Umwiza

Iki gice kiragaragaza ibiciro by’ibidukikije mu buhinzi bw’amatungo y’inganda - ibiciro bikunze kwihishwa inyuma y’ibipfunyika bifite isuku n’ibikoreshwa bisanzwe. Hano, turagaragaza uburyo butera isenyuka ry’ibidukikije: gutema amashyamba menshi y’amashyamba y’imvura n’inzuri no kugaburira ibihingwa, kugabanuka kwinyanja binyuze mu burobyi bw’inganda, kwanduza imigezi nubutaka n’imyanda y’inyamaswa, no gusohora imyuka ihumanya ikirere nka metani na okiside ya nitrous. Ibi ntabwo ari ibisubizo byonyine cyangwa impanuka - byubatswe muburyo bwa sisitemu ifata inyamaswa nkibicuruzwa nisi nkigikoresho.
Kuva kwangiza urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima kugeza ubushyuhe bw’ikirere, ubuhinzi bw’inganda buri hagati y’ibibazo byihutirwa by’ibidukikije. Iki cyiciro gikuramo ibyo byangiritse byibanda ku nsanganyamatsiko eshatu zifitanye isano: Kwangiza ibidukikije, byerekana urugero rw’irimbuka ryatewe n’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka, umwanda, ndetse no gutakaza aho gutura; Ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja, bigaragaza ingaruka mbi zo kuroba cyane no kwangirika kw'inyanja; no Kuramba no Gukemura, byerekana inzira igana ku mafunguro ashingiye ku bimera, imikorere mishya, no guhindura gahunda. Binyuze muri izo lens, turwanya igitekerezo cyuko kwangiza ibidukikije nigiciro gikenewe cyiterambere.
Inzira igana imbere ntabwo ishoboka gusa - iragaragara. Mugihe tumenye isano iri hagati yimikorere yacu y'ibiribwa, urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima, n'inshingano mbonezamubano, dushobora gutangira kubaka umubano wacu n'isi. Iki cyiciro kiraguhamagarira gushakisha ibibazo hamwe nigisubizo, gutanga ubuhamya no gukora. Mugukora ibyo, twemeza icyerekezo cyo kuramba atari igitambo, ahubwo nkigikiza; ntabwo ari imipaka, ahubwo nk'ukwibohoza - ku Isi, ku nyamaswa, no ku gisekuru kizaza.

Azote nikintu cyingenzi mubuzima bwisi, igira uruhare runini mu mikurire niterambere ryibimera ninyamaswa. Nyamara, iyo azote ikabije yinjiye mu bidukikije, irashobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije no ku buzima bw’abantu. Umwe mu bagize uruhare runini muri iki kibazo ni urwego rw’ubuhinzi, cyane cyane ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa. Umusaruro n’imicungire y’amatungo, harimo inka, inkoko, n’ingurube, bifitanye isano n’umwanda mwinshi wa azote. Iyi phenomenon ibaho cyane cyane hakoreshejwe ifumbire n’ifumbire ikungahaye kuri azote, no mu myuka ya amoniya ikorwa n’imyanda y’inyamaswa. Nkuko icyifuzo cyibikomoka ku nyamaswa gikomeje kwiyongera ku isi hose, ni nako impungenge z’ingaruka z’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa ku ihumana rya azote. Muri iki kiganiro, tuzasuzuma isano iri hagati y’ubuhinzi bw’inyamaswa n’umwanda wa azote, dusuzume ibitera, ingaruka, n’ibisubizo byabyo. Mugusobanukirwa iyi mibanire igoye,…

Ubuhinzi bwuruganda, uburyo bwateye imbere cyane kandi bukomeye bwo korora amatungo kubyara umusaruro, byabaye ikibazo cyibidukikije. Inzira yinyamanswa itanga ibiryo ntabwo itera gusa ibibazo byimyitwarire yimibereho yinyamaswa ahubwo inagira ingaruka mbi kwisi. Hano hari ibintu 11 by'ingenzi byerekeranye n'imirima y'uruganda n'ingaruka zabyo ku bidukikije: 1- Imirima minini y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ni kimwe mu bigira uruhare runini mu kwangiza imyuka ihumanya ikirere ku isi, ikarekura metani na oxyde ya nitrous mu kirere. Iyi myuka irakomeye cyane kuruta dioxyde de carbone mu ruhare rwayo mu bushyuhe bw’isi, metani ikaba ifite inshuro zigera kuri 28 mu gufata ubushyuhe mu gihe cy’imyaka 100, na okiside ya nitrous ikubye inshuro 298. Inkomoko yambere y’ibyuka bya metani mu buhinzi bw’uruganda ikomoka ku nyamaswa z’amatungo, nk'inka, intama, n'ihene, zitanga metani nyinshi mu gihe cyo gusya…

Ubworozi bw'uruganda, uburyo bwateye imbere mu korora amatungo kugira ngo butange umusaruro, bwabaye imbarutso yo gutanga ibiribwa ku isi. Nyamara, munsi yuru ruganda rukora neza kandi rwunguka hari ikiguzi cyihishe kandi cyica: guhumanya ikirere. Imyuka iva mu mirima y’uruganda, harimo amoniya, metani, ibintu byangiza, hamwe n’indi myuka yangiza, bitera ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima ku baturage ndetse n’abaturage benshi. Ubu buryo bwo kwangiza ibidukikije akenshi ntibumenyekana, ariko ingaruka zubuzima ziragera kure, biganisha ku ndwara zubuhumekero, ibibazo byumutima nimiyoboro, nibindi bibazo byubuzima budakira. Igipimo cy’umwanda uhumanya n’imirima y’uruganda rw’uruganda rufite uruhare runini mu guhumanya ikirere. Ibi bikoresho bibamo inyamaswa ibihumbi n’ibihumbi zifungiwe, aho imyanda iba yegeranye ku bwinshi. Mugihe inyamaswa zisohora imyanda, imiti na gaze bisohoka mu kirere byinjizwa n’inyamaswa ndetse n’ibidukikije. Ubwinshi bwa…

Ubworozi bw'uruganda, uburyo bwo guhinga inyamaswa cyane, bumaze igihe kinini bujyanye n’ibibazo byinshi by’ibidukikije n’imyitwarire, ariko imwe mu ngaruka zangiza kandi akenshi zirengagizwa ni umwanda utanga mu kirere. Ibikorwa by’inganda bigenda byiyongera, aho inyamaswa zibikwa ahantu habi, hadafite isuku, zitanga umwanda mwinshi uhumanya ikirere ugira uruhare mu kwangiza ibidukikije, ibibazo by’ubuzima rusange n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Iyi ngingo iragaragaza uburyo ubuhinzi bw’uruganda bufite uruhare runini mu guhumanya ikirere n’ingaruka zikomeye zigira ku buzima bwacu, ku bidukikije, no ku mibereho y’inyamaswa zirimo. Imyanda ihumanya y’uruganda rw’uruganda, cyangwa ibikorwa byo kugaburira amatungo (CAFOs), ibamo inyamaswa ibihumbi n’ibihumbi zifungiwe aho zitanga imyanda ku bwinshi. Ibi bikoresho nisoko ikomeye yanduza ikirere, irekura imyuka itandukanye yangiza nibintu byangiza ikirere. Ibyuka bihumanya cyane birimo: Amoniya (NH3):…

Ubworozi bw'uruganda, buzwi kandi nk'ubuhinzi mu nganda, ni ubuhinzi bugezweho bukubiyemo umusaruro mwinshi w'amatungo, inkoko, n'amafi ahantu hafunzwe. Ubu buryo bwo guhinga bwarushijeho kwiyongera mu myaka mike ishize ishize kubera ubushobozi bwabwo bwo gukora ibikomoka ku nyamaswa nyinshi ku giciro gito. Nyamara, iyi mikorere ije ku kiguzi kinini haba ku mibereho y’inyamaswa ndetse n’ibidukikije. Ingaruka zo guhinga uruganda ku nyamaswa no ku isi ni ikibazo kitoroshye kandi gifite impande nyinshi cyakuruye impaka n’impaka mu myaka yashize. Muri iki kiganiro, tuzareba uburyo butandukanye ubuhinzi bw’uruganda bwagize ku nyamaswa ndetse no ku bidukikije, n'ingaruka bigira ku buzima bwacu no kuramba kwisi. Kuva ku gufata nabi ubugome n'ubumuntu kugeza ku ngaruka mbi ku butaka, amazi, n'umwuka, ni ngombwa kuri…

Ubuhinzi bwuruganda ningenzi mu kwangiza ibidukikije, bitera kwangirika kwubutaka nubutayu ku buryo buteye ubwoba. Mu gihe ubuhinzi bw’inganda bugenda bwiyongera kugira ngo inyama n’amata bigenda byiyongera, ibikorwa byayo bidashoboka - nko kurisha cyane, gutema amashyamba, gutemba imiti, no gukoresha ifumbire ikabije - bigenda byangiza ubuzima bw’ubutaka, byangiza amasoko y’amazi, kandi byangiza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima. Ibi bikorwa ntabwo byambura igihugu ubutaka bwacyo gusa ahubwo binabangamira urusobe rwibinyabuzima kwisi yose. Gusobanukirwa n'ingaruka z'imirima y'uruganda ni ingenzi mu guharanira uburyo bwo gutanga umusaruro urambye urinda umutungo w'isi yacu ibisekuruza bizaza

Imyuka ya metani iva mu matungo ni ikintu gikomeye ariko gikunze gusuzumwa n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, hamwe n’inyamaswa z’amatungo nk'inka n'intama bigira uruhare runini. Nkuko umutego wa metani ushushe inshuro 28 kurusha dioxyde de carbone mu binyejana byinshi, urwego rwubworozi rwagaragaye nk’uruhare runini mu gushyuha kw’isi binyuze mu gusembura enterineti, gucunga ifumbire, no guhindura imikoreshereze y’ubutaka. Hamwe n’ubuhinzi bushinzwe hafi 14% by’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi, guhangana na metani biva mu bworozi ni ngombwa mu kugabanya ingaruka z’ikirere. Iyi ngingo irasuzuma isano iri hagati y’umusaruro w’amatungo n’ibyuka bihumanya metani mu gihe harebwa ingamba zirambye zo kugabanya ikirere cy’ibidukikije bitabangamiye umutekano w’ibiribwa

Nubwo guhiga byigeze kuba igice cyingenzi mubuzima bwabantu, cyane cyane mumyaka 100.000 ishize mugihe abantu ba mbere bashingiraga guhiga ibiryo, uruhare rwarwo muri iki gihe ruratandukanye cyane. Muri societe ya none, guhiga byahindutse cyane cyane ibikorwa byo kwidagadura bikabije aho gukenera ibibatunga. Kubenshi mubahiga, ntabwo bikiri uburyo bwo kubaho ahubwo ni uburyo bwo kwidagadura bukunze kwangiza inyamaswa bitari ngombwa. Impamvu zitera guhiga muri iki gihe zisanzwe ziterwa no kwinezeza kugiti cyawe, gushaka ibikombe, cyangwa gushaka kwitabira imigenzo ya kera, aho gukenera ibiryo. Mubyukuri, guhiga byagize ingaruka mbi ku baturage b’inyamaswa ku isi. Yagize uruhare runini mu kuzimangana kw'ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, hamwe n'ingero zigaragara zirimo ingwe ya Tasimani na auk nini, abaturage bayo bakaba bararimbuwe n'ubukorikori. Uku kuzimangana guteye kwibutsa kwibutsa…

Ibikomoka ku bimera birimo gusobanura uburyo dutekereza ku biribwa, ubuzima, n’imyitwarire, bitanga ubundi buryo burambye n’impuhwe ku mafunguro gakondo. Nubushobozi bwayo bwo gukemura ibibazo bikomeye nkimihindagurikire y’ikirere, imibereho y’inyamaswa, ndetse n’imibereho myiza y’umuntu, ubu buzima bushingiye ku bimera bwakuze bugenda bwiyongera ku isi yose iharanira ingaruka z’umuntu ku giti cye ndetse na rusange. Kuva guca ibirenge bya karubone kugeza kubuzima butarangwamo ubugome no kugaburira umubiri ibiryo byiza bishingiye ku bimera, ibikomoka ku bimera bitanga amahirwe akomeye yo guhinduka kwiza. Waba ushakisha inyungu z’ibidukikije cyangwa ugakurikiza amahame mbwirizamuco, kwemeza ibikomoka ku bimera ni intambwe iganisha ku kurema umubumbe mwiza nisi nziza kuri bose.

Inganda zimyambarire n’imyenda zimaze igihe kinini zijyanye no gukoresha ibikoresho nkubwoya, ubwoya, nimpu, bikomoka ku nyamaswa. Mugihe ibyo bikoresho byizihijwe kubera kuramba, ubushyuhe, no kwinezeza, umusaruro wabyo utera impungenge zikomeye kubidukikije. Iyi ngingo irasesengura ingaruka z’ibidukikije by’ubwoya, ubwoya, n’uruhu, byerekana ingaruka zabyo ku bidukikije, imibereho y’inyamaswa, ndetse n’isi muri rusange. Uburyo Umusaruro Wubwoya Wangiza Ibidukikije Inganda zubwoya nimwe muruganda rwangiza ibidukikije kwisi yose. Igitangaje cya 85% byuruhu rwinganda ziva mu nyamaswa zororerwa mu murima w’ubwoya. Iyi mirima ikunze kubamo inyamaswa ibihumbi n’ibihe bigufi, bidafite isuku, aho byororerwa gusa. Ingaruka ku bidukikije zibi bikorwa zirakomeye, kandi ingaruka zirenze kure hafi yimirima. 1. Kwangiza imyanda no guhumana Buri nyamaswa muri uru ruganda…