Ibura ry'inzuki ryabaye impungenge ku isi mu myaka yashize, kubera ko uruhare rwabo nk'ibyangiza ari ingenzi ku buzima no guhungabanya ibidukikije. Hafi ya kimwe cya gatatu cyibiribwa byacu bitaziguye cyangwa butaziguye biterwa n’umwanda, igabanuka ry’abaturage b’inzuki ryazamuye inzogera zivuga ku buryo burambye gahunda y’ibiribwa byacu. Mu gihe hari ibintu bitandukanye bigira uruhare mu kugabanuka kwinzuki, ibikorwa byo guhinga inganda byagaragaye ko ari nyirabayazana. Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko hamwe nubuhanga bwo guhinga monoculture ntabwo byangije gusa abaturage b’inzuki, ahubwo byanabangamiye aho batuye ndetse n’isoko ry’ibiribwa. Ibi byavuyemo ingaruka za domino, ntabwo bigira ingaruka ku nzuki gusa ahubwo no ku yandi moko ndetse no kuringaniza ibidukikije. Mugihe dukomeje kwishingikiriza ku buhinzi bw’inganda kugirango duhuze ibiribwa bikenerwa, ni ngombwa gusuzuma ingaruka z’ibi bikorwa ku byangiza ndetse n’ingaruka zishobora guturuka ku isi idafite inzuki. Muri iki kiganiro, tuzacengera cyane kuri iki kibazo tunasuzume ingaruka z’ubuhinzi bw’inganda ku nzuki, ingaruka zishobora kugira ku isi yacu, hamwe n’intambwe dushobora gutera kugira ngo tworoshe ibyangiritse kandi tumenye ejo hazaza harambye abaduhumanya.
Guhinga uruganda: kubangamira inzuki.
Uburyo bwo guhinga mu nganda, cyane cyane bujyanye n’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda n’ubuhinzi bumwe, bubangamira cyane inzuki ku isi. Gukoresha cyane imiti yica udukoko n’ibyatsi muri ibyo bikorwa binini by’ubuhinzi byagaragaye ko bigira ingaruka mbi ku nzuki n’izindi myanda yangiza, bigatuma umubare w’abaturage ugabanuka. Inzuki ni ingenzi cyane mu kwihaza mu biribwa ku isi kuko zigira uruhare runini mu kwanduza ibihingwa bitandukanye, birimo imbuto, imboga, n'imbuto. Gutakaza inzuki nizindi myanda bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kuri sisitemu yubuhinzi kandi amaherezo, ubushobozi bwacu bwo kugaburira byimazeyo abaturage biyongera. Umuti umwe wo kugabanya iri terabwoba ni uguhindura uburyo bwo guhinga burambye kandi bw’imyitwarire, nk’ubuhinzi-mwimerere n’ubuhinzi-mwimerere, bushyira imbere kurinda umwanda ndetse n’aho batuye. Byongeye kandi, kwakira indyo y’ibimera cyangwa ibikomoka ku bimera bishobora no kugira uruhare mu kugabanya ibikenerwa mu buhinzi bw’inganda byangiza inzuki n’indi myanda. Mugushyigikira ibikorwa byubuhinzi birambye kandi byorohereza inzuki no guhitamo neza ibyo kurya byacu, turashobora gukorera hamwe kugirango tubungabunge uruhare rutagereranywa rwinzuki muri urusobe rwibinyabuzima no guharanira ejo hazaza hamwe n’abaturage bangiza imyanda.
Monoculture: kugabanuka kwangiza.
Monoculture, umuco wo guhinga igihingwa kimwe ahantu hanini, byagaragaye nkikindi kintu kigira uruhare mu kugabanuka kwabaturage. Muri gahunda y’ubuhinzi bumwe, ubutaka bunini bwagenewe guhinga ubwoko bumwe gusa bwibihingwa, ibyo bikaba bigabanya uburyo butandukanye bw’ibiribwa byangiza. Inzuki hamwe n’indi myanda yishingikiriza ku bimera bitandukanye by’indabyo kugirango ibone ubunyobwa n’amababi umwaka wose kugirango bibeho. Nyamara, monoculture ibabuza iyi soko y'ingenzi y'imirire, biganisha ku kubura imirire ndetse na sisitemu z'umubiri zigabanuka. Byongeye kandi, ikoreshwa ryinshi ry’imiti yica udukoko n’ibyatsi mu buhinzi bw’ubuhinzi bw’imyororokere byongera ikibazo mu kurushaho kugabanya aho abantu batuye ndetse n’ibiryo by’ibihingwa byangiza. Kugira ngo umwanda ugabanuka, ni ngombwa guteza imbere ubuhinzi butandukanye kandi burambye, nko guhinduranya ibihingwa, guhinga, no gusana ahantu nyaburanga. Mugushiraho ibidukikije bitandukanye kandi byangiza ibidukikije, turashobora gufasha gushyigikira ubuzima nubwinshi bwibi biremwa byingenzi, tukarinda kwanduza ibihingwa byibiribwa byacu ndetse no kwihaza mu biribwa ku isi mu bihe bizaza.
Umwanda: ingenzi mu kwihaza mu biribwa.
Uruhare rw’imyanda ihumanya umutekano w’ibiribwa ku isi ntirushobora kuvugwa. Umwanda, nk'inzuki, ikinyugunyugu, n'inyoni zo mu kirere, bigira uruhare runini mu kwanduza ibihingwa, bigatuma umusaruro w'imbuto, imboga, imbuto, n'imbuto zigize igice kinini cy'imirire yacu. Hatabayeho kwanduza, ibyokurya byinshi twishingikirizaho kubitunga nimirire byaba ari bike cyane cyangwa bikabura burundu. Kuganira ku buryo imikorere ijyanye n’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda n’ubuhinzi-mworozi bigira uruhare mu kugabanuka kwabaturage b’ibyangiza, bifite akamaro kanini mu kwihaza mu biribwa ku isi, ndetse n’uburyo ibikomoka ku bimera bishobora gufasha ni ngombwa mu gukangurira no gushakira igisubizo kirambye iki kibazo cy’ingutu.
Uburyo ubuhinzi bwinganda bugira ingaruka ku nzuki.
Uburyo bwo guhinga mu nganda, burangwa n’umusaruro munini no gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda n’imiti yica udukoko, bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku baturage b’inzuki. Umwe mu bagize uruhare runini mu kugabanuka kwinzuki ni ugukoresha cyane imiti yica udukoko, cyane cyane neonicotinoide, ikoreshwa cyane mu buhinzi bw’inganda. Iyi miti ni ubumara bwinzuki kandi irashobora kubangamira uburyo bwo kugenda no kurisha, bigatuma ubuzima bwabakoloni bugabanuka. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwa monoculture bukunze gukoreshwa mubuhinzi bwinganda, aho usanga ahantu hanini haterwa igihingwa kimwe, bigabanya kuboneka kwibiryo bitandukanye byinzuki. Uku kubura ubwoko bwindabyo bigabanya imirire yabo kandi bigabanya intege nke z'umubiri wabo, bigatuma barwara indwara na parasite. Ingaruka mbi z’ubuhinzi bw’inganda ku nzuki zigaragaza ko hakenewe byihutirwa ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi birambye, nk’ubuhinzi-mwimerere ndetse n’ibihingwa bitandukanye, ndetse no guteza imbere ibikomoka ku bimera kugira ngo hagabanuke icyifuzo cy’ubuhinzi bw’amatungo, kikaba ari n’ingenzi mu buhinzi bw’inganda.
Ibikomoka ku bimera: igisubizo ku bahumanya.
Kuganira ku buryo imikorere ijyanye n’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda n’ubuhinzi bumwe bigira uruhare mu kugabanuka kwabaturage b’ibyangiza, bifite akamaro kanini mu kwihaza mu biribwa ku isi, n’uburyo ibikomoka ku bimera bishobora gufasha. Mu myaka yashize, hagaragaye abantu benshi kumenya uruhare rukomeye umwanda, harimo n'inzuki, ugira uruhare mu kubungabunga urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima no gushyigikira umusaruro w'ubuhinzi. Ingaruka mbi z’ubuhinzi bw’inganda ku byangiza ntizihakana, kandi ni ngombwa gushakisha ibisubizo bishobora kugabanya izo ngaruka. Kimwe muri ibyo bisubizo ni ibikomoka ku bimera. Mugukurikiza ubuzima bwibikomoka ku bimera, abantu barashobora kugira uruhare runini mukugabanya ibicuruzwa bikomoka ku nyamaswa zitera ubuhinzi n’inganda. Muguhitamo ubundi buryo bushingiye ku bimera, ibikomoka ku bimera bishyigikira uburyo butandukanye bwo guhinga butandukanye kandi burambye buteza imbere ubwiyongere bw’imiterere karemano kandi butanga ibiribwa bihagije byangiza. Byongeye kandi, ibikomoka ku bimera bishishikarizwa guhindura uburyo bwo guhinga kama, bikuraho ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko twangiza n’ifumbire mvaruganda, bigatera ahantu heza h’inzuki n’ibindi byangiza. Mugukurikiza ibikomoka ku bimera, dushobora guha inzira ejo hazaza aho umwanda utera imbere, umutekano w’ibiribwa ku isi ndetse no kubungabunga ibidukikije.
Guhitamo ibimera bishingiye: gufasha umwanda.
Guhitamo ibiryo bishingiye ku bimera birashobora kugira uruhare runini mu gufasha kwanduza gutera imbere. Mugukurikiza ubuzima bushingiye ku bimera, abantu barashobora kugira uruhare rutaziguye mu kubungabunga abaturage banduza ibidukikije ndetse n’ibinyabuzima bashyigikira. Indyo ishingiye ku bimera yibanda ku kurya imbuto, imboga, ibinyamisogwe, n'ibinyampeke, ibyo bikaba ari ibihingwa biterwa n'umwanda. Muguhindura ibicuruzwa bikomoka ku nyamaswa no kwishingikiriza cyane ku biribwa bishingiye ku bimera, tugabanya icyifuzo cy’ubuhinzi bw’ubuhinzi bwonyine bushingira cyane ku miti yica udukoko twangiza n’ibyatsi, byangiza umwanda. Byongeye kandi, indyo ishingiye ku bimera iteza imbere guhinga amoko atandukanye y’ibimera, bigatuma habaho ibidukikije byorohereza abangiza ibyatsi kandi bakuzuza uruhare rwabo mu kwanduza. Guhitamo kujya mu bimera ntabwo bigirira akamaro ubuzima bwacu gusa ahubwo binagira uruhare runini mukurinda serivisi zingenzi zitangwa n’imyanda ndetse no kwihaza mu biribwa ku isi.
Ingaruka z'imiti yica udukoko ku nzuki.
Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko bikabije byagize ingaruka mbi ku baturage b'inzuki, bibangamira cyane umutekano w’ibiribwa ku isi. Imiti yica udukoko, cyane cyane neonicotinoide, ikoreshwa mu buhinzi bw’inganda kandi ifitanye isano no kugabanuka kwabaturage. Iyi miti yica ubumara irashobora kwanduza amabyi ninzuki inzuki zishingira kubitunga, amaherezo bikabangamira ubuzima bwabo nubushobozi bwo kugira uruhare runini muguhumanya. Byongeye kandi, imiti yica udukoko ntabwo yangiza inzuki gusa ahubwo inabangamira ubushobozi bwabo bwo kugenda no kurisha, bikabagora cyane kubona aho bakura ibiryo hanyuma bagasubira muri koloni zabo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, abakoloni barashobora gucika intege, bigatuma umubare wabaturage ugabanuka ndetse nuburinganire bwibidukikije muri rusange. Kumenya ingaruka zica udukoko twangiza inzuki ningirakamaro mugukemura ikibazo cy’igabanuka ry’abaturage banduza no gushyira mu bikorwa ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi birambye bishyira imbere ubuzima bw’ibi binyabuzima.
Ibihingwa bitandukanye: imbaraga zinzuki.
Ubwinshi bw’ibihingwa bugira uruhare runini mu gushyigikira no gukomeza abaturage b’inzuki, bigira uruhare mu buzima bwabo muri rusange. Bitandukanye n’imikorere y’ubuhinzi ijyanye n’ubuhinzi bw’inganda, bushyira imbere guhinga igihingwa kimwe, ubwinshi bw’ibihingwa burimo gutera ibihingwa bitandukanye mu karere kamwe. Iyi miterere itandukanye itanga inzuki hamwe n’ibintu byinshi by’indabyo, bigatuma ibiribwa bikomeza kandi bitandukanye mu mwaka. Mugutanga ibimera bitandukanye byindabyo, ubwinshi bwibihingwa bushishikariza imyanda gutera imbere, kuko ishobora kubona ubwinshi bwamasoko nimbuto. Ibi ntibifasha gusa gushimangira ubukoroni bwinzuki ahubwo binateza imbere ubushobozi bwabo bwo kwanduza neza, bigirira akamaro ibimera byo mwishyamba nibihingwa. Kwakira ibihingwa bitandukanye nkibikorwa by’ubuhinzi birambye ni ngombwa mu kurinda abaturage bahumanya no kwihaza mu biribwa ku isi. Byongeye kandi, urebye ingaruka nziza itandukaniro ry’ibihingwa rigira ku nzuki, ryerekana uruhare rw’ibikomoka ku bimera bishobora kugira uruhare mu gutera umwanda, kuko indyo ishingiye ku bimera akenshi ishimangira ibihingwa bitandukanye, biganisha kuri gahunda y’ibiribwa irambye kandi yorohereza inzuki.
Uruhare rw'inzuki mu buhinzi.
Kuganira ku buryo imikorere ijyanye n’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda n’ubuhinzi bumwe bigira uruhare mu kugabanuka kwabaturage b’ibyangiza, bifite akamaro kanini mu kwihaza mu biribwa ku isi, n’uburyo ibikomoka ku bimera bishobora gufasha. Inzuki zigira uruhare runini mu buhinzi nk’ibyangiza, byorohereza imyororokere y’ibihingwa by’indabyo mu kwimura amabyi mu ngingo z’imyororokere y’umugabo ku bagore. Nyamara, ibikorwa nkubuhinzi bwuruganda nubworozi bwonyine byagize ingaruka mbi kubaturage bahumanya. Guhinga mu ruganda bikubiyemo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko n’ibyatsi, bishobora kuba uburozi ku nzuki n’indi myanda yangiza, bigatuma bigabanuka. Byongeye kandi, monoculture, guhinga cyane igihingwa kimwe, bigabanya kuboneka kw'ibiribwa bitandukanye byinzuki. Uku kubura amashurwe bihungabanya uburyo bwabo bwo kurisha kandi bigabanya ubuzima bwabo muri rusange. Nyamara, ibikomoka ku bimera bitanga igisubizo cyo kugabanya ingaruka mbi z’ubuhinzi bw’inganda ku byangiza. Mugukoresha indyo ishingiye ku bimera, ibyifuzo byibikomoka ku matungo bigabanuka, bikagabanya ibikenerwa n’ubuhinzi bunini mu nganda . Ihinduka ry’ibikomoka ku bimera riteza imbere ubuhinzi burambye, butuma ubuhinzi butandukanye kandi bworohereza inzuki bufasha kandi bukabungabunga abaturage banduza, amaherezo bikarinda umutekano w’ibiribwa ku isi.
Imyitozo yinzuki zo kwihaza mu biribwa.
Imikorere yinzuki ningirakamaro muguharanira kwihaza mu biribwa ku isi idafite inzuki. Mugutezimbere ikoreshwa ryubuhinzi-mwimerere no gutandukanya guhinduranya ibihingwa, abahinzi barashobora gutura ahantu hashyigikira abaturage bafite umwanda. Ibi birimo gutera ibimera bitandukanye byindabyo bitanga ubunyobwa nudusabo twumwaka wose, ndetse no gushiraho aho inzuki ziba. Byongeye kandi, kugabanya cyangwa gukuraho ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko twica udukoko hamwe n’ibyatsi birashobora kurinda inzuki imiti yangiza mu gihe ikomeza umusaruro w’ibihingwa. Gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo bikorwa ntibirinda gusa inzuki kubaho ahubwo binongera imbaraga muri gahunda z’ubuhinzi, bituma ibiribwa birambye kandi byinshi ku gisekuru kizaza.
Mu gusoza, igabanuka ry’abaturage b’inzuki bitewe n’ubuhinzi bw’inganda ni ikibazo gikomeye kidashobora kwirengagizwa. Ntabwo ari ugutakaza ubuki gusa, ahubwo ni no gusenyuka kw ibidukikije byacu byose. Ni ngombwa ko twe nka societe dufata ingamba zo kurinda no gushyigikira abaduhumanya bitarenze. Ibi birashobora kubamo gushyira mubikorwa uburyo burambye kandi bworohereza inzuki, kugabanya ikoreshwa ryica udukoko, no gutera inkunga abavumvu baho. Mugukorera hamwe, turashobora gufasha kurema isi aho inzuki nizindi zangiza zishobora gutera imbere kandi zigakomeza kugira uruhare runini mubidukikije.
Ibibazo
Nigute ibikorwa byubuhinzi bwinganda bigira ingaruka kubaturage nubuzima bwinzuki nizindi zangiza?
Uburyo bwo guhinga mu nganda bugira ingaruka mbi ku baturage no ku buzima bw’inzuki n’abandi bahumanya. Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko, cyane cyane neonicotinoide, bifitanye isano no kugabanuka kwabaturage b’inzuki no guhungabanya ubushobozi bw’imyororokere no kugenda. Ubworozi bwa monoculture, aho usanga ahantu hanini hagamijwe guhinga igihingwa kimwe, bituma habaho kubura ibiribwa bitandukanye byangiza. Byongeye kandi, gutakaza ahantu nyaburanga bitewe no guhindura ubutaka mu buhinzi bikomeza kugabanya ubwatsi buboneka n’ahantu ho gutera inzuki. Muri rusange, ubuhinzi bw’inganda bubangamira cyane imibereho ninzuki ninzoka zangiza.
Ni izihe ngaruka zishobora guterwa n'isi idafite inzuki ku musaruro w'ibiribwa ku isi no ku binyabuzima?
Isi idafite inzuki yagira ingaruka zikomeye ku musaruro w’ibiribwa ku isi no ku binyabuzima. Inzuki zigira uruhare runini nk'ibyangiza, bituma hashobora kubaho ibihingwa byinshi, harimo n'imbuto, imboga, n'imbuto. Hatari inzuki, umusaruro wibiribwa wagabanuka cyane, bigatuma ibiciro byibiribwa byiyongera, ibura, nimirire mibi. Byongeye kandi, gutakaza inzuki byahungabanya urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, kubera ko ibimera n’inyamaswa byinshi bishingikirizaho kugira ngo bibeho. Ibi byavamo kugabanuka kwubwoko butandukanye bwibimera, bikagira ingaruka kubuzima rusange no guhangana n’ibinyabuzima. Byongeye kandi, igabanuka ry’imyanda ishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku yandi moko ndetse n’ibinyabuzima, bikarushaho kwiyongera ku gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima.
Hariho ubundi buryo bwo guhinga bushobora kugabanya ingaruka mbi zangiza kandi bikomeza gutanga umusaruro mwinshi?
Nibyo, hari ubundi buryo bwo guhinga bushobora kugabanya ingaruka mbi zangiza kandi bikomeza umusaruro mwinshi. Bumwe mu buryo bukubiyemo gukoresha uburyo bwo kurwanya udukoko twangiza kugira ngo hagabanuke imiti yica udukoko, guteza imbere urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ku mirima binyuze mu gutera indabyo n’uruzitiro kugira ngo bitange ibiryo n’imiturire y’ibyangiza, no gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bunoze bw’ubuhinzi hagamijwe gukoresha neza umutungo. Byongeye kandi, gukoresha uburyo bwo guhinga kama butandukanya imiti yica udukoko twangiza kandi tugashyira imbere ubuzima bwubutaka nabyo bishobora kugirira akamaro umwanda. Ubu buryo bwerekana ko bishoboka guhuza umusaruro w’ibihingwa no kubungabunga ibyangiza n’uruhare rwabo mu kubungabunga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima.
Nigute abantu n’abaturage bashobora kugira uruhare mu kurinda no kubungabunga inzuki n’abandi bahumanya imbere y’ubuhinzi bw’inganda?
Umuntu ku giti cye hamwe n’abaturage barashobora kugira uruhare mu kurinda no kubungabunga inzuki n’abandi bahumanya imbere y’ubuhinzi bw’inganda bafata ingamba nyinshi. Muri byo harimo gutera ubusitani bwangiza imyanda ifite indabyo zitandukanye, kwirinda ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko n’imiti, gutanga aho gutura nko mu nzu y’inzuki cyangwa ibirundo by’ibiti, no gushyigikira abavumvu n’imiryango ikorera mu kubungabunga ibidukikije. Byongeye kandi, abantu barashobora gukangurira kumenya akamaro k’umwanda kandi bagaharanira ubuhinzi burambye bushyira imbere ubuzima n’imibereho myiza yibi biremwa byingenzi. Ubwanyuma, imbaraga rusange kurwego rwumuntu numuryango zirashobora kugira impinduka zikomeye mukurinda no kubungabunga inzuki nizindi myanda.
Ni izihe mpinduka za politiki cyangwa amabwiriza bigomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa kugira ngo ikibazo cy’igabanuka ry’abaturage b’inzuki no kugabanya ingaruka z’ubuhinzi bw’inganda ku byangiza?
Kugira ngo ikibazo cy’igabanuka ry’abaturage b’inzuki no kugabanya ingaruka z’ubuhinzi bw’inganda ku byangiza, hagomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa impinduka nyinshi za politiki cyangwa amabwiriza. Muri byo harimo kubuza cyangwa kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko izwiho kwangiza inzuki, guteza imbere ubuhinzi kama n’ubuhinzi burambye bushyira imbere kubungabunga umwanda, gushyiraho ahantu harinzwe n’ahantu ho kugaburira inzuki, no gutanga inkunga y’amafaranga ku bahinzi kugira ngo bakore ibikorwa byangiza umwanda. Byongeye kandi, kongera ubumenyi bw’abaturage n’uburere ku kamaro k’inzuki n’ibyangiza ni ngombwa mu gushyigikira izo mpinduka za politiki no gushishikariza abantu gufata ingamba zo kurinda ibyo biremwa byingenzi.
