugumana ubushuhe, butarumbuka, kandi ntibushobora kwihanganira ibidukikije.
Usibye inyongeramusaruro, ubuhinzi bwuruganda nabwo bugira uruhare mu isuri binyuze mu kurisha cyane. Ubwinshi bw’inyamanswa zororerwa mu ruganda nk'inka, intama, n'ihene akenshi bivamo kurisha urwuri. Iyo inyamaswa zirisha cyane cyangwa cyane, zambura ibimera kubutaka, bigasigara byambaye ubusa kandi bikaba byoroshye kwibasirwa n umuyaga n amazi. Hatabayeho igifuniko cyiza cyo kurinda ubutaka, ubutaka bwogejwe mugihe cyimvura cyangwa guhuhwa numuyaga, bigatuma igabanuka ryubutaka nubusaruro.
Isuri yubutaka nikibazo gikomeye, kuko gishobora gutuma habaho gutakaza ubutaka bwimbuka bukenewe muguhinga imyaka. Iyi gahunda ntabwo igabanya gusa ubuhinzi bw’ubuhinzi ahubwo inongerera amahirwe yo kuba ubutayu, cyane cyane mu turere tumaze kwibasirwa n’amapfa no kwangirika kw’ubutaka. Gutakaza ubutaka birashobora gutuma ubutaka budatanga umusaruro, bigatuma abahinzi bishingikiriza kumikorere idashoboka nko guhinga no gukoresha imiti yinyongera kugirango umusaruro ube mwiza.
6- Gukoresha cyane Antibiyotike
Gukoresha cyane antibiyotike mu buhinzi bw’uruganda byabaye kimwe mu bibazo by’ubuzima rusange by’ubuzima bwa none. Antibiyotike ikoreshwa cyane mu buhinzi bw’inyamanswa mu nganda, ntabwo ivura indwara gusa ahubwo inarinda indwara z’inyamaswa zororerwa mu bantu benshi kandi badafite isuku. Mu mirima myinshi y’uruganda, inyamaswa ziba zifungiye hafi yicyumba gito cyo kwimuka, akenshi biganisha ku guhangayika no gukwirakwiza indwara. Kugira ngo bagabanye ibyago byo kwandura indwara, antibiyotike zongerwa buri gihe ku biryo by'amatungo, kabone niyo inyamaswa zaba zitarwaye. Iyi miti kandi isanzwe ikoreshwa mugutezimbere iterambere ryihuse, ituma amatungo agera kubiro byisoko byihuse, byongera inyungu kubabikora.
Igisubizo cyuko gukoresha antibiyotike ikwirakwizwa kandi itavangura ni iterambere rya bagiteri irwanya antibiyotike. Igihe kirenze, bagiteri zirokoka guhura na antibiyotike ziragenda zirwanya ingaruka zibi biyobyabwenge, bigatera "superbugs" bigoye kuvura. Izi bagiteri zidashobora kwihanganira ntizishobora gukwirakwira mu nyamaswa gusa ahubwo no mu bidukikije, amasoko y'amazi, ndetse no gutanga ibiryo. Iyo bagiteri zidashobora kwihanganira inzira zinjira mubantu, zirashobora gutera indwara zigoye cyangwa zidashoboka kuvura hamwe na antibiyotike zisanzwe, bigatuma ibitaro bimara igihe kirekire, imiti igoye, ndetse n’impfu ziyongera.
Iri terabwoba ryiyongera rya antibiyotike ntirigarukira mu murima. Indwara ya bagiteri irashobora gukwirakwira mu mirima y’uruganda ikagera mu baturage baturanye binyuze mu kirere, amazi, ndetse no mu bakozi bakora amatungo. Amazi ava mu mirima y’uruganda, yuzuye imyanda y’inyamaswa, arashobora kwanduza amasoko y’amazi hafi, gutwara za bagiteri zidakira mu nzuzi, mu biyaga no mu nyanja. Izi bagiteri zirashobora kuguma mu bidukikije, zikinjira mu biribwa kandi bigatera ingaruka ku buzima bw’abantu.
Gukoresha cyane antibiyotike mu buhinzi bw'uruganda ntabwo ari ikibazo cyaho gusa; ni ikibazo cyubuzima rusange ku isi. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) rivuga ko kurwanya antibiyotike ari kimwe mu bibangamiye ubuzima bw'isi, kwihaza mu biribwa, ndetse n'iterambere. Umuryango w’abibumbye wihanangirije ko, nta bikorwa, isi ishobora guhura n’ejo hazaza aho indwara zisanzwe, kubagwa, no kuvura indwara zidakira ziba mbi cyane kubera kubura antibiyotike nziza.
Muri Amerika honyine, abantu bagera ku 23.000 bapfa buri mwaka bazize indwara ziterwa na bagiteri zidakira antibiyotike, abandi babarirwa muri za miriyoni bakaba barwaye indwara zisaba kuvurwa igihe kirekire cyangwa mu bitaro. Ikibazo cyarushijeho kuba kibi kubera ko antibiyotike zikoreshwa mu buhinzi akenshi ari zimwe zikoreshwa mu kuvura indwara z’abantu, bivuze ko iterambere ry’imyigaragambyo mu nyamaswa ryangiza ubuzima bw’abantu.
7- Gutakaza Ibinyabuzima
Ubworozi bw'uruganda bugira ingaruka zikomeye ku binyabuzima, haba mu buryo buziguye cyangwa butaziguye, binyuze mu bikorwa bibangamira urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima ndetse n'ibinyabuzima. Bumwe mu buryo bwibanze ubuhinzi bw’uruganda bugira uruhare mu gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ni ugutema amashyamba, cyane cyane mu turere nk’amashyamba y’imvura ya Amazone, aho usanga amashyamba manini y’amashyamba asukurwa kugira ngo ahabwe ibihingwa by’amatungo nka soya n'ibigori. Isenywa ry’aya mashyamba rikuraho ubuturo bw’amoko atabarika y’ibimera n’inyamaswa, inyinshi muri zo zikaba zimaze kwibasirwa cyangwa ziri mu kaga. Mugihe ibyo bidukikije byangiritse, amoko abishingikirizaho yarimuwe, ndetse bamwe bahura nazo.
Usibye gutema amashyamba, ubuhinzi bw’uruganda nabwo buteza imbere uburyo bumwe bwo guhinga, cyane cyane mu gutanga ibiryo by’amatungo. Kugaburira amamiliyaridi y’amatungo yororerwa buri mwaka, imirima minini ikura ibihingwa bitandukanye ku bwinshi, nka soya, ibigori, ningano. Ubu buryo bukomeye bw’ubuhinzi bugabanya itandukaniro rishingiye ku ngirabuzima fatizo muri ibyo bihingwa, bigatuma byoroha cyane udukoko, indwara, ndetse n’ibidukikije. Byongeye kandi, monoculture yibihingwa byamatungo irashobora kwangiza ubwiza bwubutaka n’amazi, bikangiza ibidukikije kurushaho.
Muri gahunda yo guhinga uruganda, icyibandwaho akenshi ni korora amoko make y’inyamanswa zatoranijwe kugirango zibyare umusaruro. Kurugero, inganda zinkoko zubucuruzi zigizwe ahanini nubwoko bumwe cyangwa bubiri bwinkoko, kandi niko bimeze no kubandi bwoko bwamatungo nkinka, ingurube, ninkoko. Izi nyamaswa zororerwa ku miterere yihariye, nko gukura byihuse n’umusaruro mwinshi, bitewe n’ubwoko butandukanye bw’abaturage mu matungo. Iki kidendezi kigizwe n’ingirabuzima fatizo zituma izo nyamaswa zishobora kwibasirwa n’indwara kandi bikagabanya ubushobozi bw’ubwo bwoko bwo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibidukikije.
Kwibanda ku musaruro mwinshi kandi biganisha ku kwimura ahantu nyaburanga hamwe n’ibinyabuzima. Ibishanga, ibyatsi, amashyamba, hamwe n’ahandi hantu hatuwe bihindurwa mu mirima y’uruganda cyangwa ubutaka bwo guhinga ibiryo, ibyo bikagabanya urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima. Mugihe ahantu nyaburanga hasenyutse, inyamaswa n'ibimera byishingikiriza kuri utwo turere kugira ngo bibeho bihura n'ingaruka zo kuzimira. Ubwoko bwigeze gutera imbere mubinyabuzima bitandukanye kandi buringaniye ubu birahatirwa guhangana nubutaka bwacitsemo ibice, umwanda, hamwe n’ipiganwa ry’amatungo yororerwa mu rugo.
Gutakaza ibinyabuzima ntabwo ari ikibazo cyibinyabuzima gusa; bigira ingaruka no kubantu. Ibinyabuzima bifite ubuzima bwiza bitanga serivisi zingenzi nko kwanduza, kweza amazi, no kugenzura ikirere. Iyo urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima rwatakaye, izi serivisi zirahungabana, bigatuma habaho kwangirika kw'ibidukikije bishobora kugira ingaruka ku kwihaza mu biribwa, ku buzima bw'abantu, no ku mutekano kamere.
Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo guhinga uruganda bukoresha imiti yica udukoko, ibyatsi, nindi miti yangiza ibidukikije bikikije ibidukikije. Iyi miti irashobora kwanduza ubutaka, amazi, n’umwuka, bikagira ingaruka ku bwoko bw’ibimera n’inyamaswa. Kurugero, gukoresha imiti yica udukoko mu kurwanya udukoko twangiza ibihingwa by’amatungo birashobora kwangiza utabishaka udukoko twiza, nk'inzuki n'ibinyugunyugu, bifite akamaro kanini mu kwanduza. Iyo ibyo byangiza byingenzi byiciwe, bigira ingaruka kumurongo wose wibiribwa, bikagabanya ubudasa bwibimera nibihingwa biboneka kubantu ndetse ninyamaswa.
Imirima yinganda nayo igira uruhare mukuroba kwinyanja ninzuzi, bikarushaho kwiyongera kubinyabuzima. Kurugero, inganda z’amafi, zororera amafi mubihe bigereranywa n’imirima y’uruganda, byatumye umubare w’amafi yo mu gasozi ugabanuka kubera gusarura cyane. Byongeye kandi, ibiryo by'amafi bikoreshwa mu bworozi bw'amafi akenshi birimo amafi y’amafi akozwe mu mafi yafashwe n’ishyamba, bigashyira ingufu mu bidukikije byo mu nyanja.
8- Guhumanya ikirere
Imirima yinganda igira uruhare runini mu guhumanya ikirere, irekura imyuka yangiza n’ibintu byangiza ikirere mu kirere bitera ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima bw’abantu n’inyamaswa. Imwe mu myanda ihumanya itangwa n’imirima y’uruganda ni ammonia, ikorwa n’imyanda y’inyamaswa, harimo inkari n’umwanda. Iyo ammonia irekuwe mu kirere, irashobora guhurira hamwe n’indi myanda ihumanya, bigatuma habaho ibintu byiza (PM2.5) bito cyane ku buryo bihumeka cyane mu bihaha. Iki kintu cyiza gifitanye isano nibibazo bitandukanye byubuhumekero, harimo asima, bronhite, nizindi ndwara zidakira zidakira, kandi byangiza cyane cyane abatishoboye nkabana, abasaza, nabantu bafite ubuzima bwabayeho mbere.
Iyindi myanda ihumanya ikorwa nimirima yinganda ni metani, gaze ya parike ikomeye igira uruhare mubushyuhe bwisi. Methane isohorwa n'amatungo, cyane cyane amatungo nk'inka, intama, n'ihene, mugihe cyo gusya mubice bigize inzira izwi nka fermentation enteric. Mu gihe metani ari umusaruro usanzwe wo gusya muri aya matungo, gufunga kwinshi kwinyamaswa mu mirima y’uruganda byongera ubwinshi bwa metani irekurwa mu kirere. Methane ifite ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane kuruta dioxyde de carbone, bigatuma iba moteri ikomeye y’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Imirima yinganda nayo irekura ibindi bintu bitandukanye byangiza mukirere, harimo umukungugu nibintu kama biva muburiri bwamatungo no kugaburira. Ibi bice bishobora guhinduka ikirere, cyane cyane mugihe cyo gutunganya no gutwara ibiryo, ndetse no mugihe cyo gukora isuku no guta imyanda. Guhumeka ibyo bice bishobora gutera ibibazo byubuhumekero bwigihe gito nigihe kirekire, harimo no kongera indwara zifata ibihaha nka emphysema nindwara zidakira zifata ibihaha (COPD). Ibyo bihumanya birashobora kandi kugira uruhare mu gushiraho umwotsi, wangiza ikirere kandi ugatera ingaruka rusange ku buzima ku bantu ndetse n’inyamaswa mu turere tuyikikije.
Ingaruka zo guhumanya ikirere ziva mumirima yinganda ntizirenze ubuzima bwabantu. Umwuka mubi urashobora kandi kwangiza inyamaswa n’amatungo bitera ibibazo byubuhumekero, kugabanya imikorere yubudahangarwa, no kongera indwara. Inyamaswa ziba mu mirima y’uruganda cyangwa hafi yazo, nk’inyoni zo mu gasozi, udukoko, n’inyamabere nto, zirashobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku buzima bitewe n’imyanda ihumanya nka amoniya, metani, n’ibintu byangiza. Amatungo afungiwe mu mirima y’uruganda, hagati aho, ashobora guhura n’ikwirakwizwa ry’imyuka y’ubumara aho batuye, bikarushaho kugira uruhare mu guhangayika no kutamererwa neza.
Ingaruka zo guhumanya ikirere ziva mu mirima y’uruganda ntizagarukira mu baturage baho. Ibyo byuka birashobora gukora urugendo rurerure, bikagira ingaruka ku bwiza bw’ikirere mu mijyi ituranye, imigi, ndetse no mu turere twose. Ibintu bituruka mu kirere hamwe na gaze zakozwe n’imirima y’uruganda birashobora gutembera kure y’ikigo hafi yacyo, bikagira uruhare mu mwotsi w’akarere no kurushaho gukemura ikibazo cy’imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Ibi bituma imirima yinganda itari iy'akarere gusa ahubwo ikanaba ikibazo cyibidukikije ku isi.
9- Kongera ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu musaruro
Ingaruka z’ibidukikije mu buhinzi bw’uruganda ntizirenze inyamaswa ubwazo, umusaruro w’ibiryo by’amatungo ugira uruhare runini mu kongera ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Kugaburira ibiryo, bikubiyemo guhinga ibihingwa byinshi nk'ibigori, soya, n'ingano kugira ngo bikomeze amatungo, bisaba ingufu nyinshi, ifumbire, n'imiti yica udukoko, ibyo byose bigira uruhare mu bijyanye na karuboni mu buhinzi bw'uruganda.
Ubwa mbere, ifumbire ikoreshwa mukuzamura umusaruro wibihingwa irekura aside nitide nyinshi (N2O), gaze ya parike ikomeye. Okiside ya Nitrous ikora inshuro zigera kuri 300 mu gufata ubushyuhe mu kirere kuruta dioxyde de carbone, bigatuma iba ikintu gikomeye mu bushyuhe bw’isi. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko n’indwara mu musaruro munini w’ibiribwa nabyo bitanga ibyuka bihumanya ikirere. Iyi miti isaba ingufu zo gukora, gutwara, no kuyishyira mu bikorwa, bikongeraho umutwaro w’ibidukikije mu buhinzi bw’uruganda.
Ikindi kintu gikomeye kigira uruhare mu myuka ihumanya ikirere ituruka ku musaruro w’ibiryo ni ugukoresha imashini ziremereye. Imashini, amasuka, hamwe n’ibisarurwa, bikoreshwa n’ibicanwa by’ibimera, ni ngombwa mu musaruro munini w’ibihingwa, kandi gukoresha lisansi y’izi mashini byongera umwuka mwinshi wa karuboni mu kirere. Imiterere yibikorwa byubuhinzi bugezweho bivuze ko, uko ibicuruzwa bikomoka ku nyamaswa bigenda byiyongera, niko hakenerwa ingufu n’ingufu kugira ngo bitange ibiryo bikenerwa n’inyamaswa, bigatuma umusanzu wiyongera mu byuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi.
Usibye imyuka ihumanya ituruka ku ifumbire, imiti yica udukoko, n’imashini, ingano y’ubuhinzi bworozi-mwimerere ku biryo by’amatungo nayo yongera ikibazo cy’ibidukikije. Monocultures nini y'ibihingwa nk'ibigori na soya irashobora kwibasirwa cyane no kwangirika k'ubutaka, kuko binaniza intungamubiri mu butaka igihe. Kugira ngo iki kibazo kibuze, abahinzi bakunze gushingira ku ifumbire mvaruganda kugira ngo bakomeze umusaruro w’ibihingwa, bikagira uruhare runini mu kurekura imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Igihe kirenze, uku guhora gukenera ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe nudukoko twangiza udukoko byangiza ubuzima bwubutaka, bikagabanya ubushobozi bwubutaka bwo gufata karubone no kugabanya umusaruro w’ubuhinzi muri rusange.
Ibikenerwa kuri ibyo bihingwa bigaburira kandi biganisha ku gukoresha nabi umutungo w’amazi. Ibihingwa nkibigori na soya bisaba amazi menshi kugirango bikure, kandi ikirenge cyamazi yo gutanga ibiryo byamatungo yororerwa muruganda ni menshi. Ibi bitera igitutu kinini kumasoko y'amazi meza, cyane cyane mubice bimaze guhura n’ibura ry’amazi. Kugabanuka k'umutungo w'amazi kubyara umusaruro w'ibiryo byongera ingaruka z’ibidukikije mu buhinzi bw’uruganda, bigatuma gahunda yose idashoboka.
Ibihingwa byitwa monoculture, bikoreshwa hafi yibiryo byamatungo, nabyo bigira uruhare mu gutakaza urusobe rwibinyabuzima. Iyo uduce twinshi twubutaka twakuweho kugirango tubone umusaruro, urusobe rwibinyabuzima rusanzwe rwangiritse, kandi amoko atandukanye y’ibimera n’inyamaswa abura aho aba. Uku gutakaza urusobe rwibinyabuzima bigabanya guhangana n’ibinyabuzima, bigatuma badashobora guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, indwara, n’izindi mpungenge z’ibidukikije. Guhindura ibibanza bitandukanye mumirima imwe yibihingwa byibiryo byerekana ihinduka ryibanze ryibinyabuzima, bigira uruhare mukwangiza ibidukikije muri rusange.
10- Ibisigazwa bya peteroli
Imirima y'uruganda yishingikirije cyane ku bicanwa biva mu kirere, bigira uruhare runini muri gahunda zose z’ubuhinzi bw’inyamanswa n’inganda. Kuva gutwara ibiryo kugeza gutwara amatungo kugeza kubagiro, ibicanwa bya fosile nibyingenzi kugirango sisitemu ikore neza. Uku gukoresha cyane amasoko yingufu zidasubirwaho bitera ikirere kinini cya karubone kandi bigira uruhare runini mu mihindagurikire y’ikirere, ndetse no kugabanuka kw’umutungo kamere w’agaciro.
Bumwe mu buryo bw'ibanze imirima y'uruganda ishingiye ku bicanwa biva mu kirere ni mu bwikorezi. Ibiryo, bikunze guhingwa mu turere twa kure, bigomba kujyanwa mu mirima y’uruganda, bisaba amavuta menshi ku makamyo, gari ya moshi, n’ibindi binyabiziga. Kenshi na kenshi, imirima yinganda iherereye mu turere twa kure, bityo gutwara amatungo mu ibagiro cyangwa ibihingwa bitunganya biba inzira ihenze kandi itwara peteroli. Gutwara intera ndende y’inyamaswa n’ibiryo bitanga imyuka ihumanya ikirere (CO2), ibyo bikaba ari byo bintu nyamukuru bitera ubushyuhe bw’isi.
Byongeye kandi, umusaruro wibiryo ubwabyo biterwa cyane na lisansi. Kuva ku mikorere ya za romoruki n'amasuka mu murima kugeza gukoresha imashini zikoreshwa na lisansi ikoreshwa mu ruganda rukora ibinyampeke no mu nganda zikora ibiryo, ingufu zisabwa mu gutanga ibiryo by'amatungo ni nyinshi. Ibicanwa biva mu kirere na byo bikoreshwa mu gukora ifumbire mvaruganda, imiti yica udukoko, n’indi nyongeramusaruro y’ubuhinzi, ibyo byose bikaba bigira uruhare runini mu bidukikije by’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda.
Usibye gukoresha mu buryo butaziguye ibicanwa biva mu kirere mu gutwara no kugaburira ibiryo, imikorere y’ibikorwa by’uruganda ubwabyo bishingiye ku mbaraga ziva mu bicanwa. Umubare munini winyamanswa zubatswe ahantu hafunzwe bisaba guhumeka neza, gushyushya, no gukonjesha kugirango bikomeze ibintu bikenewe. Ubu buryo bukoresha ingufu akenshi bushingira ku makara, peteroli, cyangwa gaze gasanzwe, bikongeraho ko inganda zishingiye ku mutungo udasubirwaho.
Kwishingikiriza ku bicanwa biva mu bimera byo guhinga uruganda bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku kugabanuka kwumutungo wisi. Nkuko ibyifuzo byibikomoka ku matungo byiyongera, niko hakenerwa ingufu nyinshi, ubwikorezi bwinshi, n’umusaruro mwinshi w’ibiryo, ibyo byose biterwa n’ibicanwa biva mu kirere. Uru ruzinduko ntirwongera gusa kwangiza ibidukikije byatewe n’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda ahubwo runagira uruhare mu kubura amikoro, bigatuma bigora abaturage kubona ingufu zihenze n’umutungo kamere.
11- Ingaruka z’ikirere cy’ubuhinzi bw’amatungo
Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku biribwa (FAO) rivuga ko ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa, cyane cyane ubuhinzi bw’uruganda, bugira uruhare runini mu kibazo cy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku isi, bugira uruhare hafi 14.5% y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere . Iyi mibare itangaje ishyira inganda mu bantu bagize uruhare runini mu guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, bahanganye n’izindi nzego zangiza cyane nko gutwara abantu. Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa ziterwa n’amasoko menshi y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, harimo fermentation ya enteric (uburyo bwo gusya mu nyamaswa z’amatungo), gucunga ifumbire , no gutanga ibiryo by’amatungo .
Kwinjira kwa Enteric na Methane
Umusanzu wibanze mu byuka bihumanya ikirere mu buhinzi bw’inyamanswa ni fermentation enteric , inzira igogora iboneka mu nda y’inyamaswa zororoka nk'inka, intama, n'ihene. Muri iki gikorwa, mikorobe zisenya ibiryo, zitanga metani (CH4) , gaze ikomeye ya parike ifite ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi inshuro 28 kurenza dioxyde de carbone (CO2) mugihe cyimyaka 100. Methane irekurwa iyo inyamaswa zishye, zigira uruhare runini mu nganda zangiza. Urebye ko igogorwa ry’amatungo ryonyine rifite uruhare runini mu kwangiza ubuhinzi bw’amatungo, kugabanya umusaruro wa metani mu nganda nicyo kintu cyibanze ku bikorwa by’ikirere.
Gucunga ifumbire hamwe na Nitrous Oxide
Irindi soko rikomeye ryangiza imyuka iva mu buhinzi ni uruganda . Imirima minini itanga imyanda myinshi y’inyamaswa, ubusanzwe ibikwa muri lagoons cyangwa mu byobo. Iyo ifumbire ibora, irekura aside nitide (N2O) , gaze ya parike ikubye inshuro 300 imbaraga za dioxyde de carbone . Gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda mu gukura ibiryo by'amatungo nabyo bigira uruhare mu kurekura okiside ya nitrous, bikarushaho kwiyongera ku bidukikije ku buhinzi bw'uruganda. Gucunga neza imyanda y’inyamaswa, harimo ifumbire mvaruganda hamwe na yo kugarura biyogazi , irashobora gufasha kugabanya ibyo byuka.
Kugaburira amatungo no guhindura ubutaka
Umusaruro wibiryo byamatungo nubundi buryo bukomeye bwo gusohora imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu buhinzi bw’uruganda. Ubutaka bunini bwahanaguwe kugirango buhinge ibihingwa nkibigori , soya , na alfalfa yo kugaburira amatungo. Gutema amashyamba biganisha ku kurekura karubone zibitswe mu biti, bikarushaho kongera inganda za karuboni. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha cyane ifumbire n’imiti yica udukoko mu guhinga ibihingwa by’ibiryo bisaba ingufu nyinshi n’ibicanwa biva mu kirere, ibyo bikaba byiyongera ku byuka bijyana n’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda. Gukenera ibiryo byinshi kandi bituma inganda zikenera amazi nubutaka , bikarushaho kongera umutwaro w’ibidukikije mu buhinzi bw’inyamaswa .
Uruhare rwo guhinga uruganda mu mihindagurikire y’ibihe
Imiterere y’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda ikuza ibyo byuka bihumanya ikirere, kuko birimo ubworozi bw’ubworozi bwinshi ahantu hafunzwe. Mu murima w’uruganda, inyamaswa zikunze kubikwa ahantu huzuye abantu, bigatuma imyuka ihumanya metani nyinshi kubera guhangayika no gusya neza. Byongeye kandi, imirima yinganda isanzwe ishingiye kuri sisitemu yo kugaburira inganda zisaba umutungo mwinshi, harimo ingufu, amazi, nubutaka. Ubwinshi n’ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda bituma biba isoko nyamukuru y’imihindagurikire y’ikirere , bigira uruhare runini mu guhangana n’ikirere ku isi .
Guhinga mu ruganda ntabwo ari ikibazo cyimyitwarire gusa ahubwo ni ikibazo cyangiza ibidukikije. Ingaruka zikomeye z’iyi gahunda - guhera ku byuka bihumanya ikirere no gutema amashyamba kugeza ku ihumana ry’amazi no gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima - bisaba ko hajyaho ingamba zihuse kandi zifatika. Mu gihe isi ihura n’ibibazo bigenda byiyongera nk’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, igabanuka ry’umutungo, ndetse no kwangirika kw’ibidukikije, guhinduka mu bikorwa by’ubuhinzi birambye no kugabanya gushingira ku buhinzi bw’uruganda ntabwo byigeze biba ingenzi cyane. Mugushyigikira indyo ishingiye ku bimera, guteza imbere uburyo burambye bwo guhinga, no guharanira politiki y’ibidukikije, dushobora kugabanya ingaruka mbi ziterwa n’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda kandi tukareba ejo hazaza heza, harambye mu bihe bizaza.
