Inyanja ni urusobe runini kandi rutandukanye, rukaba rufite amamiriyoni y’ibimera n’inyamaswa. Ariko, mu myaka ya vuba aha, hagaragaye impungenge z’ubwiyongere bw’uturere twapfuye two mu nyanja ku isi. Utu ni uturere twinyanja aho urugero rwa ogisijeni ruri hasi kuburyo ubuzima bwo mu nyanja budashobora kubaho. Mugihe hari ibintu bitandukanye bigira uruhare mugushinga utwo turere twapfuye, kimwe mubitera uruhare runini ni ubuhinzi bwinyamaswa. Umusaruro winyama, amata, nibindi bicuruzwa byinyamanswa bigira ingaruka zikomeye kubuzima bwinyanja yacu. Muri iki kiganiro, tuzasuzuma isano iri hagati y’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa n’ahantu hapfuye inyanja, n’uburyo amahitamo duhitamo mu mirire yacu no mu mibereho yacu ashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku mibereho y’inyanja yacu. Tuzacukumbura muburyo butandukanye ubuhinzi bwinyamaswa bugira ku nyanja, kuva kwanduza intungamubiri kugeza ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, ningaruka bigira ku buzima bwo mu nyanja n’ubuzima rusange bw’isi. Mugusobanukirwa iri sano, turashobora gufata ingamba zo guhitamo byinshi birambye no kubungabunga ubuzima bwinyanja yacu ibisekuruza bizaza.
Uturere twapfuye two mu nyanja twatewe n'ubuhinzi
Ubwiyongere buteye ubwoba bw’ahantu hapfuye inyanja bwabaye impungenge mu myaka yashize. Uturere twapfuye twangiza ibidukikije, turangwa na ogisijeni nkeya no kubura ubuzima bwo mu nyanja, ahanini biterwa nubuhinzi. Gukoresha cyane ifumbire mvaruganda no gutemba biva mubikorwa byubworozi nibyo bigira uruhare runini mu kwanduza amazi yinyanja. Intungamubiri nka azote na fosifore biva muri ayo masoko byinjira mu mazi binyuze mu gutemba hejuru no kuhira, biganisha kuri eutrophasi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, algae irabya vuba cyane, igabanya urugero rwa ogisijeni kandi igatera ibidukikije byangiza ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja. Ingaruka z’utwo turere twapfuye ntizirenze gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, bigira ingaruka ku nganda z’uburobyi, ku nkombe z’inyanja, ndetse n’ubuzima rusange bw’ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja. Ni ngombwa ko dukemura intandaro yiki kibazo kandi tugashyira mubikorwa ibikorwa byubuhinzi birambye kugirango tugabanye ingaruka mbi ku nyanja zacu.
Ingaruka ya azote na fosifore
Amazi menshi ya azote na fosifore biva mu bikorwa by'ubuhinzi biteza ikibazo gikomeye ku bwiza bw’amazi n’ubuzima bw’ibidukikije. Azote na fosifore, intungamubiri za ngombwa zo gukura kw'ibimera, bikunze gukoreshwa mu nganda z'ubuhinzi nk'ifumbire. Ariko, iyo intungamubiri zinjiye mumazi zinyuze mumazi, zirashobora gukurura ingaruka mbi. Urwego rwo hejuru rwa azote na fosifore rushobora kongera imikurire y’indabyo zangiza za algal, bigatuma ogisijeni igabanuka ndetse no gushiraho uduce twapfuye mu bidukikije by’amazi. Utu turere twapfuye ntabwo duhungabanya gusa uburinganire bw’ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja ahubwo binagira ingaruka zikomeye ku bikorwa by’abantu, nko kuroba n’ubukerarugendo. Kugabanya amazi ya azote na fosifore bisaba ingamba zuzuye, zirimo uburyo bunoze bwo gucunga intungamubiri, uturere twa buffer, no gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo kubungabunga ibidukikije kugira ngo tubungabunge ubwiza bw’amazi no kurinda umutungo w’inyanja ufite agaciro.
Imyanda y’inyamaswa n’ifumbire mvaruganda
Imicungire y’imyanda n’ikoreshwa ry’ifumbire mu buhinzi bifitanye isano rya bugufi n’ikibazo cy’amazi yintungamubiri n’ingaruka zayo ku bwiza bw’amazi. Imyanda y’inyamaswa, nkifumbire, irimo azote na fosifore nyinshi, zikenerwa mu mikurire y’ibihingwa. Ariko, iyo bidacunzwe neza, intungamubiri zirashobora gukaraba kubera imvura cyangwa kuhira, bikinjira mumazi yegeranye. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda mubikorwa byubuhinzi birashobora kugira uruhare mu gutunga intungamubiri iyo bidakoreshejwe neza cyangwa niba bikoreshwa cyane. Imyanda y’inyamaswa hamwe n’ifumbire mvaruganda bishobora kuvamo ingaruka mbi: gutunganyiriza umubiri w’amazi nintungamubiri zikabije, biganisha ku mikurire y’indabyo zangiza za algal ndetse no kugabanuka kwa ogisijeni. Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, ni ngombwa gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bunoze bwo gucunga imyanda, harimo kubika neza no kujugunya imyanda y’amatungo, ndetse no gukoresha ifumbire mu buryo bunoze, urebye ibintu nk'igihe, urugero, n'imiterere y'ubutaka. Mu gushyira mu bikorwa izo ngamba, turashobora kugabanya ingaruka z’imyanda y’inyamaswa n’ifumbire mvaruganda ku bwiza bw’amazi no kurinda urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima bifite agaciro.
Ubuzima bwo mu nyanja bwugarijwe n’umwanda
Urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja ku isi ruhura n’ingaruka zikomeye ziterwa n’umwanda, uteza ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima bwo mu nyanja. Gusohora imyanda ihumanya mu nyanja, guhera ku miti y’ubumara kugeza ku myanda ya pulasitike, bitera kwangiza cyane ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja n’aho biba. Ibyo bihumanya ntabwo byanduza amazi gusa ahubwo birundanya no mubice byinyamaswa zo mu nyanja, biganisha ku ngaruka mbi ku buzima bwabo no ku mibereho yabo. Byongeye kandi, kuba hari imyanda ihumanya irashobora guhungabanya uburinganire bw’ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja, bikagira ingaruka ku binyabuzima ndetse n’imikorere rusange y’imiturire. Ni ngombwa ko dufata ingamba zihuse zo kugabanya umwanda no gufata ingamba zirambye zo kurinda ubuzima bwacu bwo mu nyanja kutagira ingaruka mbi.
Guhuza amatungo n’umwanda
Umusaruro mwinshi w’amatungo wagaragaye nk’uruhare runini mu kwanduza umwanda, cyane cyane ku bijyanye n’amazi. Ibikorwa byubworozi bibyara imyanda myinshi yinyamanswa, akenshi ikoreshwa nabi kandi ikajugunywa. Iyi myanda irimo ibintu byangiza nka azote na fosifore, hamwe na virusi na antibiotike zikoreshwa mu gukumira indwara mu nyamaswa. Iyo iyi myanda idakozwe neza cyangwa irimo, irashobora gutemba mu masoko y’amazi hafi cyangwa igatwarwa n’imvura, bikaviramo kwanduza imigezi, ibiyaga, ndetse n’akarere k’inyanja. Intungamubiri zikabije ziva mu myanda y’amatungo zirashobora gutera uburabyo bwa algal, biganisha ku kugabanuka kwa ogisijeni no gukora uduce twapfuye aho ubuzima bw’inyanja bugora kubaho. Umwanda uva mu musaruro w’amatungo utera ikibazo gikomeye cy’ibidukikije gisaba ko hashyirwa mu bikorwa imikorere irambye kandi ishinzwe mu nganda.
Ingaruka zo kugaburira amatungo
Umusaruro wibiryo byamatungo nabyo bigira uruhare mubidukikije mubuhinzi bwinyamaswa. Guhinga ibihingwa bigaburira bisaba gukoresha ubutaka bwinshi , akenshi biganisha ku gutema amashyamba no kwangiza aho gutura. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha ifumbire n’imiti yica udukoko mu musaruro w’ibihingwa bishobora kuviramo kwanduza amazi no kwangirika kwubutaka. Gutwara ibiryo bigaburira intera ndende bigira uruhare runini mu gusohora ibyuka bihumanya ikirere no gukoresha ingufu. Byongeye kandi, kwishingikiriza ku mafunguro ashingiye ku ngano y’amatungo birashobora gukaza umurego mu kibazo cy’ibura ry’ibiribwa ndetse n’ibura ry’umutungo, kubera ko ubutaka bw’ubuhinzi n’umutungo bifite agaciro bitandukanijwe n’ibyo abantu bakoresha. Mu gihe icyifuzo cy’ibikomoka ku matungo gikomeje kwiyongera, ni ngombwa gushakisha ubundi buryo burambye bwo gutanga umusaruro w’ibiribwa bisanzwe, nko gukoresha ibiribwa bishya bigezweho no kugabanya imyanda y’ibiryo, hagamijwe kugabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije ku buhinzi bw’amatungo.
Gukemura ingaruka zubuhinzi
Kugirango dukemure ingaruka mbi ziterwa n’amazi y’ubuhinzi, ni ngombwa gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba n’ibikorwa bifatika. Bumwe mu buryo bw'ingenzi ni ugushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo kubungabunga ibidukikije, nko gushyiraho uturere twa bffer n'ibimera byo ku nkombe ku mazi. Izi nzitizi karemano zirashobora gufasha kuyungurura no gukuramo intungamubiri zirenze urugero n’umwanda mbere yo kugera mumazi. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha tekiniki yo guhinga neza, nko gupima ubutaka no gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda, birashobora kugabanya intungamubiri zuzuye kugirango harebwe gusa amafaranga akenewe. Gushyira mu bikorwa imicungire ikwiye yo kuhira, nko gukoresha uburyo bwo kuhira imyaka cyangwa gukoresha uburyo bwo kugabanya iseswa ry’amazi n’amazi, birashobora kandi kugira uruhare mu kugabanya ingaruka z’amazi y’ubuhinzi. Byongeye kandi, guteza imbere uburezi n’ubukangurambaga mu bahinzi ku kamaro k’ubuhinzi burambye n’ingaruka zishobora guterwa n’ibidukikije by’amazi ni ngombwa mu mpinduka ndende. Mugukoresha izi ngamba, abafatanyabikorwa barashobora gukora kugirango bagabanye ingaruka mbi z’amazi y’ubuhinzi no guteza imbere inganda z’ubuhinzi zirambye kandi zifite inshingano.
Ibisubizo byo kugabanya umwanda w’inyanja
ngombwa. Gushishikariza gukoresha uburyo bwo guhinga kama bugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ifumbire mvaruganda n’imiti yica udukoko nabyo bishobora kugira uruhare mu kugabanya umwanda ujyanye n’ubuhinzi bw’amatungo. Byongeye kandi, gushora imari mu buhanga bugezweho bwo gutunganya amazi mabi n’ibikorwa remezo birashobora gufasha kugabanya irekurwa ry’ibintu byangiza mu mazi. Ubufatanye hagati ya guverinoma, abahinzi, abahanga, n’imiryango y’ibidukikije ni ngombwa mu gushyiraho no gushyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza agabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere kandi ateza imbere imikorere irambye. Byongeye kandi, guteza imbere ubushakashatsi no guhanga udushya twifashisha ubundi buryo bwo kugaburira amatungo no gushakisha ubundi buryo bwo guhinga ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, nk’ubuhinzi bw’amafi n’ubuhinzi buhagaze, burashobora gufasha kugabanya umuvuduko w’ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja. Mugushira mubikorwa ibyo bisubizo byuzuye, turashobora gukora kugirango tugabanye umwanda w’inyanja no kurinda uburinganire bw’ibidukikije byo mu nyanja ibisekuruza bizaza.
Kurinda inyanja ninyamaswa
Ubuzima no kubungabunga inyanja yacu nubwoko butabarika bubita murugo ninshingano ikomeye tugomba gufatanya. Mugushira mubikorwa ingamba zo kubungabunga ibidukikije, turashobora gushiraho ejo hazaza harambye kubidukikije byinyanja. Ibi bikubiyemo gushyiraho uduce two mu nyanja turinzwe, gushyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza akomeye yo kurwanya uburobyi bw’amafi no kwangiza, no guteza imbere ubukerarugendo bushinzwe bwubaha aho butuye. Kwigisha abantu n’abaturage akamaro ko kubungabunga inyanja no gushishikariza guhindura imyitwarire, nko kugabanya plastike imwe rukumbi no gushyigikira amahitamo arambye yo mu nyanja, nazo ni intambwe zingenzi mu kurinda inyanja n’inyamaswa zishingiye kuri zo kugira ngo zibeho. Hamwe na hamwe, binyuze mu guhuza impinduka za politiki, imikorere irambye, hamwe no gukangurira abaturage, turashobora kwemeza ubuzima bw'igihe kirekire n'imibereho myiza y'inyanja yacu, tukayibungabunga nk'isoko y'ingenzi mu bisekuruza bizaza.
Mu gusoza, ibimenyetso birasobanutse: ubuhinzi bwinyamanswa nizo zigira uruhare runini mu turere twapfuye mu nyanja. Umwanda n’imyanda iva mu mirima y’uruganda, hamwe no gukoresha cyane ifumbire n’imiti yica udukoko, biganisha ku ntungamubiri nyinshi mu nyanja, bigatuma ahantu hanini ubuzima bw’inyanja budashobora kubaho. Ni ngombwa ko dukemura iki kibazo kandi tugahindura uburyo bwo gutanga ibiribwa kugirango turinde inyanja yacu hamwe nuburinganire bworoshye bwibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja. Mugabanye gukoresha ibikomoka ku nyamaswa no gushyigikira ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi birambye kandi bitangiza ibidukikije, turashobora gufasha kugabanya ingaruka mbi z’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa ku nyanja zacu. Igihe cyo gukora kirageze, kandi nitwe tugomba guhindura impinduka nziza kubuzima bwisi.
Ibibazo
Nigute ubuhinzi bwinyamanswa bugira uruhare mu gushiraho uturere twapfuye?
Ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa bugira uruhare mu gushiraho uturere twapfuye two mu nyanja binyuze mu gukoresha cyane ifumbire irimo azote na fosifore. Iyi fumbire ikoreshwa kenshi muguhinga imyaka yo kugaburira amatungo. Iyo imvura iguye, iyi miti yogejwe mumigezi amaherezo ikarangirira mu nyanja. Intungamubiri zirenze urugero zitera indabyo za algal, zigabanya urugero rwa ogisijeni mu mazi iyo zipfa zikangirika. Kugabanuka kwa ogisijeni biganisha ku gushiraho uduce twapfuye, aho ubuzima bwo mu nyanja budashobora kubaho. Byongeye kandi, imyanda y’inyamaswa ziva mu bikorwa byo kugaburira amatungo zirashobora kandi kugira uruhare mu kwanduza inzira z’amazi no gushinga ahantu hapfuye.
Nibihe bintu nyamukuru bihumanya byasohowe n’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa bigira uruhare mu kurema uduce twapfuye mu nyanja?
Ibyuka bihumanya byasohowe n’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa bigira uruhare mu kurema uduce twapfuye mu nyanja ni azote na fosifore. Izi ntungamubiri ziboneka mu myanda y’inyamaswa n’ifumbire ikoreshwa mu bworozi. Iyo ibyo bihumanya byinjiye mumazi, birashobora gutera imikurire ikabije ya algae, biganisha kumurabyo. Iyo algae ipfa ikangirika, urugero rwa ogisijeni mu mazi rugabanuka, bigatuma habaho hypoxic cyangwa anoxic yangiza ubuzima bwo mu nyanja. Uturere twapfuye dushobora kuviramo amafi menshi kwica no gutakaza urusobe rwibinyabuzima. Ni ngombwa gushyira mubikorwa ubuhinzi burambye no kugabanya intungamubiri zintungamubiri kugirango hagabanuke ingaruka z’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa ku turere twapfuye mu nyanja.
Haba hari uturere cyangwa uduce twibasiwe cyane nubusabane hagati yubuhinzi bwinyamaswa n’ahantu hapfuye inyanja?
Nibyo, uturere two ku nkombe zifite ubwinshi bw’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa, nka Amerika, Ubushinwa, ndetse n’ibice by’Uburayi, byibasiwe cyane n’isano iri hagati y’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa n’ahantu hapfiriye inyanja. Gukoresha cyane ifumbire n’ifumbire muri utwo turere biganisha ku gutunga intungamubiri mu mazi y’amazi hafi, bigatera uburabyo bwa algal ndetse no kugabanuka kwa ogisijeni mu mazi, bikavamo uduce twapfuye. Icyakora, ni ngombwa kumenya ko ingaruka z’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa ku turere twapfuye two mu nyanja zishobora kugaragara ku isi yose bitewe n’imikoranire y’imigezi yo mu nyanja hamwe n’intungamubiri.
Ni izihe ngaruka zishobora kubaho igihe kirekire ziterwa n’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa no gushinga uduce twapfuye mu nyanja?
Isano iri hagati yubuhinzi bwinyamanswa no gushiraho uturere twapfuye mu nyanja birashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye z'igihe kirekire. Uturere twapfuye ni uturere two mu nyanja aho ogisijeni iba mike cyane, biganisha ku rupfu rw'ubuzima bwo mu nyanja. Ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa bugira uruhare mu turere twapfuye binyuze mu kurekura intungamubiri zirenze urugero nka azote na fosifore, mu mazi. Izi ntungamubiri zirashobora kwinjira mu nzuzi hanyuma amaherezo zikagera mu nyanja, bigatuma imikurire y’indabyo zangiza. Izi ndabyo zigabanya ogisijeni uko zangirika, zikora uduce twapfuye. Uku gutakaza urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja no guhungabanya urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima birashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima bw'inyanja no kuramba kw'amafi, amaherezo bikagira ingaruka ku mibereho y'abantu no kwihaza mu biribwa.
Haba hari uburyo burambye bwo guhinga cyangwa ubundi buryo bwakoreshwa bushobora gufasha kugabanya ingaruka zubuhinzi bwinyamaswa mugushinga uturere twapfuye?
Nibyo, hariho uburyo bwinshi bwo guhinga burambye hamwe nibindi bisubizo bishobora gufasha kugabanya ingaruka zubuhinzi bwinyamaswa mugushinga uturere twapfuye. Bumwe muri ubwo buryo ni ugushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo gucunga intungamubiri, nko kugaburira neza no gucunga neza ifumbire, kugira ngo ugabanye intungamubiri zirenze urugero, cyane cyane azote na fosifore, byinjira mu mazi. Byongeye kandi, kwimukira mubikorwa byubuhinzi birambye kandi bivugurura nkubuhinzi-mwimerere, ubuhinzi bw’amashyamba, hamwe no kurisha kuzunguruka bishobora gufasha kuzamura ubuzima bwubutaka, kugabanya ibikenerwa n’ifumbire mvaruganda, no kugabanya umwanda w’amazi. Byongeye kandi, guteza imbere indyo y’ibimera no kugabanya inyama muri rusange birashobora no kugabanya ingaruka z’ibidukikije ku buhinzi bw’inyamaswa ku turere twapfuye mu nyanja.
