Ingaruka Zibiryo - Humane Foundation

Guhitamo ibiryo dukora burimunsi bigira ingaruka zikomeye kwisi. Indyo yuzuye ibikomoka ku nyamaswa - nk'inyama, amata, n'amagi - biri mu biza ku isonga mu kwangiza ibidukikije, bigira uruhare mu kwangiza imyuka ihumanya ikirere, gutema amashyamba, kubura amazi, no guhumana. Ubworozi bw’inganda busaba ubutaka, amazi, ningufu nyinshi, bigatuma bumwe muri sisitemu yibanda cyane ku isi. Ibinyuranye, ibiryo bishingiye ku bimera mubisanzwe bisaba umutungo kamere kandi bigatanga umusaruro muke cyane kubidukikije.
Ingaruka ku bidukikije ku mirire irenze imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Ubuhinzi bukomeye bw’inyamanswa bwihutisha gutakaza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima mu guhindura amashyamba, ibishanga, n’ibyatsi mu bihingwa by’ibihingwa byitwa monoculture, mu gihe kandi byanduza ubutaka n’amazi n’ifumbire, imiti yica udukoko, n’imyanda y’amatungo. Ibi bikorwa byangiza ntabwo bihungabanya urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima gusa ahubwo binabangamira umutekano w’ibiribwa byangiza imbaraga z’umutungo kamere ukenewe mu bihe bizaza.
Mugusuzuma isano iri hagati yibyo turya n’ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije, iki cyiciro cyerekana ko byihutirwa kongera gutekereza kuri gahunda y’ibiribwa ku isi. Irashimangira uburyo kwimukira muburyo bwiza bwimirire-gutonesha ibiryo bishingiye ku bimera, mu karere, ndetse n’ibicuruzwa bitunganijwe byoroheje - bishobora kugabanya kwangiza ibidukikije ari nako biteza imbere ubuzima bw’abantu. Ubwanyuma, guhindura imirire ntabwo ari uguhitamo kugiti cyawe gusa ahubwo nigikorwa gikomeye cyinshingano zidukikije.

Nkuko abatuye isi bakomeje kwiyongera, ni nako ibikenerwa mu biribwa. Imwe mu nkomoko y'ibanze ya poroteyine mu mafunguro yacu ni inyama, kandi kubera iyo mpamvu, kurya inyama byazamutse cyane mu myaka yashize. Nyamara, umusaruro winyama ufite ingaruka zikomeye kubidukikije. By'umwihariko, kwiyongera kw'inyama bigira uruhare mu gutema amashyamba no gutakaza aho gutura, bikaba bibangamira urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima ndetse n'ubuzima bw'isi yacu. Muri iyi ngingo, tuzasuzuma isano iri hagati yo kurya inyama, gutema amashyamba, no gutakaza aho tuba. Tuzasesengura ibyingenzi byingenzi byiyongera ku nyama ziyongera, ingaruka z’umusaruro w’inyama ku gutema amashyamba no gutakaza aho tuba, hamwe n’ibisubizo byakemuka kugira ngo ibyo bibazo bikemuke. Mugusobanukirwa isano iri hagati yo kurya inyama, gutema amashyamba, no gutakaza aho tuba, dushobora gukora kugirango dushyireho ejo hazaza heza kuri iyi si yacu ndetse natwe ubwacu. Kurya inyama bigira ingaruka ku mashyamba…

Ubworozi bw'uruganda, buzwi kandi nk'ubuhinzi mu nganda, bwabaye uburyo bwiganje mu gutanga ibiribwa mu bihugu byinshi ku isi. Ubu buryo bukubiyemo korora ubwinshi bwamatungo ahantu hafunzwe, intego nyamukuru yo kongera umusaruro ninyungu. Nubwo bisa nkuburyo bwiza bwo kugaburira abaturage biyongera, ingaruka mbi zubuhinzi bwuruganda kubidukikije ndetse nibidukikije muri rusange ntibishobora kwirengagizwa. Kuva kwanduza amasoko y'amazi kugeza kurimbura ahantu nyaburanga, ingaruka zubu buryo bwubuhinzi bwateye imbere ziragera kure kandi ni mbi. Muri iki kiganiro, tuzacukumbura cyane ku ngaruka mbi z’ubuhinzi bw’uruganda ku bidukikije byaho, tunasuzume uburyo dushobora gukangurira abantu kumenya iki kibazo cy’ingutu. Mugusobanukirwa aho ikibazo kigeze no gufata ingamba zo kugikemura, dushobora gukora kugirango dushyireho gahunda y'ibiribwa birambye kandi bitangiza ibidukikije…

Muraho, abakunzi b'inyamaswa n'inshuti zita ku bidukikije! Uyu munsi, tugiye kwibira mu ngingo ishobora kuba idashimishije kuganira, ariko imwe ifite akamaro gakomeye: imirima yinganda. Ibi bikorwa bikomeye ntabwo ari ugukora ibiryo ku rugero runini - bigira uruhare runini mu gukwirakwiza indwara no kwangiza ibidukikije. Reka dusuzume uruhande rwijimye rwo guhinga uruganda n'impamvu ari ngombwa gukemura ibyo bibazo. Kwanduza indwara mu mirima y'uruganda Kimwe mu bintu bihangayikishije imirima y'uruganda ni uburyo bishobora guhinduka ahantu ho kororera indwara. Shushanya ibi: inyamaswa zipakiye hamwe ahantu hafunzwe, byoroshye byoroshye indwara gukwirakwira nkumuriro. Kuba hafi no mubihe bitesha umutwe bigabanya intege nke z'umubiri wabo, bigatuma barwara indwara. Ibi na byo, byongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara mu nyamaswa ziri mu murima. Ni iki ndetse…

Inyanja ifite hejuru ya 70% yubuso bwisi kandi ibamo ubuzima butandukanye bwamazi yo mumazi. Mu myaka yashize, icyifuzo cy’ibikomoka ku nyanja cyatumye ubworozi bw’inyanja n’amafi bwiyongera nk’uburobyi burambye. Iyi mirima, izwi kandi ku bworozi bw'amafi, bakunze kuvugwa nk'igisubizo cyo kuroba cyane ndetse n'uburyo bwo guhaza ibikenerwa byo mu nyanja bigenda byiyongera. Nyamara, munsi yubuso hari ukuri kwijimye kwingaruka iyi mirima igira kubidukikije byamazi. Nubwo bisa nkibisubizo hejuru, ukuri nuko ubworozi bwinyanja n’amafi bushobora kugira ingaruka mbi kubidukikije ndetse ninyamaswa zita inyanja murugo. Muri iyi ngingo, tuzacengera cyane mu bworozi bw’inyanja n’amafi kandi dushyire ahagaragara ingaruka zihishe zibangamira urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi. Kuva mu gukoresha antibiotike n'imiti yica udukoko kugeza…

Azote nikintu cyingenzi mubuzima bwisi, igira uruhare runini mu mikurire niterambere ryibimera ninyamaswa. Nyamara, iyo azote ikabije yinjiye mu bidukikije, irashobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije no ku buzima bw’abantu. Umwe mu bagize uruhare runini muri iki kibazo ni urwego rw’ubuhinzi, cyane cyane ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa. Umusaruro n’imicungire y’amatungo, harimo inka, inkoko, n’ingurube, bifitanye isano n’umwanda mwinshi wa azote. Iyi phenomenon ibaho cyane cyane hakoreshejwe ifumbire n’ifumbire ikungahaye kuri azote, no mu myuka ya amoniya ikorwa n’imyanda y’inyamaswa. Nkuko icyifuzo cyibikomoka ku nyamaswa gikomeje kwiyongera ku isi hose, ni nako impungenge z’ingaruka z’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa ku ihumana rya azote. Muri iki kiganiro, tuzasuzuma isano iri hagati y’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa n’umwanda wa azote, dusuzume ibitera, ingaruka, n’ibisubizo byabyo. Mugusobanukirwa iyi mibanire igoye,…

Ubworozi bw'uruganda, uburyo bwateye imbere mu korora amatungo kugira ngo butange umusaruro, bwabaye imbarutso yo gutanga ibiribwa ku isi. Nyamara, munsi yuru ruganda rukora neza kandi rwunguka hari ikiguzi cyihishe kandi cyica: guhumanya ikirere. Imyuka iva mu mirima y’uruganda, harimo amoniya, metani, ibintu byangiza, hamwe n’indi myuka yangiza, bitera ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima ku baturage ndetse n’abaturage benshi. Ubu buryo bwo kwangiza ibidukikije akenshi ntibumenyekana, ariko ingaruka zubuzima ziragera kure, biganisha ku ndwara zubuhumekero, ibibazo byumutima nimiyoboro, nibindi bibazo byubuzima budakira. Igipimo cy’umwanda uhumanya n’imirima y’uruganda rw’uruganda rufite uruhare runini mu guhumanya ikirere. Ibi bikoresho bibamo inyamaswa ibihumbi n’ibihumbi zifungiwe, aho imyanda iba yegeranye ku bwinshi. Mugihe inyamaswa zisohora imyanda, imiti na gaze bisohoka mu kirere byinjizwa n’inyamaswa ndetse n’ibidukikije. Ubwinshi bwa…

Ubworozi bw'uruganda, uburyo bwo guhinga inyamaswa cyane, bumaze igihe kinini bujyanye n’ibibazo byinshi by’ibidukikije n’imyitwarire, ariko imwe mu ngaruka zangiza kandi akenshi zirengagizwa ni umwanda utanga mu kirere. Ibikorwa by’inganda bigenda byiyongera, aho inyamaswa zibikwa ahantu habi, hadafite isuku, zitanga umwanda mwinshi uhumanya ikirere ugira uruhare mu kwangiza ibidukikije, ibibazo by’ubuzima rusange n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Iyi ngingo iragaragaza uburyo ubuhinzi bw’uruganda bufite uruhare runini mu guhumanya ikirere n’ingaruka zikomeye zigira ku buzima bwacu, ku bidukikije, no ku mibereho y’inyamaswa zirimo. Imyanda ihumanya y’uruganda rw’uruganda, cyangwa ibikorwa byo kugaburira amatungo (CAFOs), ibamo inyamaswa ibihumbi n’ibihumbi zifungiwe aho zitanga imyanda ku bwinshi. Ibi bikoresho nisoko ikomeye yanduza ikirere, irekura imyuka itandukanye yangiza nibintu byangiza ikirere. Ibyuka bihumanya cyane birimo: Amoniya (NH3):…

Ubworozi bw'uruganda, buzwi kandi nk'ubuhinzi mu nganda, ni ubuhinzi bugezweho bukubiyemo umusaruro mwinshi w'amatungo, inkoko, n'amafi ahantu hafunzwe. Ubu buryo bwo guhinga bwarushijeho kwiyongera mu myaka mike ishize ishize kubera ubushobozi bwabwo bwo gukora ibikomoka ku nyamaswa nyinshi ku giciro gito. Nyamara, iyi mikorere ije ku kiguzi kinini haba ku mibereho y’inyamaswa ndetse n’ibidukikije. Ingaruka zo guhinga uruganda ku nyamaswa no ku isi ni ikibazo kitoroshye kandi gifite impande nyinshi cyakuruye impaka n’impaka mu myaka yashize. Muri iki kiganiro, tuzareba uburyo butandukanye ubuhinzi bw’uruganda bwagize ku nyamaswa ndetse no ku bidukikije, n'ingaruka bigira ku buzima bwacu no kuramba kwisi. Kuva ku gufata nabi ubugome n'ubumuntu kugeza ku ngaruka mbi ku butaka, amazi, n'umwuka, ni ngombwa kuri…

Ubuhinzi bwuruganda ningenzi mu kwangiza ibidukikije, bitera kwangirika kwubutaka nubutayu ku buryo buteye ubwoba. Mu gihe ubuhinzi bw’inganda bugenda bwiyongera kugira ngo inyama n’amata bigenda byiyongera, ibikorwa byayo bidashoboka - nko kurisha cyane, gutema amashyamba, gutemba imiti, no gukoresha ifumbire ikabije - bigenda byangiza ubuzima bw’ubutaka, byangiza amasoko y’amazi, kandi byangiza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima. Ibi bikorwa ntabwo byambura igihugu ubutaka bwacyo gusa ahubwo binabangamira urusobe rwibinyabuzima kwisi yose. Gusobanukirwa n'ingaruka z'imirima y'uruganda ni ingenzi mu guharanira uburyo bwo gutanga umusaruro urambye urinda umutungo w'isi yacu ibisekuruza bizaza

Imyuka ya metani iva mu matungo ni ikintu gikomeye ariko gikunze gusuzumwa n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, hamwe n’inyamaswa z’amatungo nk'inka n'intama bigira uruhare runini. Nkuko umutego wa metani ushushe inshuro 28 kurusha dioxyde de carbone mu binyejana byinshi, urwego rwubworozi rwagaragaye nk’uruhare runini mu gushyuha kw’isi binyuze mu gusembura enterineti, gucunga ifumbire, no guhindura imikoreshereze y’ubutaka. Hamwe n’ubuhinzi bushinzwe hafi 14% by’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi, guhangana na metani biva mu bworozi ni ngombwa mu kugabanya ingaruka z’ikirere. Iyi ngingo irasuzuma isano iri hagati y’umusaruro w’amatungo n’ibyuka bihumanya metani mu gihe harebwa ingamba zirambye zo kugabanya ikirere cy’ibidukikije bitabangamiye umutekano w’ibiribwa