Inyamaswa

Iki cyiciro gisuzuma uburyo inyamaswa-ibyiyumvo, ibiremwa bitekereza-bigira ingaruka kuri sisitemu twubaka n'imyizerere dushyigikira. Hirya no hino mu nganda n’umuco, inyamaswa ntizifatwa nkabantu ku giti cyabo, ahubwo zifatwa nkibice by’umusaruro, imyidagaduro, cyangwa ubushakashatsi. Ubuzima bwabo bwamarangamutima bwirengagijwe, amajwi yabo araceceka. Binyuze muri iki gice, dutangiye gusobanura ibyo bitekerezo no kuvumbura inyamaswa nkubuzima bwumutima: bushobora gukunda, kubabara, amatsiko, no guhuza. Nugusubiramo abo twize kutabona.
Ibyiciro biri muri iki gice bitanga ibyiciro byinshi byerekana uburyo ibibi bisanzwe kandi bishyirwa mubikorwa. Inyamanswa zinyamaswa ziraduhatira kumenya ubuzima bwimbere bwinyamaswa na siyanse ibishyigikira. Imibereho myiza y’inyamaswa n’uburenganzira bibaza amahame mbwirizamuco kandi bikerekana inzira zo kuvugurura no kwibohora. Ubuhinzi bwuruganda bugaragaza bumwe muburyo bukabije bwo gukoresha inyamaswa-aho gukora neza birenze impuhwe. Mu bibazo, dukurikirana uburyo bwinshi bwubugome bwashyizwe mubikorwa byabantu - kuva ku kato no ku munyururu kugeza ku bizamini bya laboratoire no mu ibagiro - byerekana uburyo ako karengane gakabije.
Nyamara intego y'iki gice ntabwo ari ugushyira ahagaragara ubugome gusa, ahubwo ni ugukingura inzira igana impuhwe, inshingano, n'impinduka. Iyo twemeye kumva inyamaswa hamwe na sisitemu zibangiza, natwe tubona imbaraga zo guhitamo ukundi. Ni ubutumire bwo guhindura ibitekerezo byacu - kuva kuganza kugera kububaha, kuva mubi kugana mubwumvikane.

Inganda zo kwisiga zimaze igihe zishingiye ku gupima inyamaswa mu rwego rwo kurinda umutekano w’ibicuruzwa. Nyamara, iyi myitozo yaje gukurikiranwa cyane, itera impungenge imyitwarire nibibazo bikenewe muri iki gihe. Ubuvugizi bugenda bwiyongera kubwiza butagira ubugome bugaragaza impinduka zabaturage mubikorwa byinshi byubumuntu kandi birambye. Iyi ngingo iracengera mumateka yo gupima inyamaswa, imiterere yubu yumutekano wo kwisiga, no kuzamuka kwubundi buryo butarangwamo ubugome. Ibitekerezo byamateka kubijyanye no gupima inyamaswa Kwipimisha amatungo mu kwisiga birashobora guhera mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20 igihe umutekano w’ibicuruzwa byita ku muntu wabaye ikibazo cy’ubuzima rusange. Muri kiriya gihe, kutagira protocole y’umutekano isanzwe byateje ibibazo byinshi by’ubuzima, bituma inzego n’ubuyobozi n’amasosiyete bifata ibizamini by’inyamaswa mu rwego rwo kwirinda. Ibizamini, nk'ikizamini cy'amaso ya Draize hamwe n'ibizamini byo kurwara uruhu, byakozwe kugira ngo hamenyekane uburakari n'uburozi by…

Buri mwaka, inyamaswa zirenga miliyoni 100 zihanganira imibabaro idashoboka muri laboratoire ku isi, bigatuma impaka zigenda ziyongera ku bijyanye n’imyitwarire n’ibikenewe kwipimisha inyamaswa. Kuva muburozi bwa chimique bwangiza kugeza uburyo butera, ibyo biremwa bifite imyumvire bikorerwa mubuzima bwa kimuntu bitwaje iterambere ryubumenyi. Nyamara, hamwe niterambere mu bundi buryo butarangwamo ubugome nko mu gupima vitro no kwigana mudasobwa bitanga ibisubizo nyabyo kandi by’ubumuntu, gukomeza kwishingikiriza ku bushakashatsi bw’inyamaswa zishaje bitera kwibaza ibibazo byihutirwa bijyanye n’imyitwarire, agaciro ka siyansi, n’ingaruka ku bidukikije. Iyi ngingo irasesengura ukuri gukomeye kwipimisha inyamaswa mugihe hagaragajwe intambwe zifatika dushobora gutera kugirango duhangane nubushakashatsi bwimyitwarire irinda inyamaswa nubuzima bwabantu

Amazi yo mu nyanja ni ibiryo by'ibiryo byo ku isi, ariko urugendo rwayo ku masahani yacu akenshi ruza ku giciro cyihishe. Inyuma yo gukwega imizingo ya sushi hamwe n’amafi yuzuye amafi hari inganda zuzuyemo ibicuruzwa, aho usanga kuroba cyane, ibikorwa byangiza, hamwe no gufata nabi inyamaswa zo mu mazi. Kuva mu bworozi bw'amafi bwuzuye abantu benshi kugeza ku ifatwa ridasobanutse mu rushundura runini rwo kuroba, ibiremwa bitabarika byihanganira imibabaro myinshi itagaragara. Mu gihe ibiganiro by’imibereho y’inyamanswa byibanda ku moko ashingiye ku butaka, ubuzima bwo mu nyanja buracyirengagizwa nubwo bwifashe nabi cyane. Mugihe ubukangurambaga bugenda bwiyongera kuri ubwo bugizi bwa nabi bwirengagijwe, hagenda hahamagarwa uburenganzira bw’inyamaswa zo mu mazi no guhitamo inyanja zo mu nyanja - bitanga ibyiringiro ku bidukikije byo mu nyanja ndetse n’ubuzima babamo.

Ibagiro ni ahantu inyamaswa zitunganyirizwa inyama nibindi bicuruzwa bikomoka ku nyamaswa. Mugihe abantu benshi batazi inzira zirambuye na tekiniki zibera muribi bigo, hariho ibintu bikaze byihishe inyuma yibintu bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku nyamaswa zirimo. Kurenga ku mubare w'umubiri, bigaragara, inyamaswa ziri mu ibagiro nazo zigira akababaro gakomeye k'amarangamutima ndetse na psychologiya, akenshi usanga yirengagizwa. Iyi ngingo iragaragaza amarangamutima n’imyumvire ku nyamaswa ziri mu ibagiro, isuzuma uburyo imyitwarire yabo n’imitekerereze bigira ingaruka n’ingaruka nini ku mibereho y’inyamaswa. Imiterere Imbere mu Bagiro n’ingaruka zabyo ku mibereho y’inyamaswa Ibihe biri mu ibagiro bikunze kuba bibi kandi bitagira ubumuntu, bigatuma inyamaswa zikurikirana ibintu bibi cyane bitangira kera mbere y’urupfu rwabo. Ibi bikoresho, byateguwe cyane cyane kubikorwa no kunguka, ni akajagari, birenze, kandi bitesha umuntu agaciro, bigatera ibidukikije biteye ubwoba inyamaswa. Kwisobanura kumubiri no kugenda kugarukira…

Kuva kera cyane, umugani uvuga ko amafi adashobora kumva ububabare byagaragaje ubugome bukabije mu kuroba no mu bworozi bw'amafi. Nyamara, ibimenyetso byinshi bya siyansi byerekana ukuri gutandukanye cyane: amafi afite imiterere yimitsi ndetse nigisubizo cyimyitwarire ikenewe muguhura nububabare, ubwoba, numubabaro. Kuva mu bucuruzi bw’uburobyi butera imibabaro igihe kirekire kugeza kuri gahunda y’ubuhinzi bw’amafi yuzuyemo ibibazo n’indwara, amamiliyaridi y’amafi yihanganira ingaruka zitavugwa buri mwaka. Iyi ngingo yibanda ku bumenyi bwihishe inyuma y’amafi, iragaragaza amakosa y’imyitwarire y’inganda, kandi idusaba kongera gutekereza ku mibanire yacu n’ubuzima bwo mu mazi - irasaba guhitamo impuhwe zishyira imbere imibereho y’inyamaswa kuruta kuyikoresha.

Ingurube zimaze igihe kinini zifitanye isano nubuzima bwubuhinzi, akenshi zandikwa nkinyamaswa zanduye, zidafite ubwenge. Nyamara, ubushakashatsi bwa vuba burwanya iyi myumvire, byerekana ko ingurube zishobora kuba nziza kuruta uko twabitekerezaga. Mubyukuri, ingurube zerekana ubushobozi bwubwenge buhanganye nubwa primates zimwe. Iyi ngingo yinjiye mu isi yo kumenya ingurube, ikora ubushakashatsi bwerekana ibimenyetso byerekana ingurube nkibiremwa bifite ubwenge buhanitse bushobora imyitwarire igoye no gukemura ibibazo. Ingurube zifite ubwenge? Nukuri rwose, ingurube ninyamaswa zifite ubwenge! Imyaka myinshi yubushakashatsi no kwitegereza byatanze ibimenyetso bifatika byubushobozi bwabo bwo kumenya. Ingurube ntizigoye mumarangamutima gusa ahubwo zirashobora no kubona amarangamutima atandukanye asa nabantu, harimo umunezero, umunezero, ubwoba, no guhangayika. Ubushobozi bwabo bwo kwibuka burashimishije, kandi barashobora kugumana amakuru yingenzi mugihe kinini. Ubu bushobozi bwo kwibuka bugira uruhare runini mugukemura ibibazo no guhuza n'imiterere. Mu mibereho, ingurube zerekana iterambere…

Inganda zo gusiganwa ku mafarasi nububabare bwinyamaswa kubwimyidagaduro yabantu. Irushanwa ry'amafarashi rikunda gukundwa nka siporo ishimishije no kwerekana ubufatanye bw'abantu n'inyamaswa. Nyamara, munsi yicyubahiro cyacyo hari ukuri kwubugome no gukoreshwa. Ifarashi, ibiremwa bifite ubushobozi bushobora kugira ububabare n'amarangamutima, bikorerwa imyitozo ishyira imbere inyungu kuruta imibereho yabo. Dore zimwe mu mpamvu zingenzi zituma gusiganwa ku mafarasi ari ubugome busanzwe: Ingaruka zica mu gusiganwa ku mafarashi zerekana amafarashi ibyago byinshi byo gukomeretsa, akenshi biganisha ku ngaruka zikomeye kandi rimwe na rimwe zikaba ari ibyago, harimo ihahamuka nko kuvunika amajosi, amaguru yavunitse, cyangwa izindi nkomere zangiza ubuzima. Iyo izo nkomere zibaye, euthanasiya yihutirwa akenshi niyo nzira yonyine, kuko imiterere ya anatomy ituma gukira ibikomere nkibi bitoroshye, niba bidashoboka. Ibibazo bitondekanye cyane ku mafarashi mu nganda zo gusiganwa, aho imibereho yabo ikunze gufata umwanya wo kunguka kandi…

Ubuhinzi bwuruganda bwiganjemo umusaruro wibiribwa ku isi, nyamara birengagiza gahunda yinyamaswa - ibiremwa bifite ubushobozi bwamarangamutima, ububabare, nubusabane. Ingurube zikemura ibibazo, inka zibabajwe n’inyana zazo, hamwe ninkoko zigaragaza ubushishozi zigabanywa ku bicuruzwa mu nganda zirangwa n’ubucucike bwinshi, gutemagurwa nta anesteya, hamwe n’ibikorwa bibabaza. Uku kugenzura imyitwarire ikomeza imibabaro myinshi mugihe havutse ibibazo byimbitse byerekeranye nuburyo abantu bafata ubuzima bwimyumvire. Mu kumenya ibyiyumvo byinyamanswa no kwakira ubundi buryo nkibiryo bishingiye ku bimera cyangwa inyama zahinzwe, dushobora guhangana nuburyo bukoreshwa kandi tugateza imbere uburyo bwa kimuntu bwo gutanga umusaruro.

Ubworozi bw'uruganda, sisitemu yagenewe gukora neza, yahinduye ubworozi bw'ingurube inzira ikunze kutita ku mibereho y’inyamaswa. Inyuma yinzugi zifunze zibi bikorwa haribintu byukuri byubugome nububabare. Ingurube, inyamaswa zifite ubwenge cyane n’imibereho, zikorerwa ibikorwa byubumuntu bishyira imbere inyungu kuruta imibereho yabo. Hano, turagaragaza bimwe mubintu bitangaje kandi bivura ingurube zororerwa kwihanganira imirima yinganda. Ubusobanuro bugufi: Ubuzima bwo kudahangarwa nububabare Kimwe mubintu bibangamiye ubworozi bwingurube ni ugufunga imbuto, cyangwa ingurube zororoka, mubisanduku byo gutwita - ibyuma bifunze byerekana ububi bwubuhinzi bwuruganda. Utwo dusanduku nini cyane kuruta ingurube ubwazo, akenshi zipima metero 2 z'ubugari na metero 7 z'uburebure, ku buryo bidashoboka ko inyamaswa zidahindukira, kurambura, cyangwa kuryama neza. Imbuto zimara hafi ubuzima bwabo bwose…

Mu gicucu cy’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda, ikibazo cyihishe kibera munsi y’amazi - amafi, ibiremwa bifite ubwenge kandi bifite ubwenge, bihanganira imibabaro idashoboka mucecetse. Mu gihe ibiganiro byerekeranye n'imibereho y’inyamaswa bikunze kwibanda ku nyamaswa zo ku butaka, gukoresha amafi binyuze mu burobyi bw’inganda n’ubuhinzi bw’amafi bikomeje kwirengagizwa. Bafatiwe mu bihe byuzuye kandi bahura n’imiti yangiza no kwangiza ibidukikije, ibyo biremwa bihura nubugome budashira butamenyekana nabaguzi benshi. Iyi ngingo iragaragaza impungenge zishingiye ku myitwarire, ingaruka z’ibidukikije, no guhamagarira byihutirwa ko amafi akwiye kurindwa n’impuhwe muri gahunda zacu zibyo kurya. Impinduka itangirana no kumenya - reka tuzane ibibazo byabo mubitekerezo