Icyorezo cya COVID-19 cyagaragaje ingaruka mbi z’indwara zoonotic, ari indwara zishobora kwanduza inyamaswa abantu. Hamwe n’ibibazo by’ubuzima bikomeje kuba ku isi, ikibazo kivuka: ibikorwa byo guhinga uruganda bishobora kugira uruhare mu kuvuka indwara zonotique? Ubuhinzi bwuruganda, buzwi kandi nkubuhinzi bwinganda, ni gahunda yumusaruro munini ushyira imbere inyungu ninyungu kuruta imibereho y’inyamaswa no kubungabunga ibidukikije. Ubu buryo bwo gutanga ibiribwa bwabaye isoko yambere yinyama, amata, n amagi kubatuye isi biyongera. Nyamara, uko isabwa ryibikomoka ku matungo bihendutse kandi ryinshi ryiyongera, niko ibyago byo kwandura indwara zoonotic. Muri iki kiganiro, tuzasuzuma isano iri hagati y’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda n’indwara zoonotike, dushakisha icyorezo cy’icyorezo kiva mu buhinzi bw’inganda ziriho ubu. Tuzasesengura ibintu byingenzi bituma ubuhinzi bwuruganda bwororoka indwara zonotike, tunaganira kubisubizo bishoboka kugirango twirinde icyorezo kizaza. Igihe kirageze kugira ngo dukemure ingaruka zishobora guterwa n’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda tunasuzume ubundi buryo burambye bwo kongera umusaruro w’ibiribwa kugira ngo turinde ubuzima bw’abantu n’inyamaswa.
Ubworozi bukomeye bwamatungo n'indwara zoonotic
Gusesengura uburyo ubworozi bwamatungo bukora butera ubworozi bwindwara zonotique ningirakamaro mugusobanukirwa ingaruka zishobora guteza ubuzima rusange. Mu mateka yose, habaye ingero nyinshi aho indwara zoonotic zagaragaye mubikorwa byo guhinga uruganda. Kuva ibicurane by’ingurube mu 2009 kugeza icyorezo cya COVID-19 giherutse, biragaragara ko kuba hafi y’inyamaswa n’ubucucike bw’inyamaswa muri ibyo bikorwa byorohereza kwanduza indwara zanduza inyamaswa abantu. Ibi bishimangira ko hakenewe byihutirwa ingamba zo gukumira, harimo n’imihindagurikire y’imirire, kugira ngo hagabanuke ingaruka ziterwa n’ubuhinzi bw’amatungo akomeye kandi bigabanye amahirwe y’ibyorezo by’ejo hazaza. Mugukemura intandaro zindwara zonotique murwego rwubuhinzi, turashobora gukora kugirango dushyireho ahantu heza kandi heza kubinyamaswa ndetse nabantu.
Ingero zamateka yibyorezo
Mu mateka yose, habaye ingero nyinshi zingenzi z’ibyorezo bifitanye isano n’ubuhinzi bukomeye bw’amatungo . Urugero rumwe rukomeye ni icyorezo cya grippe H5N1 cyatangiye mu 1997. Iyi miterere y’ibicurane by’inyoni yagaragaye mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo ya Aziya kandi ihita ikwirakwira mu tundi turere tw’isi, bikaviramo indwara zikomeye ndetse n’impfu nyinshi mu bantu. Urundi rubanza rwagaragaye ni icyorezo cya E. coli O157 mu 1993: H7 muri Amerika, kikaba cyaragaragaye ku nyama z’inka zanduye ziva mu kigo kinini cyo gutunganya inyama z’inka. Iki cyorezo cyavuyemo indwara n’impfu nyinshi, byerekana ububi bw’imiterere y’isuku ndetse n’ingamba z’isuku zidahagije mu bikorwa byo guhinga uruganda. Izi ngero zamateka zitwibutsa neza ingaruka zishobora guterwa n’ubuhinzi bw’amatungo akomeye kandi hakenewe byihutirwa ingamba zifatika zo gukumira icyorezo kizaza. Mugushira mubikorwa amategeko akomeye, kunoza imibereho myiza yinyamaswa, no guteza imbere ubuhinzi burambye kandi bushinzwe ubuhinzi, turashobora gufasha kugabanya ingaruka ziterwa nindwara zoonotike no gushyiraho ejo hazaza heza kandi heza kuri bose.
Ingaruka zo guhitamo imirire
Hasesenguwe uburyo ubworozi bw’inyamanswa butera ahantu ho kororera indwara zonotike, biragaragara ko guhitamo imirire bigira uruhare runini mu gukumira icyorezo kizaza. Mugukoresha ibiryo bishingiye ku bimera, abantu barashobora kugabanya uruhare rwabo mugukenera ibikomoka ku nyamaswa zororerwa mu ruganda. Ihinduka ryamahitamo yimirire rirashobora kugabanya ibikenerwa mubikorwa byubworozi bwamatungo, bityo bikagabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara zoonotic. Byongeye kandi, indyo ishingiye ku bimera yagiye ifitanye isano n’inyungu nyinshi z’ubuzima, harimo no kugabanya ibyago by’indwara zidakira nk'indwara z'umutima, umubyibuho ukabije, na diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2. Muguhitamo ubundi buryo bushingiye ku bimera no gushyigikira ibikorwa birambye by’ubuhinzi, abantu ntibashobora kurinda ubuzima bwabo gusa ahubwo banagira uruhare muri gahunda y’ibiribwa ihamye kandi irambye ku gisekuru kizaza.
Ingamba zo gukumira icyorezo kizaza
Kugira ngo hirindwe neza icyorezo cy’ejo hazaza, ni ngombwa gushyira mu bikorwa inzira zinyuranye zikemura intandaro yo kwanduza indwara zoonotic. Ubwa mbere, kongera uburyo bwo kugenzura isi yose kugirango hamenyekane hakiri kare icyorezo ni ngombwa. Ibi bikubiyemo gushora imari muburyo bukomeye bwo gukurikirana no gutanga raporo, ndetse no kunoza ubufatanye no guhana amakuru hagati y’ibihugu. Byongeye kandi, hakenewe amategeko akomeye no gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba z’isuku n’umutekano muke mu bigo byororerwa cyane n’amatungo. Ibi bikubiyemo gushyira mu bikorwa amahame akomeye agamije imibereho y’inyamaswa, gucunga neza imyanda, no kugenzura ubuzima buri gihe. Byongeye kandi, guteza imbere iterambere no gukoresha ubundi buryo bwo gupima inyamaswa mu nganda zimiti n’amavuta yo kwisiga birashobora kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku nyamaswa no kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara. Hanyuma, kongera ubumenyi bw’abaturage n’uburere ku ngaruka ziterwa n’indwara zoonotike n’inyungu z’ingamba zo gukumira, nk’inkingo n’isuku ikwiye, birashobora guha abantu imbaraga zo gufata ingamba zo kugabanya ikwirakwizwa ry’ibyorezo by’ejo hazaza. Mugukoresha uburyo bwuzuye buhuza izi ngamba zo gukumira, dushobora guharanira kugana ejo hazaza heza kandi heza kuri bose.
Uruhare rwubuhinzi bwuruganda muri COVID-19
Gusesengura uburyo ubworozi bw’amatungo bukora butera ubworozi bw’indwara zoonotique, iyi ngingo yaganira ku ngero z’amateka kandi ikunganira ingamba zo gukumira binyuze mu guhindura imirire. Ubuhinzi bwuruganda, bwibanda ku kongera umusaruro n’inyungu, akenshi bikubiyemo ibintu byinshi kandi bidafite isuku ku nyamaswa, bigashyiraho ibidukikije byiza byo kuvuka no gukwirakwiza indwara ziterwa na virusi. Icyorezo cya mbere, nk'ibicurane by'ingurube H1N1 na ibicurane by'ibiguruka, bifitanye isano n'ubuhinzi bwo mu ruganda. Kuba inyamaswa zegeranye cyane muri ibyo bikorwa byongera amahirwe yo guhinduka kwa virusi no kwanduza abantu indwara. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha cyane antibiyotike mu buhinzi bw’uruganda bigira uruhare mu iterambere rya bagiteri zirwanya antibiyotike, bikarushaho kwiyongera ku ndwara ziterwa na zoonotic. Muguhindura uburyo bwo guhinga burambye kandi bwimyitwarire, nka sisitemu ngengabihe n’inzuri, dushobora kugabanya gushingira ku buhinzi bw’uruganda no kugabanya ubushobozi bw’ibyorezo by’ejo hazaza.
Ubuhinzi bwinyamaswa no kwanduza indwara
Ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa bwagaragaye ko ari ikintu gikomeye mu kwanduza indwara zonotike. Kuba hafi y’inyamaswa mu buhinzi bw’uruganda bituma habaho uburyo bwiza bwo gukwirakwiza vuba virusi. Muri ibi bihe byuzuye kandi bidafite isuku, indwara zirashobora gusimbuka byoroshye kuva mubikoko bijya kubantu. Ingero z'amateka, nk'icyorezo cya H1N1 ibicurane by'ingurube na ibicurane by'ibiguruka, bifitanye isano itaziguye no guhinga amatungo akomeye. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha cyane antibiyotike mu rwego rwo guteza imbere imikurire no gukumira indwara muri ibi bice bigira uruhare mu mikurire ya bagiteri irwanya antibiyotike, bikaba byangiza ubuzima rusange. Kugira ngo izo ngaruka zigabanuke, ni ngombwa kunganira ingamba zo gukumira, harimo no guhindura uburyo bwo guhinga burambye kandi bw’imyitwarire bushyira imbere imibereho myiza y’inyamaswa kandi bikagabanya amahirwe yo kwandura indwara zonotike.
Akamaro k'uburyo bwo guhinga burambye
Iyo usesenguye uburyo ubworozi bw’amatungo bukora butera ubworozi bw’indwara zoonotique, biragaragara ko kwimukira muburyo bwo guhinga burambye ari ngombwa cyane. Uburyo bwo guhinga burambye bushyira imbere ubuzima n’imibereho y’inyamaswa, ndetse n’ibidukikije. Muguha inyamaswa umwanya uhagije, kubona umwuka mwiza, hamwe ningeso yo kugaburira bisanzwe, imihangayiko kuri sisitemu yumubiri iragabanuka, bikagabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo guhinga burambye buteza imbere urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’imiti, bikarinda kurushaho kuvuka no gukwirakwizwa kw’indwara zoonotique. Kwakira ibikorwa nkibi ntibirinda ubuzima rusange gusa ahubwo binatuma ubuzima bwigihe kirekire bwimikorere yibiribwa byacu dushimangira ibikorwa byubuhinzi bihamye kandi birambye.
Gukemura ibibazo byubuzima rusange
Gusesengura uburyo ubworozi bw’amatungo bukora butera ubworozi bw’indwara zoonotique, biba ngombwa gukemura ibibazo by’ubuzima rusange bifitanye isano n’inganda. Ingero zamateka yibyorezo nka grippe H1N1 hamwe n ibicurane by’ibiguruka byerekana ingaruka zishobora guterwa no kwirengagiza isano iri hagati y’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda no kuvuka kw’indwara zoonotique. Kugira ngo hirindwe icyorezo kizaza, ingamba zo gukumira binyuze mu guhindura imirire zigomba gushyigikirwa. Gushishikariza guhindura ibiryo bishingiye ku bimera no kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku bikomoka ku nyamaswa birashobora kugabanya ingaruka ziterwa no guhinga cyane. Mugutezimbere uburyo burambye kandi bwitondewe kubiribwa no kubikoresha, turashobora kubungabunga ubuzima bwabaturage no gushiraho ejo hazaza heza kandi hizewe.
Guteza imbere indyo ishingiye ku bimera.
Kwakira indyo ishingiye ku bimera ntabwo ari ingirakamaro ku buzima bwa buri muntu gusa ahubwo binagira uruhare runini mu kugabanya ingaruka z’indwara zoonotique. Muguhindura ingeso zacu zimirire muburyo bushingiye ku bimera, dushobora kugabanya icyifuzo cyo guhinga cyane amatungo, kikaba nk'ahantu ho kororera indwara zanduza. Indyo zishingiye ku bimera byagaragaye ko zifite akamaro kanini mu buzima, harimo kugabanya ibyago by’indwara zidakira nk'indwara z'umutima, diyabete, na kanseri zimwe na zimwe. Byongeye kandi, indyo ishingiye ku bimera iraramba cyane ku bidukikije, bisaba amikoro make no kohereza imyuka mike ya parike ugereranije n’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa. Mugutezimbere no kwemeza ibiryo bishingiye ku bimera, turashobora gutanga umusanzu w'ejo hazaza heza kuri twe no kuri iyi si, mugihe kimwe icyarimwe kugabanya amahirwe yo kwandura ejo hazaza.
Mugihe dukomeje kugendagenda muri iki cyorezo, ni ngombwa kuri twe kumenya uruhare kuvura inyamaswa bigira mu gukwirakwiza indwara zoonotique. Inganda z’ubuhinzi bw’inyamanswa zashizeho ahantu heza ho kororera virusi, kandi ni twe tugomba gusaba impinduka no gushyira imbere ubuzima n’umutekano by’abantu n’inyamaswa. Mugushyigikira ibikorwa byubuhinzi burambye kandi bwimyitwarire, turashobora kugabanya ibyago byindwara zizaza kandi tugashiraho isi nzima kandi irambye kuri bose. Reka dukoreshe ibi nkibyuka byo gukanguka kugirango twongere dusuzume umubano dufitanye ninyamaswa nisi, hanyuma dukore ejo hazaza h'impuhwe kandi zifite inshingano.
Ibibazo
Nigute ubuhinzi bwuruganda bugira uruhare mugukwirakwiza indwara zoonotic?
Ubuhinzi bwuruganda bugira uruhare mu gukwirakwiza indwara zoonotic bitewe n’imiterere y’abantu benshi kandi badafite isuku aho inyamaswa zororerwa. Izi miterere zitera kwanduza byihuse indwara zinyamaswa, zishobora kwanduza abantu. Kuba hafi y’inyamaswa na byo byongera amahirwe yo guhinduka kwa geneti no kuvuka kwubwoko bushya bwindwara. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha antibiyotike mubikorwa byo guhinga uruganda birashobora gutuma habaho bagiteri zirwanya antibiyotike, bigatuma kuvura indwara zonotike bigorana. Muri rusange, imiterere ihamye yo guhinga uruganda ikora ibidukikije bifasha gukwirakwiza no kongera indwara zonotique.
Ni izihe ngero zihariye z'indwara zoonotic zikomoka mu mirima y'uruganda?
Ingero zimwe na zimwe z’indwara zoonotique zaturutse mu mirima y’uruganda zirimo ibicurane by’ibiguruka (ibicurane by’inyoni), ibicurane by’ingurube (H1N1), hamwe n’icyorezo cya COVID-19, bivugwa ko cyaturutse ku isoko itose igurisha inyamaswa nzima zirimo n’inyamanswa zororerwa. Izi ndwara zirashobora gukwirakwira kuva ku nyamaswa kugera ku bantu bitewe no gufungirwa hamwe n’imiterere y’isuku mu mirima y’uruganda, bigatuma kwanduza no guhindura ihinduka ry’indwara. Ubuhinzi bukomeye kandi bwongera ibyago byo kurwanya antibiyotike, bigatuma kuvura izo ndwara bigorana. Amabwiriza akwiye hamwe n’imibereho myiza y’inyamanswa mu mirima yinganda birakenewe kugirango hirindwe icyorezo cya zoonotic.
Nigute imibereho n'imikorere mumirima yinganda byongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara zoonotic?
Imibereho n'imikorere mu mirima y'uruganda byongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara zonotique bitewe n'ubucucike bwinshi, imiterere idafite isuku, ndetse no kuba hafi y’inyamaswa. Iyi miterere itera ahantu ho kororoka kugirango virusi ikwirakwira vuba mu nyamaswa, byongere amahirwe yo kwandura indwara zoonotic no gukwirakwira ku bantu. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha buri gihe antibiyotike mu buhinzi bw’uruganda birashobora gutuma habaho indwara ya bagiteri irwanya antibiyotike, bikarushaho kugorana kurwanya indwara.
Haba hari amabwiriza cyangwa ingamba zashyizweho zo gukumira ikwirakwizwa ry'indwara zoonotique mu buhinzi bw'uruganda?
Nibyo, hariho amabwiriza n'ingamba zihari zo gukumira ikwirakwizwa ry'indwara zoonotic mu buhinzi bw'uruganda. Muri byo harimo protocole ikaze y’ibinyabuzima, kugenzura buri gihe n’inzego za Leta, no kubahiriza ubuzima bw’inyamaswa n’imibereho myiza. Byongeye kandi, hariho amategeko agenga ikoreshwa rya antibiotike n’indi miti mu bworozi, ndetse n’amabwiriza agenga imicungire y’imyanda n’isuku. Icyakora, imikorere y’aya mabwiriza n’ingamba zirashobora gutandukana mu bihugu no mu turere dutandukanye, kandi hakomeje kubaho impaka zerekeranye n’ubushobozi bwazo mu gukumira ikwirakwizwa ry’indwara zoonotique mu buhinzi bw’uruganda.
Ni ubuhe buryo bumwe bwo gukemura cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo guhinga uruganda bushobora gufasha kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara zoonotic?
Bimwe mubisubizo cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo guhinga uruganda rushobora gufasha kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara zonotike harimo kwimukira mubikorwa byubuhinzi burambye kandi bw’ikiremwamuntu nko guhinga kama, ubuhinzi bushya, hamwe n’ubuhinzi. Ubu buryo bushyira imbere imibereho y’inyamaswa, kugabanya ikoreshwa rya antibiotike na hormone, no guteza imbere urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima. Byongeye kandi, guteza imbere ibiryo bishingiye ku bimera no kugabanya kurya inyama birashobora kandi gufasha kugabanya ibikenerwa n’inyamaswa zororerwa mu ruganda. Gushimangira gahunda y’ubuhinzi n’ibanze bito birashobora kurushaho kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara mu kugabanya ubwinshi bw’inyamaswa no guteza imbere ubuhinzi butandukanye. Gushyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza akomeye no kugenzura gahunda z’imibereho y’inyamaswa n’umutekano w’ibinyabuzima na byo birashobora kugira uruhare runini mu gukumira no kurwanya indwara zonotike.
