Buri mwaka, inyamaswa zirenga miliyoni 100 zikorerwa ibyago n’imibabaro bitewe no gupima inyamaswa, igikorwa gikomeje kwibaza ibibazo bikomeye by’imyitwarire n’imyitwarire. Nubwo hari intambwe ishimishije mu bushakashatsi bwa siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga, bwatanze ubundi buryo bwo kwipimisha burushijeho ubumuntu kandi bukora neza, gukoresha inyamaswa muri laboratoire bikomeje gukwirakwira ku isi hose. Ndetse no mu bihugu byateye imbere mu buhanga, nka Amerika, amasosiyete n'ibigo by'ubushakashatsi biracyashingira kuri iyi myitozo ishaje, itagira ubumuntu kugira ngo igerageze umutekano w'ibicuruzwa. Ibi bikubiyemo gukurikiza inyamaswa mubihe bikabije bishobora kubatera gutwikwa, uburozi, n’imvune zamugaye. Muri ubwo bushakashatsi, inyamaswa zikunze gufatwa nkibikoresho cyangwa ibintu gusa, byambuwe uburenganzira n'icyubahiro.
Gukomeza kwipimisha inyamaswa ntabwo ari ubugome gusa ahubwo biranavuguruzanya cyane, kuko bikubiyemo gutera ububabare budakenewe nububabare kubiremwa bifite imyumvire idashobora kunganira ubwabo. Usibye kwangirika kwinyamaswa zirimo, gupima inyamaswa bitera ingaruka zikomeye kubuzima bwabantu no kubidukikije. Kenshi na kenshi, ibisubizo by'ibizamini by'inyamaswa ntibishobora no gukoreshwa ku bantu kubera itandukaniro rinini ry'ibinyabuzima riri hagati y'ibinyabuzima, biganisha ku myanzuro iyobya n'ubutunzi. Byongeye kandi, imiti n’ibintu bikoreshwa muri ubwo bushakashatsi birashobora kandi kugira ingaruka mbi zirambye ku bidukikije, bikagira uruhare mu kwanduza no kwangiza ibidukikije.
Mugihe isi ikomeje gutera imbere mubipimo byimyitwarire nubushobozi bwa siyanse, harakenewe cyane kuva mubizamini byinyamaswa. Nibyingenzi kumenya ubugome busanzwe bwibikorwa kandi twemera ko hariho ubundi buryo bwizewe, butari inyamaswa zishobora gutanga ibisubizo nyabyo kandi byubumuntu. Urugamba rwo guhagarika ibizamini by’inyamaswa ntabwo ari ukurinda inyamaswa gusa, ahubwo ni no guteza imbere ubunyangamugayo bwa siyansi, ubuzima bw’abantu, ndetse no kubungabunga ibidukikije. Igihe kirageze cyo guhagarika ibizamini byinyamaswa rimwe na rimwe.
Incamake: Amahano yo Kwipimisha Inyamaswa
Buri mwaka, amamiriyoni y’inyamaswa akorerwa igeragezwa muri laboratoire muri Amerika. Igitangaje ni uko byagereranijwe ko hagati ya 85 na 95% y’izi nyamaswa zidahabwa uburenganzira bwo kurengerwa n’amategeko, bigatuma zishobora kwibasirwa n’imibabaro idashoboka. Izi nyamaswa, akenshi imbeba, imbeba, inyoni, n amafi, ni ibiremwa bigoye bigira ububabare nububabare muburyo busa nabantu, nyamara ntibambuwe uburenganzira bwibanze nuburenganzira bugomba guhabwa ikiremwa cyose kizima.
Ingano nyayo y’ibi bibazo iragoye kuyipima, kuko nkuko amategeko abiteganya muri Amerika, laboratoire ntisabwa gutangaza amakuru yuzuye ku moko akoreshwa mu bushakashatsi. Kubura gukorera mu mucyo bituma bigora gusuzuma neza igipimo cy’ibizamini by’inyamaswa, ariko biragaragara ko imbeba, imbeba, inyoni, n’amafi - ibiremwa bifite amarangamutima n’imibabaro - ari byo byibasiwe n’iki gikorwa. Kuba nta kurengera amategeko bisobanura ko inyinshi mu nyamaswa ziri muri laboratoire zikorerwa ibintu biteye ubwoba nta na hamwe bigenzurwa, bigatuma bahura nubugome nububabare bitari ngombwa.
Izi nyamaswa zikoreshwa mubice byinshi byubushakashatsi, buriwese ufite ibibazo byimyitwarire hamwe ningaruka zishobora kubaho. Ubushakashatsi ku binyabuzima, bukubiyemo gupima imiti, inkingo, hamwe n’ubuvuzi, ni umwe mu nzego nini zishingiye ku gupima inyamaswa. Ariko, ntabwo igarukira gusa mubuvuzi. Inyamaswa nazo zikoreshwa mugupima indege no mumodoka, aho zishobora gukorerwa ibintu bikabije, impanuka, cyangwa ubundi buryo bwangiza mwizina ryumutekano wabantu. Mu rwego rwa gisirikare, inyamaswa zikoreshwa kenshi mubigeragezo bishobora kuba birimo imiti, intwaro, cyangwa imyitwarire. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, mu buhinzi, inyamaswa zipimwa ku ngirabuzima fatizo, imiti yica udukoko, n’ubundi bushakashatsi bugira ingaruka ku mibereho yabo.
Ubushakashatsi bwimyitwarire nubwenge bikubiyemo guhishurira inyamaswa imihangayiko itandukanye cyangwa ibidukikije bidasanzwe kugirango bige uko bitwara nubushobozi bwubwenge. Ubu bwoko bwo kwipimisha burahangayikishije cyane, kuko burimo gukoresha inyamaswa muburyo bushobora kwangiza igihe kirekire. Byongeye kandi, inyamaswa zikoreshwa mugupima ibicuruzwa byabaguzi, aho zikorerwa ibintu bibi n’imiti kugirango hamenyekane umutekano wibicuruzwa bya buri munsi nka cosmetike, ibikoresho byoza, nubwiherero.
Muri utwo turere twose tw’ubushakashatsi, kuvura inyamaswa bitera kwibaza ibibazo bikomeye byimyitwarire. Nubwo bamwe bavuga ko gupima inyamaswa ari ngombwa kugirango iterambere ryubumenyi n'imibereho myiza yabantu, uburyo bukoreshwa akenshi butera imibabaro ikabije. Kurugero, inyamanswa zirashobora gufungirwa mu kato gato, zitandukanijwe n’imibanire myiza, cyangwa zigakorerwa inzira zibabaza nta anesteya. Kenshi na kenshi, inyamaswa ziricwa ubushakashatsi bumaze kurangira, akenshi nta kwita ku mibereho yabo cyangwa niba ubushakashatsi bwatanze ibisubizo bifatika.
Nubwo hari iterambere ridashidikanywaho mubundi buryo bwubushakashatsi, nko gupima vitro, kwigana mudasobwa, hamwe na biologiya yubukorikori, gupima inyamaswa bikomeje kuba imizi yashinze imizi mu nganda nyinshi. Ibimenyetso bigenda byiyongera bishyigikira imikorere idahwitse hamwe n’imyitwarire y’imyitwarire y’ibizamini by’inyamaswa byatumye benshi bibaza niba ari ngombwa koko, cyangwa niba dushobora gutera imbere tutiriwe dukomeretsa ibiremwa byinzirakarengane.
Amahano yo kwipimisha inyamaswa ntagarukira gusa kububabare bwumubiri izo nyamaswa zihanganira; bahura nububabare bwo mumutwe no mumarangamutima mubidukikije aho imyitwarire yabo isanzwe ihagarikwa, kandi imitekerereze yabo yo kubaho itubahirijwe. Igihe kirageze cyo gusubiramo byimazeyo imikoreshereze y’inyamaswa mu bushakashatsi no guhindukira tugana ku bundi buryo bwa kimuntu kandi bwemewe na siyansi butarimo imibabaro y’ibinyabuzima bifite imyumvire.
Icyo ushobora gukora
Buri wese muri twe afite imbaraga zo gutanga umusanzu mu kurwanya imibabaro y’inyamaswa no gukumira impfu zidakenewe dufata ingamba zifatika. Icyemezo cyose dufata, uhereye kubicuruzwa tugura kugeza mumashyirahamwe dushyigikiye, birashobora guhindura itandukaniro rikomeye muguhagarika ibikorwa byubugome bwo gupima inyamaswa. Hano hari intambwe zifatika ushobora gutera kugirango ufashe inyamaswa no guteza imbere impinduka:
1. Shigikira ibicuruzwa bitarimo ubugome
Bumwe mu buryo bwihuse bwo kugabanya ububabare bw’inyamaswa ni ukugura ibicuruzwa bitarangwamo ubugome. Ibigo byinshi biracyagerageza ibicuruzwa byabyo ku nyamaswa, ariko umubare wibicuruzwa byiyongera byiyemeje ibikorwa byubugome. Muguhitamo kugura gusa mubirango bitagerageza inyamaswa, urashobora kohereza ubutumwa busobanutse mubigo abakiriya bita kubuzima bwinyamaswa. Hano hari ibyemezo byinshi byubugome bidafite ibimenyetso na labels bishobora kuyobora ibyemezo byubuguzi, byoroshye guhitamo ibicuruzwa bihuye nagaciro kawe.
2. Gutanga mubikorwa byubugiraneza
Ubundi buryo bwo kugira icyo uhindura ni ugutanga gusa imiryango nterankunga nimiryango idashyigikiye cyangwa igerageza kwipimisha inyamaswa. Bamwe mubagiraneza mubuvuzi na siyanse baracyatera inkunga ubushakashatsi bwinyamaswa, nubwo hari ubundi buryo bufatika buhari. Iyo utanze umusanzu mumiryango iteza imbere uburyo bwubushakashatsi butari inyamaswa cyangwa guharanira uburenganzira bwinyamaswa, uba ufasha gutera inkunga ejo hazaza aho inyamaswa zitakibabazwa kubwinyungu zabantu.
3. Saba ubundi buryo bwo gutandukanya inyamaswa
Gutandukanya inyamaswa mu byumba by’ishuri bikomeje kuba umuco nubwo haboneka ubundi buryo bwiza kandi bwiza. Urashobora gufasha mukunganira no gusaba ubundi buryo butari inyamanswa mwishuri ryanyu cyangwa ikigo cyigisha. Porogaramu yo gutandukanya ibintu, moderi ya 3D, hamwe na software ikora birashobora gusimbuza icyifuzo cyo gutandukanya inyamaswa muburyo bwigisha abanyeshuri ibinyabuzima bitarinze kwangiza ibinyabuzima.
4. Kunganira ibizamini bya kimuntu, bitari inyamaswa
Bumwe mu buryo bukomeye bwo kugabanya ibizamini by’inyamaswa ni ugusunika gushyira mu bikorwa ako kanya uburyo bwo gupima abantu, butari inyamaswa. Inzego za leta n’amasosiyete akenshi bitera inkunga cyangwa bigakora ubushakashatsi ku nyamaswa, kandi ni ngombwa gusaba ko bashora imari muburyo bunoze bwo gupima inyamaswa. Mu kuzamura ijwi ryawe, haba mubisabwa, amabaruwa, cyangwa ubukangurambaga rusange, urashobora gusaba ko ibigo byakoresha uburyo bwo gupima ibizamini bya siyanse. Shishikariza abafata ibyemezo gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko ashyigikira ubundi buryo bwo gupima inyamaswa, no kubaza ibigo kuba byakomeje gukoresha ibikorwa bishaje, by'ubugome.
5. Shishikariza ibigo byigisha amasomo guhagarika inyamaswa
Kaminuza nyinshi nibigo byubushakashatsi bikomeje gukoresha inyamaswa mubyigisho byabo, kabone niyo haba hari ubundi buryo. Urashobora kugira uruhare runini muguhamagarira abarimu cyangwa ibigo byuburezi byaho guhagarika ubushakashatsi ku nyamaswa. Mugihe ugeze kubuyobozi bwa kaminuza, abarimu, nimiryango yabanyeshuri, urashobora gufasha gushiraho umuco wikigo uha agaciro ibikorwa byubushakashatsi bwimyitwarire n'imibereho yinyamaswa.
Ibikorwa by'ingenzi ushobora gufata
Hariho imbaraga nyinshi zihariye zishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye mukugabanya ibizamini byinyamaswa no guteza imbere ubundi buryo bwa kimuntu:
- Shyigikira Iperereza ry’abatangabuhamya n’ubuvugizi : Amashyirahamwe agaragaza ukuri gukomeye kwipimisha inyamaswa bifasha gukangurira no kubaka inkunga rusange y’impinduka. Urashobora gufasha mugushyigikira ubu bukangurambaga.
- Shyira mubikorwa bya leta : Kunganira politiki igabanya gupima inyamaswa no gushishikariza gukoresha uburyo butari inyamaswa. Kotsa abadepite gutora amategeko arengera inyamaswa no gutera inkunga ubushakashatsi bwabantu.
- Shishikariza ibigo kwemeza uburyo butari inyamaswa : Saba ibigo bikorerwamo ibya farumasi, imiti, n’ibicuruzwa by’abaguzi gusimbuza ibizamini by’inyamaswa n’ubundi buryo bwiza. Kwitabira ubukangurambaga bugamije ibigo bikoresha ibizamini byinyamaswa.
- Kurangiza ibyumba by’ishuri : Shishikarizwa gukoresha ubundi buryo bwimyitwarire, butari inyamanswa mumashuri, nko gutandukana kweri na moderi ya 3D, kugirango bisimbuze inyamaswa.
- Ikigega cya Humane Ubushakashatsi : Shigikira imiryango itera inkunga ubushakashatsi butari inyamaswa kugirango ifashe guteza imbere uburyo bwiza bwo gupima.
- Guteza imbere Ubushakashatsi butari inyamaswa : Kunganira gutangaza no gukoresha ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi bwerekana ibyiza byuburyo bwo gupima inyamaswa.
- Shishikariza imiryango nterankunga yubuzima kongera gutekereza ku gupima inyamaswa : Shyira imiryango nterankunga yubuzima gushora imari muburyo bwubushakashatsi butari inyamaswa aho gutera inkunga ubushakashatsi bwinyamaswa.
